The Civil War Begins Secession of states, Ft. Sumter and advantages for each side.
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Transcript of The Civil War Begins Secession of states, Ft. Sumter and advantages for each side.
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The Civil War Begins
Secession of states, Ft. Sumter and advantages for
each side
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Seven states secede between election & inauguration (% of population enslaved)
1) South Carolina (57%)
2) Mississippi (51%)
3) Florida (45%)
4) Alabama (45%)
5) Georgia (42%)
6) Louisiana (47%)
7) Texas (27%)
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Four more states secede after fall of Ft. Sumter (% of population enslaved)
8) Virginia (33%)
9) Arkansas (22%)
10) Tennessee (24%)
11) North Carolina (33%)
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Five slave states remain in Union (% of population enslaved)
• Missouri (13%)
• Kentucky (21%)
• Maryland (15%)
• Delaware (3%)
• West Virginia– Splits away from Virginia, admitted to Union in
1863)
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Advantages for the North
– Population (21 million v. 5 million free people)– More stable economy– Advanced industry
• Manufactured own weaponry (lots of it)
– Extensive railway system– Larger Navy– Well-established political institutions, practices– Abraham Lincoln
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Advantages for the South
– Fighting (mostly) defensive war• Shorter supply lines• Familiarity with terrain• Local populations supportive
– White population more united than population of the North
– Southern dominance of cotton supply could lead to support from Britain and France
– Better generals
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Question
First, a preface to the question: Wars, particularly long wars, cause suffering that can be sustained IF people are clear about, and committed to, what they are fighting for.
Which side had the psychological advantage (and why)?
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Armies During the Civil War
• Southern militias begin forming after John Brown’s raid in 1859
• Both sides initially call for volunteers– More than the requested number turn out
• North and South, voluntary enlistments slowing by end of 1861
• Both North (1863) and South (1862) begin drafting men into the army
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Armies During the Civil War
• In both North and South, people who were drafted could pay a substitute to go instead– Repealed in South (1863), remains in North
• By end of 1861, 700,000 in Northern armies
• By end of 1862, 500,000 in Southern armies
• By 1864, for South desertions become problem (about 100,000 by end of war)
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Armies During the Civil War
• South also had trouble paying for troops– States wouldn’t contribute requested funds– Confederate gov’t printed currency to pay war
costs• Hyperinflation
• Tensions in North over draft– Draft riots
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Armies During the Civil War
• As war proceeds, African Americans play larger role in Northern armies– 1% of North’s population, provide almost 10%
of Army – 85% of eligible blacks served
• Confederate Congress authorizes arming slaves– War ends before implemented
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Big Picture
• As war goes on and casualties grow, Northern advantage in numbers in military increases
• Key to war: Could North (and Lincoln) sustain popular (psychological) support for the war?
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Psychological Advantages: South
• Have something to lose– Economics of slavery– Southern ‘way of life’ (traditional, rural)
• More unified
• Confidence in military, generals
• Hope that they will gain allies in Europe– Britain and France both want cotton
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Psychological Advantages: North
• Confidence in their ultimate victory– Strength of numbers, economy– Faith in political institutions
• Weakness is in power of war’s purpose– Is the ‘Union’ worth fighting and dying for?
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Notes on ‘Civil War’
• Jefferson Davis• Abraham Lincoln• Ft. Sumter (South Carolina)• Ulysses S. Grant• Robert E. Lee• George McClellan• Evolution regarding role of African-Americans in
the war (and role of Frederick Douglass)• First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)