The Cold War 1945-1991

International Relations Theory

Failure of “collective security”Introduction of “spheres of influence”

Anarchic system-Realism-Liberalism: German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Bipolar systemCold War Containment to these spheres

The Cold WarIntroduction to the seven ways the Cold War was fought:

● Propaganda● Spying, espionage, subversion● Economic Competition● Diplomacy● Military competition and intimidation● Scientific Competition● Limited Wars

Instructions: We are going to create a historical timeline to display in the class as a visual aid. 1. What was the event?2. when was the event?3. explanation of the event?4. Significance/importance of the event during the cold war?5. Graphic representation of event

● Yalta Conference● Truman Doctrine● Marshall Plan● NATO● Berlin Blockade and Airlift● Smith Act● HUAC● Warsaw Pact● Sputnik● McCarthyism● Berlin Wall

Cold War Timeline

Military CompetitionStart of the Arms Race August 29, 1949 the Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb.

In 1952, the United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb. In 1953, the Soviets exploded their first hydrogen bomb (Nuclear Proliferation= the stockpiling of nuclear weapons.)

● note: It is estimated that by 1961 there were enough nuclear bombs built to destroy the world.

Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D) One of the major factors in the Cold War was termed Mutual Assured Destruction or MAD. This meant that both countries could destroy the other country in the case of attack. It wouldn't matter how successful the first strike was, the other side could still retaliate and destroy the country which first attacked. For this reason, neither side ever used nuclear weapons. The cost was too high.

Second Strike capability would equal annihilation for both countries.

Military CompetitionICBMs

In the 1950s both countries worked on developing Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles or ICBMs. These missiles could be launched from long range, as far away as 3,500 miles.

Defense

As both sides continued to develop new and more powerful weapons, the fear of what would happen if war broke out spread throughout the world. Militaries began to work on defenses such as large radar arrays to tell if a missile had been launched. They also worked on defense missiles that could shoot down ICBMs.

At the same time people built bomb shelters and underground bunkers where they could hide in the case of nuclear attack. Deep underground facilities were built for high ranking government officials where they could reside safely.

Espionage and SubversionTime publisher Henry Luce coined the phrase “American Century.” -100 years of U.S political, economic, and cultural dominance. (note: this only lasts 4-5 years)

Klaus Fuchs: (1911-1988)● Fuchs and his family fled Germany in 1933 to avoid Nazi persecution● Fuchs earned his doctorate in physics in Great Britain● Participated in the British program to develop an atomic bomb (the project named "Tube Alloys") ● Soviet agents contacted Fuchs and he began to pass information about British progress to

them.● Late in 1943, was brought to America to work on the Manhattan Project.● FBI decoded Soviet messages indicating Fuchs was a Russian spy. ● On February 3, officers from Scotland Yard arrested Fuchs and charged him with violating the

Official Secrets Act. Fuchs eventually admitted his role and was sentenced to 14 years in prison.

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/klaus-fuchs-arrested-for-passing-atomic-bomb-information-to-soviets

Espionage and Subversion

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a married couple convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951,

are put to death in the electric chair.

Julius was arrested in July 1950, and

Ethel in August of that same year.

They were accused of heading a spy ring

that passed top-secret information

concerning the atomic bomb to the

Soviet Union.

Espionage and Subversion1.) President Truman created: Central Intelligence Group (CIG) established in January 1946.Two missions: to provide strategic warning and to conduct important clandestine activities.

2.) It was disbanded and revised under the National Security Act of 1947.National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were created.

3.) The Act charged the CIA with coordinating the nation’s intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating, and disseminating intelligence that affects national security. The Agency also was tasked to perform other duties and functions related to intelligence that the NSC might direct.

4.) The Act created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) as head of the Intelligence Community, head of the CIA, and principal intelligence adviser to the president, with the additional responsibility of safeguarding intelligence sources and methods.

Espionage and SubversionKGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti) translates “Committee for State Security.” 1954 to 1991.

● The world’s largest spy and state-security machine, involved in all aspects of life of everyday people in the Soviet Union.

● Divided into different departments, each run by a representative whose purpose was to ensure the observations of the security regulations. More than 500,000 people worked within the KGB and there were thousands of agents abroad.

● Duties included: gathering intelligence in other nations, conduct counterintelligence, maintain the secret police, the KGB military corps and the border guards, suppress internal resistance, and conduct electronic espionage.

● The KGB also enforced Soviet morals and promoted Soviet ideology with propaganda. The agents in this department made sure that only the information that should be allowed in public was released.

Propaganda: Biased or misleading information used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

It was used to convince American and Soviet society they needed to support massive government spending and foreign involvement because of a foreign threat.

Propaganda Propaganda was used in: Literature, Comics, Films, News, Magazines, etc.

Example: https://archive.org/details/Communis1952

Exit Slip:

1. What did you learn, or find interesting, during today's lesson?

2. What confused you, and you would like more explanation of?

3. What questions do you have about the Cold War, espionage, military competition, and propaganda?