The Cold War

1953 - 1991

Changes to Foreign Policy

What is Ike’s New foreign policy?

Containment with a twist •Push back commies•Creates Strategic Air Command

Works for peace at Geneva Conference 1955, Open Skies proposal • rejected by USSR

Vietnam – The Start

Ho Chi Minh tries to get Wilson (1919) to help, does not

Vietnam 1950, US will increasingly help France

France crushed Dien bien phu

• Pull out • Sign Accords

At Geneva (1954)

• US Reaction?

Vietnam Vietnam split 17th Parallel

Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces controlled the NorthSetup free elections

US Military Involvement Begins o South

o Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem

o Diem Catholic – problem here?o Buddhist majority persecuted

o Diem gets US Aid o Financial and military aid o 200 U.S. Army advisors 1960..

Early Protests of Diem’s Rule

Self-Emolation by a Buddhist MonkSelf-Emolation by a Buddhist Monk

Middle East 1953 – CIA arrange coup Iran

Install Shah Pahlevi • Not popular with

Arabs – Why? Protects oil reserves

Egypt Pres. Nasser wants to dam the Nile

Gets USSR aid over US

Middle East 1948 – 1949

OPEC formed (1960)

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela

Election of 1956 and Space RaceIke wins easily

But Dems take House and Senate

Sputnik launched Oct. 1957

Impact? • Fear in US • Causes worries about

education – Critics blame Truman– Pass National

Defense and Education Act

Cold War Thaws and Freezes

Works for Test Ban Treaty But at Paris Conference 1960 Khrushchev reveals U-2 spy plan shot down –

Powers on Trial for Espionage

Cuba

Castro takes over from Batista 1959

Impact? • Cubans flee to Florida• Ike plans invasion of the

island • Castro gains support of

USSR

Ike Moves on and Election 1960

22nd Amendment limits Ike to 2 termsAlaska and Hawaii states Election 1960

Kennedy (D) Nixon (R) TV Plays major role in this debate

Kennedy’s inauguration…The US would “pay any price, bear any burden, Meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”

Arms Race to 1960US 1945

6 bombers 6 warheads

1950100 bombers369 warheads

1960 200 ICBMs 350 bombers 20,500 warheads

USSR 19491 warhead

1955400 warheads

1960100 ICBMs 1600 warheads

CubaBay of Pigs Invasion

April 1961 – JFK continues with Ike made plan and sends in CIA trained Cubans •Fails miserably

– JFK looks weak

Berlin Wall Berlin remains area of contention US worries about Domino TheoryBerlin was a problem for USSR Why?

300,000 leaving every year, Why? USSR threatens to turn East Berlin over to East German Government • What impact would this have?

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that

JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.rolled.

Berlin Wall War possible over summer Seeing weakness in Kennedy – Khrushchev builds wall

August 1961

Check Point Charlie

1980’s and 2004

Berlin Wall US protests USSR explodes a 58 Megaton bomb US/USSR learn not to challenge each other

Missile Crisis Causes 13 day stand off US sets up “Quarantine”World on the Brink of Nuclear WarAgreement reached hours before attack USSR pulls nukes out

Lessons learned China tells 3rd world USSR can’t be trusted USSR can’t be equal to US Everyone learned….

“Our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.” (Kennedy)

Détente is pursued

ReactionsIncrease arms reduction talks Europe rethinks relationship with USAmerica same goals – less military Russians vow never to be humiliated again

Massive weapons build up US sets up special forces – use technology not manpower

Flexible Response

NATO/France reconsider relationship

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Vietnam Goals were pure

Democracy Land reform US can live up to its commitments – stay and help

1960: N. Vietnam calls for liberation of South from US

1300 advisors

When Kennedy is shot – 15,000 advisors

Vietnam Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) becomes president

Increases advisors to 21,000

1964: Gulf of TonkinUS Destroyers attacked Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Blank check

Allows Johnson to expands war

Vietnam Feb 1965… US Airbase surrounded; 8 Americans killed

12 hours later “Operation Rolling Thunder” begins by Secretary of State, by Secretary of State, Robert S. McNamaraRobert S. McNamara• LBJ picks the targets

– Limitations on targets – Military advantage– Risk to aircraft – Danger of a wider war (most important) – Danger to civilians

Vietnam Bombing impact

Blew the country to bits • 1967 – more bombs dropped than on Europe during WWII • 1968 – more bombs than all of WWII• 1970 – more bombs than all bombs dropped in Human history • North does not give up

Vietnam LBJ greatly increases troop levelsApril of 1965 – US Troops were fighting the warUS won most of the battles; however, we could not bring the war to a favorable end

Meanwhile…

Protests increase at home

Senator Fulbright helps with hearings

Burning Draft Cards

John Kerry before Fulbright Committee

Misuse by Johnson

Johnson orders CIA to spy on peace protesters

COINTELPRO – FBI Violent and Non-violent protesters targetedCivil Rights leaders

Vietnam: Protests Home Front Tet Offensive turns many against war1968 – country divided Many question America’s interests in worldProtests are held especially on college campuses

Johnson’s Johnson’s popularity popularity dropped in dropped in 1968 from 1968 from 48% to 48% to 36%.36%.

Vietnam: Vietnamization

1968 LBJ does not seek re-election. Richard Nixon wins

• Demo Convention

• Democratic Party

Splits

• Massive protests

Vietnamization

How does Nixon change foreign policy? Starts Vietnamization

• Replace US troops with SV troops• Continue to supply aid • Bad choice, fails • Extends the war • Country more bitter • Costs lives and $

Vietnam: Vietnamization

Vietnamization kills SV economy Everything is based on US $ Pop. of capital goes from 300,000 to 3 million – but no industry US made SV 4th largest military power in world (1975)People made $ two ways: Army, working for Americans

My Lai Massacre

Vietnam: Protests War fought by underprivileged Americans

College students exempt

Attack on Cambodia

Protests Kent State Massacre

Nixon pulls troops from Cambodia

• Pol Pot takes over

Protest and Involvement

Congress Repeals Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 26th Amendment

The Protests Continue: Coast to Coast

The Protests Continue: Coast to Coast

Diplomacy Nixon visits China 1972

Works out trade – diplomatic relations Keeps Soviets guessing

Nixon later heads to USSR for trade

Keeps China guessing

Vietnam

1972 – US troop levels downPeace talks continued; NV breaks these

US Bombs the daylights out of NV• Gets peace treaty • US done January 1973• Continues to send aid

– Congress cuts it off

Ford

Nixon forced from office 1974

Ford President• Signs Helsinki

Accords – Recognized USSR borders

– Decrease tension

Vietnam Outcomes1975 – South collapses

The ImpactThe ImpactDomino theory comes trueCongress gets increased role in foreign policy

War Powers Act is past – 1973Causes Vietnam Syndrome US loses respect Nixon abolished the draft all-volunteer armyDisregard for Veterans seen as “baby killers”POW/MIA issue lingered

Lessons Learned From VietnamLessons Learned From Vietnam1. Wars should be short 2. Have few American casualties3. Restrict media access 4. Have and maintain Congressional/Public

support5. Set clear, winnable goals

6 Day War 1967

Israel (backed by US) starts 6-day war

Defeats Egypt (backed by USSR)Takes Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, West Bank

Oil Embargo – 1973 Causes Arabs to impose oil embargo on US

US Reaction

55 miles speed limit Oil Pipeline Ends era of cheap energy Lifted 1974

Election 1976Ford (R)Carter (D) – Wins

Carter: A Good Start with Foreign Relations

Champions rights in Zimbabwe, South Africa Signs Camp David Accords

Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat)

• Israel withdrawals from Sinai

• Egypt respects Israel

Carter: A Good Start with Foreign Relations

Panama gets control of Canal by 2000Full diplomatic relations with China (78) Relations with Taiwan severed

Followed by Taiwan Relations Act (79)

• Starts Relations again

Carter: Down Hill FastInflation up 13%

Because we are hooked on foreign oil •Works to improve energy conservation

USSR attacks Afghanistan

Carter: A Dead EndDouble-digit inflation – Economy in the Tank

Arms Race to 1979US 1967

41 subs carrying 656 missiles 600 long range bombers1000 ICBMS30,000 warheads

19791054 ICBM’s

• 550 MIRVed 656 Sub missiles

• 496 MIRVed 574 bombers

– Carried 3 megaton weapons

24,000 warheads

USSR 1967859 ICBMs9000 warheads

19791398 ICBMs

• 576 MIRVed 950 Sub Missiles

• 128 MIRVed156 Bombers 27,000 Warheads

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) Shah over thrown by Ayatollah

Shuts oil off • Causes more energy

problems; Carter blames Am. people

Iran begins burning Am. Flag; shown on TV

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)Muslim militants storm US embassy take hostages

Want Shah back – try him for crimes

Try to help – Fail miserablyContinues until Reagan takes over 1981 First real start to Terror

1980 – Carter gets crushed by Reagan

Reagan Backed byMoral Majority “New Right”

Slashes National Budget Cuts government programs

• People tired of bills• Role of gov’t reevaluated

Transfers responsibilities to state gov’t – has impact on Fed/State relationship Appoints judges who exercise Judicial restraint

Reaganomics Cut taxes 25%

Supply-side economics • Lower individual taxes • Eliminates estate taxes • Tax free savings plans for small investors

Freezing the Cold War Massive military spending

Trying to bankrupt USSRMakes US biggest borrowers of $

USSR clamps down on Polish Solidarity; gets US sanctions Death of 3 Premiers causes problems

                                                 

Source: Center for Defense Information 2004 Yearbook

Terror and Fighting Comm. in the 3rd World 1983 – US Marines

attacked by suicide bomber – Lebanon

Reagan withdrawals troops

Sends troops to GrenadaWorks to fight left leaning “Sandinistas” in Nicaragua

Election 1984

Reagan (R)Mondale (D)

VP – Ferraro: First female on major ballot

Reagan wins easily

Meets new Soviet Premier Gorbachev

New Soviet Plan

Gorbachev starts fast pace reforms

Glasnost • Openness – political

freedom

Perestroika - Economic restructuring

• Starts some capitalist reforms – market economy

Nationalism increases Revolts start

Beginning of the End for USSR

Reagan increased spending for SDI

Makes fight against USSR a moral battle called them an “Evil Empire”

Problems for Reagan Iran-Contra

Sell arms to Iran to release hostages Take $ send it to Contras Violates Congressional ban on helping Contras Breaks Reagan’s vow not to negotiate with terrorists Reagan claims no knowledge; but should have known Oliver North takes hit

Reagan LegacyIncreases gov’t revenues, but also doubled the debt

1980: 930,210,000,000.00  1989: 2,857,430,960,187.32    Stock Market Crashes 1987•Caused by slow electronic transfers

Reagan Legacy1st female on SC

O’Connor Discrimination harder to proveLimitations placed on abortionHelps in Down fall of USSRIncreases Debt Increases military Does little to fight Terror Gap between rich and poor larger

Reagan Legacy

Extends beyond his term VP elected Pres – G.H.W. Bush Election of Centrist, Bill Clinton Sweep of Congressional elections in 1994Election of G.W. Bush

Impact of Cold War on Virginia

VA’s Economy benefited from Heavy military expenditures

Hampton Roads• Home to several large naval

and air basesNorthern Virginia

• Home to the Pentagon and private companies that contract with the military