The Civil War

Chapter 8

North and South• By 1858, many American’s saw the nation as

divided into two parts the North and the South• Rapid changes in technology, territory,

economy, and population amplified their differences

Transportation

• By 1860, the U.S. had 31,000 miles of rail and 3,700 miles of canals

• But, most was in the North• Northern farmers had adopted

inventions such as the steel plow and horse drawn reaper

• Produce more food with less labor

• It could be transported cheaply to cities

• Result: People could live far from food sources

North

• 1860: Population was 19 million • 26% of people lived in big cities– New York, Boston, Philadelphia

• Industrial revolution meant big factories producing lot of goods

• North produced 75% of the nations wealth• 81% of factories were in the North• Small farms

Resources

South

• 1860: population was 12 million– 4 million were slaves

• 10% of people lived in cities

• Few factories• Agricultural economy– Three main crops:

tobacco, sugar, and cotton

Cotton was King• The invention of the cotton gin made cotton

profitable• It was difficult to make a profit from cotton

because cotton seeds were removed by hand• It took a person a whole day to clean one

pound of cotton• http://youtu.be/JzHD7_dWEik

Slavery

• A big difference between the North and the South was slavery, which existed in the South

• http://youtu.be/pDukq8npXBk

Slavery

North• Saw slavery as unprofitable• Morally wrong• Slavery was abolished in the

North in 1804• Did not want slavery to

spread to the West

South• Slavery was seen as cheap

labor• Slaves were needed to pick

cotton• Did want slavery to spread• Did not think slavery was

bad

Read about Eliza Winston, page 109

Dred Scott

• Read Dred and Harriet Scott page 110• http://sites.mnhs.org/civil-war/

The Northern states were angered by the Dred Scott decision

Representation

• With little industrialization in the South, its white population remained steady

• Industrialization caused the North’s white population to expand

• 1860: North had 147 votes in the U.S. House of Representatives; the South had only 90

• In the Senate, each state has equal representation, so the issue of extending slavery into new states dominated politics

Slavery

• Slavery flourished in the South due to the long growing season and labor intensive crops

• Abolitionists were people who worked to end slavery

• Wanted blacks to be citizens• Some people were neutral• Most Minnesotan’s opposed slavery

Missouri Compromise• As the United States expanded the question of whether

new territories would enter the Union as slave states or free states had to be addressed

• The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provided for the joint admission of free states simultaneously with free states

New Territory

• After the Mexican-American war the U.S. acquired much more territory

• New solution was the Compromise of 1850• California would be free• Utah and New Mexico would be slave

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act– Two new territories north of the Missouri Compromise– Allowed the people to determine if they would be a

free or slave territories– Repealed the Missouri Compromise– Many violent encounters as people flocked to the area

to try to sway the vote– http://youtu.be/oWww0YIf-JE– What was “popular sovereignty?”– What was “Bleeding Kansas?”

Abraham Lincoln

• Frustrated by their inability to end slavery the Whig Party created the new Republican Party– Northern– Antislavery

• Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president

Lincoln’s Election

• Only white men could vote• Lincoln’s election convinced southerners that

their way of life was coming to an end – slavery

• Southern states responded by seceding, leaving the Union

• Formed the Confederate States of America• 1861: the country is at war

Minnesota• 1st state to contribute soldiers to the war• 1,009 soldiers from St. Anthony, St. Paul, and

nearby towns• Trained at Fort Snelling• Known as the First Minnesota Volunteer

Infantry Regiment• http://youtu.be/yGHZiBN3uFA• Read Charley Goddard Goes to War– Page 111 - 114

Civil War Overview

North• industrial, financial, and

population advantages• Unfamiliar territory• Offensive position• Long supply and

communication lines to maintain

• http://youtu.be/SGudU3VK9OA

South• Defensive position• Familiar territory• Better generals and military

leadership• Needed resources to win• Failed to enlist foreign aid

Emancipation Proclamation

• Freed the slaves• Shifted the major aim of

the war from restoring the Union to ending slavery

• April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse Virginia

End of the War

• More than 600,000 soldiers and countless civilians had lost their lives

• Many parts of the South were in ruins• Minnesota’s economy had flourished• Families were broken• Bodies were

crippled

Reconstruction Amendments

• Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery in 1865

• Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments granted citizenship and civil rights to all African Americans and gave black men the right to vote

• http://youtu.be/CpiH2b923pc• Missionary Ridge: Investigation 8– Page 116