The Cold WarChapters 26-27

Post-War AmericaHousing crisis caused by the baby boom (new and growing families)William Levitt built cheaper houses faster (using assembly line methods)Led to the 1st suburbs (Levittown was the 1st)(located on Long Island, New York)

Post-War AmericaNeeded roads to connect suburbs to the major cities and to provide quick transport of military supplies (needed cars to drive to the cities, which meant the roads must be improved)1956President Eisenhower signed the Interstate Highway Act (Added 41,000 miles of new expressways to connect the major cities of America)Built 41,000 miles of new expressways

Post-War AmericaNew inventions helped expand telephone coverage and led to the development of the personal computer Help connect people across the nation (increased in the 70s with personal computers, internet, and cell phones)

Post-War America19491st regular television broadcast (2 hours a week of news and entertainment on the East Coast)1956over 500 stations nationwideAdvertising increased consumer spending

Post-War America1902air conditioning was invented by Willis Haviland CarrierMovie theatres were one of the 1st areas to adopt the use of air conditioning19391st auto manufacturer installed AC (discontinued in 1941 because of the trunk space it used)

Post-War America1950sauto, residential and business use of air conditioning became popularMore tolerable working conditionsStimulated economic growth in hot and humid climates

The 1948 ElectionSouthern Democrats formed the States Rights Party to protest Trumans support of civil rightsBecame known as DixiecratsRan South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond for president

The 1948 ElectionThomas Dewey was expected to easily defeat TrumanTruman appealed to the people after the do-nothing, good-for-nothing 80th Congress refused to pass measures supporting public housing, education, minimum wage increases, and extended social security coverage

The 1948 ElectionNewspapers printed Trumans defeat before final results were postedTruman narrowly defeated Dewey

The 1948 Election

ContainmentSatellite Nations: controlled by the Soviet Union (in Eastern Europe)Stalin took their resources to build up the USSR Increased weapons productionUS sees this as a virtual declaration of war

ContainmentWinston Churchill called the division of Europe into free and communist the Iron CurtainWarned that another world war could be on the horizonContainment: US effort to stop the spread of communismCreate alliances and support nations in danger of communist takeoverGeorge KennanDeveloped containment policy

ContainmentThe Truman Doctrine US would help nations resisting communist takeover1947-1950US sent $400 million to Turkey and GreeceMany oppose the doctrineSaid US troops had to be sent overseas to protect other nationsSometimes US helped other dictators to avoid having a communist one

ContainmentThe Marshall PlanUS would encourage democracy by giving money to poor nations ($12.5 billioneffort to discourage communism)Wanted to help them fight poverty, desperation, and chaosInvasion of Czechoslovakia in February 1948 made many realize the need for stable governments in Europe (and gained support for the plan)Communism began losing its appeal (making the Marshall Plan a success)General George Marshall

The Berlin Airlift1948Germany is allowed to reunify (as agreed at Yalta)USSR refused to give up their zoneHeld West Berlin hostage (located in Soviet sector, but also divided into zones)Cut off all traffic into the city (highway, water, rail)2.1 million people were in danger of starvation (had supplies and food for only 5 weeks)

The Berlin AirliftFor 327 days, the US and Britain flew 2.3 million tons of supplies into West BerlinIncluded: FoodFuelMedicineChristmas presents (often bought with the pilots own money)

The Berlin AirliftUS and Britain gain prestige around the world, while the USSR is seen as a bullyMay 1949USSR lifts the blockadeGermany remains divided:West GermanyDemocratic (capital=Bonn)East GermanyCommunist (capital=East Berlin)

The Chinese Civil WarUS supports Nationalists (sent over $2 million in aid)May 1949Communists defeat NationalistsMany felt we hadnt done enough to contain communism in Asia (focused more attention on Europe)Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek Communists led by Mao Zedong

The Korean War38th Parallel=line dividing Korea after World War II (Japanese troops north of the line surrendered to the USSR; troops south of the line surrendered to the US)2 nations formed:North Korea=CommunistSouth Korea=Democratic

The Korean WarJune 25, 1950North Korea invaded South KoreaSparked the beginning of the Korean WarUS feared another Asian country would fall to CommunismUS sent military aid to South Korea (along with the UN)If the USSR had not been boycotting the UN (over their refusal to recognize Chinas Communist government), they could have vetoed the action

The Korean WarUS General Douglas MacArthur was placed in commanded of UN troops (90% were Americans--520,000 total)September 1950North Korea was forced back over the 38th parallelUN/US must decide whether to stop there or try to reunify the nation Try to reunify Korea (because MacArthur assured the president he could take North Korea quickly)

The Korean WarChina promised to join with North Korea if the US invaded them (MacArthur dismissed this possibility)November 1950Chinese capture 100 miles of territory below the 38th parallelFight continued for 2 years MacArthur called for an invasion of China, which Truman opposedChina was allied with USSR and he didnt want to fight World War 3

The Korean WarApril 11, 1951Truman fired MacArthur when he tried to gain public support for an invasion of China (angered many Americans who saw him as a hero)Truman explained to the public that he didnt want to start another world war (gained their support)Old soldiers never die; they just fade away. ~Douglas MacArthur~

The Korean WarJune 1951Communists suggest a cease-fireAgreed to keep boundary at 38th parallelJuly 1953armistice is signed (after POW negotiations)The war cost 54,000 US lives and nearly $22 billionIncreased fear of Communist aggression (many fear Communist infiltration in our own government)

The Red Scare1945US learned that 2 government employees had sold classified documents to the USSRHUAC began searching for communist infiltration in and out of the government (House Un-American Activities Committee)

The Red Scare1948a USSR spy accused Alger Hiss, a government employee, of spying for the Soviets (provided documents to back up his claim)Hiss was sent to prison for perjury (Too many years had passed to be able to prosecute him for espionage)Confirmed Communists had infiltrated our governmentCongressman Richard Nixon gained fame prosecuting the case (later became VP under Eisenhower)

The Red Scare1950Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were found guilty of espionage and treasonJune 1953Rosenbergs become 1st US civilians executed for espionageThe RosenbergsSeptember 23, 1949USSR explode their own atom bomb (at least 3 years before they were expected to have the capability) Discovered spies had leaked the info to SovietsProperty of Janet Brooks

The Red ScareSaved from slander charges because he accused people from the Senate floor1954claimed US army had been infiltrated by communistsSenate committee charged McCarthy with improper conductEnded the witch hunt for communistsProperty of Janet E. BrooksMcCarthyismSenator Joseph McCarthymost famous anti-communist activist 1951began making unsupported accusations against various groups

Race for the H-Bomb67 times more powerful than the atom bombNovember 1952US explodes 1st H-bombAugust 1953Soviets explode their 1st H-bomb (US advantage lasts only a year)We may be likened to two scorpions in a bottle, each capable of killing the other, but only at the risk of his own life.J. Robert Oppenheimer, on the buildup of atomic weapons by the US and USSR, 1953US lost nuclear advantage when the Soviets developed their own atom bomb1950Truman authorized development of the hydrogen bomb

The Space RaceOctober 4, 1957USSR launched Sputnik with an ICBM1st artificial satellite in spaceUS determined that the ICBMs could launch nuclear weapons from the USSR to any target in the worldAugust 1957Soviets developed Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)ICBMs could travel further than our own rockets

The Space RaceUS felt inferior to the Soviets and vulnerable to nuclear attack Education changed to increase focus on science, math, and foreign languageJanuary 31, 1958US launched its 1st satellite

The U-2 Spy IncidentEisenhower began making secret flights over the USSR (although Khrushchev rejected the Open Skies proposal at the Geneva Summit)U-2 planeflew higher than Soviet planes and beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fireEquipped with infrared cameras to take detailed photographs

The U-2 Spy Incident1960US considers stopping flights (US press knew about them, Soviets had known for 2 years)Eisenhower feared that if one of the planes went down, it would stop the peace talks (between US and USSR)Secretary of State John Dulles convinced him to make one more flight

The U-2 Spy IncidentMay 1, 1960Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down over the USSR Khrushchev claimed the plane was shot down by a Soviet rocketUS claimed Powers disappeared on a weather missionSoviets said he was captured and confessed (lie)1996--Soviets admitted they tried to make it appear that their missile defenses were more advanced than they were

The U-2 Spy IncidentEisenhower took responsibility for authorizing the flightsKhrushchev canceled the peace talks (as Eisenhower had feared)

The U-2 Spy IncidentPowers was tried for espionage and sentenced to 10 years in a Soviet prisonFebruary 10, 1962Powers was exchanged for a Soviet spyMarch 6, 1962Powers appeared before a Senate committee led by Richard Russell and Prescott BushConcluded that Powers followed orders, did not divulge any critical info to the Soviets, and conducted himself as a fine young man under dangerous circumstances

The EndProperty of Janet E. Brooks

*Students do not have to copy the information in PINK or BLUE*************************************