The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19901990

US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUS vs. Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsDemocracy vs. CommunismDemocracy vs. CommunismArms race with nuclear weaponsArms race with nuclear weapons

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US/USSR Relationship US/USSR Relationship during WWIIduring WWII

1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler (Germany).(Germany).

1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR.1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR. Stalin changes sides and fights with US and Stalin changes sides and fights with US and

other allies. other allies.

US/USSR Relationship US/USSR Relationship during WWIIduring WWII

Before the end of the World Before the end of the World War II, Stalin, Churchill and War II, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta to Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen plan what should happen when the war ended. They when the war ended. They agreed on many points:agreed on many points:

1.1. The establishment of the United The establishment of the United NationsNations

2.2. Division of Germany into four Division of Germany into four zoneszones

3.3. Free elections allowed in the Free elections allowed in the states of Eastern Europestates of Eastern Europe

4.4. Russia’s promise to join the war Russia’s promise to join the war against Japanagainst Japan

No agreement was reached No agreement was reached on Poland.on Poland.

Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in 1945 to decide the fate of post-war Europe.

Post WWII/Cold War Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USGoals for US Promote open markets Promote open markets for US for US goods to prevent goods to prevent another another depressiondepression Promote democracy Promote democracy throughout throughout the world, the world, especially in Asia especially in Asia and Africaand Africa Undermine communist Undermine communist successsuccess Stop the spread of Stop the spread of communismcommunism

““Domino Effect”Domino Effect”

Post WWII/Cold War Post WWII/Cold War Goals for Goals for USSRUSSR

Create greater security for itselfCreate greater security for itself lost tens of millions of people in WWII and lost tens of millions of people in WWII and

Stalin’s purgesStalin’s purges feared a strong Germanyfeared a strong Germany

Establish defensible bordersEstablish defensible bordersEncourage friendly governments on its Encourage friendly governments on its bordersbordersSpread communism around the worldSpread communism around the worldSoviet Union refuses to permit self-Soviet Union refuses to permit self-determination in nations liberated from determination in nations liberated from German control which initiated the Cold WarGerman control which initiated the Cold WarEmphasized growth in industrialization Emphasized growth in industrialization rather than agriculture like communist Chinarather than agriculture like communist China

Churchill referred to the communities control in Europe as the “Iron Curtain”

Cold War CharacteristicsCold War Characteristics Political, strategic and ideological Political, strategic and ideological

struggle between the US and the USSR struggle between the US and the USSR (Soviet Union) that spread throughout (Soviet Union) that spread throughout the worldthe world

Independent movements among people Independent movements among people within European colonieswithin European colonies

Struggle that contained everything Struggle that contained everything short of warshort of war

The Cold War affect on the domestic and The Cold War affect on the domestic and foreign policies of the United Statesforeign policies of the United States

Domestic Policies:Domestic Policies:

1.1. McCarthyismMcCarthyism

2.2. HUACHUAC

House Un-American House Un-American Activities CommitteeActivities Committee

3. 3. Loyalty oathsLoyalty oaths

4.4. BlacklistsBlacklists

5. 5. Bomb sheltersBomb shelters

Foreign Policies:Foreign Policies: 1. 1. Korean WarKorean War (1950-53)

that leaves a divided Korean peninsula – North Korea (Communist) and South Korea (democracy)

2. 2. Arms RaceArms Race

3. 3. Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

4.4. Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine5.5. Vietnam War Vietnam War ((1953-75) that

results in Communist-backed North Vietnam overtaking U.S.-backed South Vietnam

Actors and writers protest the Hollywood Blacklist.

A 1950s era bomb shelter

Truman Truman DoctrineDoctrine

1947 1947 British help Greek government British help Greek government fight communist guerrillas. fight communist guerrillas.

They appealed to America for aid, and They appealed to America for aid, and the response was the Truman Doctrine. the response was the Truman Doctrine.

America promised it would support America promised it would support free free countries to help fight countries to help fight communism.communism.

Greece received large amounts of arms Greece received large amounts of arms and and supplies and by 1949 had defeated supplies and by 1949 had defeated the the communists. communists. The Truman Doctrine was significant The Truman Doctrine was significant because because it showed that America, the it showed that America, the most powerful democratic country, most powerful democratic country, was was prepared to resist the spread of prepared to resist the spread of communism throughout the world.communism throughout the world.

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced announced the Marshall Plan. the Marshall Plan.

This was a massive economic aid This was a massive economic aid plan for plan for Europe to help it Europe to help it recover from the damage recover from the damage caused caused by the war. by the war.

There were two motives for this:There were two motives for this: 1. Help re-establish free-market1. Help re-establish free-market2. Strengthen democracy so Europe 2. Strengthen democracy so Europe would be would be better able to resist better able to resist the spread of communismthe spread of communism

A poster promoting the Marshall Plan

Secretary of State George Marshall.

Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced in The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced in

a speech to Congress on January 5, 1957.a speech to Congress on January 5, 1957.It required Congress to yield its war-making It required Congress to yield its war-making

power to the president so that the president power to the president so that the president could take immediate military action.could take immediate military action.

It created a US commitment to defend the It created a US commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by any Middle East against attack by any communist country.communist country. The doctrine was made in response to the The doctrine was made in response to the possibility of war, threatened as a result of possibility of war, threatened as a result of the USSR’s attempt to use the Suez War as a the USSR’s attempt to use the Suez War as a

pretext to enter Egypt. pretext to enter Egypt. The British and French withdrawals from their The British and French withdrawals from their former colonies created a power vacuum that former colonies created a power vacuum that communists were trying to fill.communists were trying to fill.

President Eisenhower with his Secretary of State John Dulles

The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949 West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.security. June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin which is June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin which is controlled by the Capitalist, which was deep inside the Eastern Sectorcontrolled by the Capitalist, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector

Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission it into submission

West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to surviveWest responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive May 1949: May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockadeUSSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade

Map of Germany divided into zones after WWII

Map of Berlin divided into zones after WWII

A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.

Effect

Cause

NATONATO: North Atlantic Treaty : North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization

In 1949 the western nations formed In 1949 the western nations formed the North the North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their Organization to co-ordinate their defense against USSR. defense against USSR. (International (International organization)organization)It originally consisted of:It originally consisted of:

AmericaAmericaBelgiumBelgiumBritainBritainCanadaCanadaDenmarkDenmarkFranceFranceHollandHollandItalyItalyLuxembourgLuxembourgNorway Norway PortugalPortugal

Since the fall of the Soviet Union in Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, some 1991, some former Soviet republics former Soviet republics have applied for have applied for membership to membership to NATO.NATO.

NATO flag

Warsaw PactWarsaw PactWarsaw PactWarsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central : organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. and Eastern Europe. Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, PolandEstablished May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, PolandUSSR established in response to NATO treatyUSSR established in response to NATO treatyFounding members:Founding members:

Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split) Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split) Bulgaria Bulgaria CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakiaHungary Hungary Poland Poland Romania Romania USSRUSSREast Germany (1956) East Germany (1956)

Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact

Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957)Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957) McCarthy, a Republican McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin, did senator from Wisconsin, did the most to whip up anti-the most to whip up anti-communism during the ‘50s.communism during the ‘50s. On February 9, 1950, he gave On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming to have a list a speech claiming to have a list of 205 Communists in the of 205 Communists in the State Department. State Department. No one in the press actually No one in the press actually saw the names on the list.saw the names on the list. In Indiana, a group of anti-In Indiana, a group of anti-communists indicted communists indicted Robin Robin HoodHood (and its vaguely (and its vaguely socialistic message that the socialistic message that the book's hero had a right to rob book's hero had a right to rob from the rich and give to the from the rich and give to the poor) and forced librarians to poor) and forced librarians to pull the book from the shelves. pull the book from the shelves. In the spring of 1954, the In the spring of 1954, the tables turned on McCarthy tables turned on McCarthy when he charged that the Army when he charged that the Army had promoted a dentist had promoted a dentist accused of being a Communist.accused of being a Communist. McCarthy died three years McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.later from alcoholism. The term "McCarthyism" The term "McCarthyism" lives on to describe anti-lives on to describe anti-Communist fervor, reckless Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and guilt by accusations, and guilt by association.association.

Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible was on the surface about the Salem Witch Trials. It’s real target, though, was the hysterical persecution of innocent people during McCarthyism. (poster for 1996 film version)

Arms RaceArms Race Cold War tensions Cold War tensions

increased in the US when increased in the US when the USSR exploded its first the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949. atomic bomb in 1949.

Cold War tensions Cold War tensions increased in the USSR increased in the USSR when the when the US exploded its US exploded its first hydrogen bomb in first hydrogen bomb in 1952. It was 1000 times 1952. It was 1000 times more powerful than the more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Hiroshima atomic bomb.

Space RaceSpace Race Cold War tensions increased in the US Cold War tensions increased in the US

when the USSR launched when the USSR launched Sputnik ISputnik I, , the first artificial satellite into the first artificial satellite into geocentric orbit on October 4, 1957. geocentric orbit on October 4, 1957. The race to control space was on.The race to control space was on.

April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin became first human in space and became first human in space and first to orbit Earth.first to orbit Earth.

• On May 25,1961, Kennedy On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave a speech challenging gave a speech challenging America to land a man on the America to land a man on the moon and return him safely by moon and return him safely by the end of the decade.the end of the decade.

• Apollo 11 landed on the moon Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 16, 1969.on July 16, 1969.

Cause 1

Cause 2

Effect

The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe Bay of Pigs Invasion The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed Cuban Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.Fidel Castro. Increasing friction between the US and Castro's communist regime led Increasing friction between the US and Castro's communist regime led

President Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in President Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January January 1961. 1961. Even before that, however, the Even before that, however, the CIA had been trainingCIA had been training anti-revolutionary anti-revolutionary Cuban Cuban exiles for a exiles for a possible invasion of the island.possible invasion of the island. The invasion plan was The invasion plan was approved byapproved by Eisenhower's successor, Eisenhower's successor, John F. John F. KennedyKennedy..

The Bay of Pigs Invasion…The Bay of Pigs Invasion… On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with US weapons, landed at On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with US weapons, landed at the the Bahía de CochinosBahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba hoping for Cuba hoping for support from locals. support from locals. From the start, the exiles were likely to lose. Kennedy had the option of From the start, the exiles were likely to lose. Kennedy had the option of using the Air using the Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it. Force against the Cubans but decided against it. Consequently, the Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's armyinvasion was stopped by Castro's army. . The failure of The failure of the the invasion seriously embarrassed the Kennedy administration. invasion seriously embarrassed the Kennedy administration.

Some critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate supportSome critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate supportOthers blamed Kennedy for allowing it to take place at all. Others blamed Kennedy for allowing it to take place at all.

Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the US. He was convinced Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the US. He was convinced that the that the Americans would try to take over the Cuba again. Americans would try to take over the Cuba again.

Cuban leader Fidel Castro watches events during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

Berlin WallBerlin Wall In the dark on August 13, 1961, a low, barbed-wire barrier rose between In the dark on August 13, 1961, a low, barbed-wire barrier rose between East and West East and West Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete blocks into a low wall, dividing blocks into a low wall, dividing neighborhoods and families, workers neighborhoods and families, workers and employers, the free from the repressed.and employers, the free from the repressed. The USSR called the wall a barrier to Western imperialism, but it also The USSR called the wall a barrier to Western imperialism, but it also was meant to was meant to keep its people going to the West where the standard of keep its people going to the West where the standard of living was much higher and living was much higher and freedoms greater.freedoms greater. The West Germans called it The West Germans called it SchandmaurSchandmaur, the "Wall of Shame." Over the , the "Wall of Shame." Over the years, it was years, it was rebuilt three times. Each version of the wall was more rebuilt three times. Each version of the wall was more higher, stronger, repressive, and higher, stronger, repressive, and impregnable. Towers and guards with impregnable. Towers and guards with machine guns and dogs stood watch over a machine guns and dogs stood watch over a barren no man's barren no man's land.land. Anyone trying to escape was shot on sight.Anyone trying to escape was shot on sight.

Early 1960s view of east side of Berlin Wall with barbed wire at top.

A view from the French sector looking over the wall.

Cuban Missile Crisis…Cuban Missile Crisis… The crisis began on October 15, 1962 The crisis began on October 15, 1962 when when Castro was looking for a way to Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from an attack defend his island nation from an attack by the US & approved of Khrushchev's by the US & approved of Khrushchev's plan for the Soviet Union to place plan for the Soviet Union to place missiles on the island of Cubamissiles on the island of Cuba After seven days of intense debate After seven days of intense debate within the White House, within the White House, Kennedy Kennedy imposed a blockade around Cuba to stop imposed a blockade around Cuba to stop the arrival of more Soviet missiles.the arrival of more Soviet missiles.

On October 22- Kennedy announced that On October 22- Kennedy announced that any attack launched from Cuba would be any attack launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the US by the regarded as an attack on the US by the USSR and demanded that the Soviets USSR and demanded that the Soviets remove weapons from Cuba.remove weapons from Cuba.

October 27 -A U-2 spy plane was shot October 27 -A U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba by a soviet missile flown down over Cuba by a soviet missile flown by CIA agent Francis Gary Powers’.by CIA agent Francis Gary Powers’.

October 28-Khrushchev announced that October 28-Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and he would dismantle the installations and remove all Russian missiles from Cubaremove all Russian missiles from Cuba

From top: Castro, Kennedy, Khrushchev

CIA map showing range of Soviet supplied intermediate and medium range missiles if launched from Cuba

Video – Cuban Missile Video – Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5ZzL9KsyPY

The Slow Progress to End the The Slow Progress to End the Cold WarCold War In 1969 Nixon began a policy of détente to lessen Cold In 1969 Nixon began a policy of détente to lessen Cold

War tensions and begin negotiations with USSR on SALT War tensions and begin negotiations with USSR on SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement).I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement).

SALT I froze the number of missile launchers had been SALT I froze the number of missile launchers had been dismantled.dismantled.

It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons.weapons.

SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), which sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons. which sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons.

Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty. Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty.

As a result Cold War tensions decline

Reagan’s Star Wars Interrupts Reagan’s Star Wars Interrupts ProgressProgress The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposal by President The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposal by President

Reagan on in 1983 to Reagan on in 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to use ground and space-based systems to protect the US from attack by nuclear ballistic protect the US from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. It missiles. It focused on strategic defense rather than doctrine of mutual assured focused on strategic defense rather than doctrine of mutual assured

destruction (MAD).destruction (MAD). It was quickly nicknamed “Star Wars.”It was quickly nicknamed “Star Wars.”

The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which requiresThe Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which requires The program proposed to use unproven technology.The program proposed to use unproven technology. The program would cost many billions of dollars.The program would cost many billions of dollars. It would start a new arms race with the Soviets.It would start a new arms race with the Soviets.

Artist rendering of satellites and lasers to be used in SDI

Reagan’s ideas helped contribute to the end of the Cold War by adding in the collapse of the Soviets economy

Cold War Thaw ContinuesCold War Thaw Continues Workers have no incentive to Workers have no incentive to work hard work hard or to improve so the or to improve so the economy begins economy begins to collapseto collapseGorbachev becomes Soviet Gorbachev becomes Soviet premier and premier and understands that the understands that the Soviet economy Soviet economy cannot cannot compete with the West, partly compete with the West, partly because of Afghanistan and partly because of Afghanistan and partly because of the costs of keeping up because of the costs of keeping up militarily.militarily.Gorbachev is further pressured to Gorbachev is further pressured to reform the USSR when Reagan reform the USSR when Reagan gives gives his speech in Germany his speech in Germany challenging challenging Gorbachev to “tear Gorbachev to “tear down this wall.”down this wall.”

President Reagan delivers his speech in Berlin.

Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev

The Berlin Wall Falls - 1989The Berlin Wall Falls - 1989 A wave of rebellion against Soviet A wave of rebellion against Soviet

influence occurs throughout its influence occurs throughout its European allies.European allies.

Riots and protests break out in Riots and protests break out in East East Germany.Germany. East Germans storm the wall. East Germans storm the wall. Confused Confused and outnumbered, and outnumbered, border guards do not border guards do not fight fight back.back. The wall is breached.The wall is breached. Eventually East and West Eventually East and West Germany are Germany are reunited in 1990. reunited in 1990.

The USSR DissolvesThe USSR DissolvesOn December 25, 1991, On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev Gorbachev yielded as the yielded as the president of the USSR, president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. He declaring the office extinct. He turned the powers that were turned the powers that were then then vested in him over to vested in him over to Boris Yeltsin, Boris Yeltsin, new new president of Russia. president of Russia.

The following day, the The following day, the Supreme Supreme Soviet, the highest Soviet, the highest governmental governmental body of the body of the Soviet Union, recognized Soviet Union, recognized the collapse of the Soviet Union the collapse of the Soviet Union and and dissolved itself. dissolved itself.

Boris Yeltsin (far left) stands on a tank to defy the 1991 coup

Video – End of the Cold Video – End of the Cold WarWar

http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=cold+war