The Civil WarThe Civil War

Buchanan to Lincoln on Lincoln’s Inauguration Day

Why would out going President Buchanan express this sentiment to incoming President Lincoln?

After Lincoln’s election, southern states began to secede from the Union, Buchanan was happy to leave this headache to Lincoln.

Border States: slave states that decided to remain in the Union

CHOOSING SIDES

War Begins! War Begins!

November 6, 1860 - November 6, 1860 - Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, who had declared who had declared "Government cannot "Government cannot endure permanently endure permanently half slave, half free..." half slave, half free..." is elected presidentis elected president

11stst Republican gained Republican gained only 40 percentonly 40 percent of the of the popular vote popular vote

Dec 20, 1860 - Dec 20, 1860 - South South CarolinaCarolina secedessecedes from the Union. from the Union. Followed within two Followed within two months by months by Mississippi, Florida, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Louisiana and Texas.

Feb 9, 1861 - Feb 9, 1861 - The The Confederate States Confederate States of Americaof America is is formedformedJefferson Davis-Jefferson Davis- President.President.March 4, 1861 - March 4, 1861 - Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln is is sworn in as 16th sworn in as 16th President of the President of the United States.United States.

April 12, 1861April 12, 1861 - At - At 4:30 a.m. 4:30 a.m. Confederates open Confederates open fire with 50 cannons fire with 50 cannons upon upon Fort Sumter Fort Sumter in Charleston, South in Charleston, South Carolina.Carolina. The Civil War The Civil War beginsbegins..

UNION ADVANTAGESUNION ADVANTAGES– Union population more Union population more

than 2x that of the than 2x that of the SouthSouth

– Strong Strong business/industry & business/industry & RR systemsRR systems

– Superior political Superior political leadership (Lincoln)leadership (Lincoln)

– Recognized as the Recognized as the legitimate governmentlegitimate government

– Strong navy able to Strong navy able to blockadeblockade southern southern ports & cut off ports & cut off southern tradesouthern trade

CONFEDERATE ADVANTAGESCONFEDERATE ADVANTAGES– Strategic position Strategic position (easy to (easy to

defend/hard to attack)defend/hard to attack)– Better military training Better military training

(new how to shoot & ride)(new how to shoot & ride)– Skilled military leaders Skilled military leaders

(Robert E. Lee & (Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson)Stonewall Jackson)

– Morale/fighting spiritMorale/fighting spirit higher among Southerners higher among Southerners as compared to as compared to Northerners Northerners

Strengths & Weaknesses

Civil War Political LeadershipCivil War Political Leadership

Many of the Union’s top Generals joined the Confederacy, Lincoln lacked good military leaders, and it became necessary to change his top generals until he found one that was dependable. (U.S. Grant)

Military LeadershipMilitary Leadership

Strategies for VictoryStrategies for VictoryThe UNION/NorthThe UNION/North– BlockadeBlockade southern southern

portsportsStop imports (war Stop imports (war materials)materials)Stop exports (cotton Stop exports (cotton trade)trade)

– Control the Control the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

Cut the Confederacy Cut the Confederacy in halfin half

– Capture the Southern Capture the Southern Capital-Richmond, Capital-Richmond, VA.VA.

Plan became known Plan became known as as “Anaconda Plan”“Anaconda Plan”

The Confederacy/SouthThe Confederacy/South– Stay Stay defensivedefensive until until

Northerners grow tired Northerners grow tired of fightingof fighting

Force Lincoln to Force Lincoln to recognize southern recognize southern independenceindependence

– Continue cotton trade Continue cotton trade with Europe to secure with Europe to secure funds for warfunds for war

Believed Believed COTTON WAS COTTON WAS KINGKING & that Europe would & that Europe would support the Southsupport the South

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run

July 21,1861 July 21,1861 UnionUnion troops troops set out to set out to “crush”“crush” the the rebellion at Bull Run, VA.rebellion at Bull Run, VA.Union Union officers believed that officers believed that Confederate Confederate forces would forces would turn & runturn & runMany spectators turned out Many spectators turned out to view the battle, believing to view the battle, believing the the Union Union would score a would score a quick victoryquick victoryConfederate Confederate forces inspired forces inspired by Gen. Thomas by Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson“Stonewall” Jackson forced theforced the Union Union Army into Army into an embarrassing an embarrassing withdrawal withdrawal

Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run

Examine this photo of Bull Run Examine this photo of Bull Run (taken after (taken after the battle).the battle). What did the Battle of Bull Run What did the Battle of Bull Run prove to both the Union & the Confederacy?prove to both the Union & the Confederacy?– That victory would not be easy & that the war would That victory would not be easy & that the war would

be a long, difficult struggle for both sidesbe a long, difficult struggle for both sides

What does this photo grouping suggest about

the burden of the Presidency during wartime?

Civil War Major Battles: Antietam September 17, 1862Civil War Major Battles: Antietam September 17, 1862Lee marched his troops into Lee marched his troops into Antietam, MarylandAntietam, Maryland– He believed a southern He believed a southern

victory in the north would victory in the north would crush northern morale crush northern morale

UnionUnion soldiers captured a soldiers captured a ConfederateConfederate messenger & messenger & informed the Union army of informed the Union army of Lee’s plansLee’s plans23,000 soldiers were 23,000 soldiers were killed/woundedkilled/woundedThere was no clear winner, There was no clear winner, but the but the UnionUnion was able to was able to claim victory because Lee claim victory because Lee withdrew his forceswithdrew his forcesLincoln was angered by Lincoln was angered by Gen. McClellan’sGen. McClellan’s failure to failure to pursue and crush the pursue and crush the southern forces, he southern forces, he replaced McClellan with replaced McClellan with Gen. Burnside. Gen. Burnside.

Civil War Major Battles: Civil War Major Battles: CONFEDERATE VICTORIESCONFEDERATE VICTORIES

Fredericksburg, VAFredericksburg, VA– Union Union forces set out forces set out

for for Richmond Richmond in an in an attempt to capture the attempt to capture the southern capitalsouthern capital

– ConfederateConfederate soldiers soldiers were dug in to a were dug in to a defensive positiondefensive position, and , and were able to mow were able to mow down the down the Union Union forces.forces.

– Fredericksburg was Fredericksburg was one of the one of the Union’s Union’s worst defeats worst defeats

Chancellorsville, VAChancellorsville, VA– May, 1863 May, 1863 Lee & Lee &

Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson outwitted the outwitted the Union Union ArmyArmy again again

– Confederate Confederate forces forces were able to defeat the were able to defeat the much larger much larger UnionUnion Army Army

– Stonewall Jackson was Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot and accidentally shot and killed by his own forceskilled by his own forces

– Jackson’s death hurt Jackson’s death hurt the South’s militarythe South’s military leadershipleadership

How did the UNION turn the tide of the Civil War?

Grant forced the south to surrender at Vicksburg, the

Union secured total control of the Mississippi & cut the

Confederacy in half

(during the siege of Vicksburg, starved southern forces were forced to eat mules

& rats!)

The Union Victory at Gettysburg was the turning point of the war. It was the

South’s last attempt to strike at Union forces up north.

Gen Grant’s victory at Shiloh secured control of both ends

of the Mississippi River, southern supply lines were

damaged

Gen. Sherman captured Atlanta & burned it! He

marched his troops to the sea (Atlantic) and destroyed

everything that was useful to the south (farms, industry)

The Union’s blockade of southern ports cut off the

South’s trade, hurt the southern economy & the

south’s ability to wage war

Lincoln at GettysburgLincoln at GettysburgFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this

continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should

do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who

struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here,

but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here

have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we

take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall

not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for

the people, shall not perish from the earth.

What was Lincoln’s duel purpose?

1. Dedicate a cemetery for Civil War dead

2. Inspire the nation to complete the task & win the war, so that the dead would not have died in vain

The War Ends: Union VictoryThe War Ends: Union Victory

•The effects of the Union’s total war eventually led to the capture of Richmond

•Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865

ConclusionHow did the UNION turn the tide of the Civil War?

Completion of the “Anaconda Plan”– Blockade of Southern ports ruined the south’s economy– Union control of the Mississippi river cut off the

Confederate communication & supply lines– Captured southern capital, Richmond VA

The Union Waged TOTAL WAR – The Union destroyed all food & equipment that the

enemy needed, causing the same hardships for both soldiers & civilians

Civil War: Issues, Events & Effects Civil War: Issues, Events & Effects

Emancipation Proclamation

•Lincoln issued the proclamation to free the slaves living in the Confederacy

•As a result, the Union was fighting the war to free the slaves as well as save the Union

Battle of the Ironclads

•The Union Ironclad ship (Monitor), battled the Confederate Ironclad ship (Merrimack) to a draw (neither were badly damaged)

•Ironclad ships forever changed naval warfare

•Wooden ships became outdated

Draft Riots

•As the war dragged on, public support in the North dropped

•Many rioted against the war

•Many protested & rioted against the drafting of soldiers

•The law allowed a man to pay the government $300 to avoid military service

•Some began to see the conflict as a rich man’s war & a poor man’s fight

Effects

•More than 360,000 Union Soldiers were killed

•More than 250,000 Confederate solders were killed

•Bitterness remained between the regions

•The struggle for equality for the freed slaves began

Civil War: Reviewing the main themes Civil War: Reviewing the main themes