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The Civil Rights Movement Chapter 25. What court case upheld the principle of ‘separate but...
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Transcript of The Civil Rights Movement Chapter 25. What court case upheld the principle of ‘separate but...
![Page 1: The Civil Rights Movement Chapter 25. What court case upheld the principle of ‘separate but equal’? 1. Brown v Board of Education 2. Dred Scott v Sanford.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e745503460f94b751ff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Civil Rights Movement
Chapter 25
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What court case upheld the principle of ‘separate but equal’?
1. Brown v Board of Education
2. Dred Scott v Sanford
3. Plessy v Ferguson4. McCulloch v
Maryland
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Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
1865- the Civil War ended
13th Amendment (1865)- officially ended slavery
14th Amendment (1868)- identified who was a US citizen & specified that all US citizens have “equal protection of the laws”.
15th Amendment (1870)- states may not interfere with any man’s right to vote= gave black men the vote.
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Origins of Civil Rights Movement
1896-Plessy v Ferguson – established “separate but equal” segregation (segregation by law)- mostly in the South.
* “Jim Crow Laws” De facto segregation – segregation by custom (no
law)- popular in the northPoll taxes, literacy tests, lynchingNiagara Falls MovementNAACP (1909)workedto end segregation.
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The Beginnings
NAACP- (1939-1961) led by attorney Thurgood Marshall; fought segregation, lynching.
Thurgood Marshall- later 1st black justice on Supreme Court
CORE- Congress of Racial Equality (1942)- used “sit-ins” to fight against segregation.
*Brown v Board of Education (1954)◦Called for desegregating
public schools◦Overturned Plessy v
Ferguson’s ‘separate but equal’
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Southern Manifesto1956
101 Southern members of Congress
Denounced the ruling in Brown, as a clear abuse of judicial power & pledged to reverse it
Encouraged white Southerners to defy the Supreme Court
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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Became National leader of the civil rights movement
At age 26 Led Montgomery Bus Boycott
◦In response to Rosa Parks◦Huge success with desegregation immediately
Influenced by Gandhi – non-violent protestCivil Disobedience – essay written by
Henry David Thoreau.◦Can disobey a law if it is unjust
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**The Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955
1955- Rosa Parks- arrested for sitting in the “white section” of the Montgomery public transit.
Martin Luther King Jr. –chosen to lead a boycott of the public bus system in Montgomery, Alabama.
**King’s methods – passive non-violent resistance; “Civil Disobedience”
Boycott lasted 1 year; Supreme Court ruled in Park’s favor.
Montgomery bus transit system desegregated.
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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
*Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)◦Established by King (1st president)◦Group of black ministers with goal
of ending segregation & encouragingblacks to vote
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*Little Rock 9
1957- Governor Faubus ordered troops to Little Rock High to prevent 9 African Americans from entering
Importance: Governor had used the National Guard to oppose the federal government
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Little Rock 9
Result: Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock to enforce federal law
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The Civil Rights Act of 19571st civil rights law since ReconstructionCreated a Civil Rights division within
the Department of Justice (federal government can seek court injunctions against anyone interfering with an ind. Right to vote).
Created US Commission on Civil Rights- investigate voting rights violations
* SCLC- began a push to register 2 million new African-American voters.
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The Sit-In Movement 1960- The Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-IN- 4
African-American students from NC A&T sat at the white lunch counter of Woolworth’s.
Next day- 29 more students appeared at the lunch counter End of the week- 300 students End of the Month- the movement spread to 54 cities (9
states).Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
formed April 1960; attracted young people. Marion Barry-John Lewis 1st leaders 1960-1965- played a role in desegregation of public
facilities Sent young volunteers into the Deep South to register
African-Americans to Vote.
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SNCC- sponsored toregister African-Americans in the South to vote.1964- local officials inMississippi murdered3 SNCC workers
CORE- sponsored*Freedom Riders
◦Integrated bus ride from NC to Mississippi◦1962-Kennedy ended bus segregation federally
“African Americans have had 350 years of cooling off and if they cooled off anymore they would be in a deep freeze”
*The Voter EducationProject
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*George Wallace◦1963-Governor of Alabama◦Blocked African Americans
from entering the University of Alabama
◦Federal officials forced him to move
James Meredith◦Wanted to attend the
University of Mississippi◦1962-JFK sent 500 federal
marshals to escort him
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Birmingham Protests (1963) Martin Luther King Jr. wanted to push for a Civil Rights Law
to be passed Chose Birmingham- violent place Bull Conner- former head of Police running for Mayor King arrestedLetter from a Birmingham Jail King wrote to white leaders Explained why his use of non-violent protests
After MLK’s release- Bull Conner & Police used dogs, fire hoses, & clubs on protestors while Americans watched on TV.
** Kennedy ordered a new Civil Rights bill be written up Southern Senators threatened to filibuster.
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March on Washington
August 28, 1963
Purpose- urge Congress to pass a Civil Rights law
200,000 demonstrators march on Washington
Dr. King’s “I have a dream” speech
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**Civil Rights Act of 1964Filibustered for 87 days in the Senate &
finally passed◦Prevention of racial discrimination◦Segregation is illegal◦Required businesses to end discrimination in
the workplace
*24th Amendment◦Outlawed poll taxes in federal elections
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The Selma March
1965-Demonstrations to register to vote
2,000 arrestedMarch from Selma to
Montgomery (50 miles)
Bloody Sunday◦Marchers beaten by
state troopers as they crossed the bridge out of Selma "I was hit in the head
by a state trooper with a nightstick... I thought I saw death."—John Lewis, SNCC
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The Voting Rights Act (1965)
Federal examiners sent to register African-Americans & oversee elections
Suspended literacy testsResult- more than 250,000 African-
Americans registered to vote.
Martin Luther King Jr. won the Nobel Peace Prize (1965)
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WATTS RIOTS
Racism & poverty still persistent Los Angeles- 1965Due to police brutality34 killed, 900 injured$30 million property damageRace riots erupted all over the countryUrban blacks saw the changes for Southern
blacks – they wanted the same*Kerner Commission
◦Detailed study of urban riots◦Blamed white society & racism for problems in
inner cities
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Chicago Movement
Dr. King & wife moved into apartment in Chicago.
Draw attention to need for improvement of slum neighborhoods in big cities
Not very successful
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Black PowerFounder-Stokely
CarmichaelAttracted young African-
AmericansAfrican Americans
should control the social, political & economic aspects of their culture
Emphasized black power & self-discipline rather than assimilation
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Malcolm XSymbol of the Black Power
movementNation of Islam
◦Aka Black Muslims◦Malcolm X was a spokesperson◦Separation from whites & govern
themselvesKilled by member of the
Nation of Islam
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The Black Panthers
Founded in 1966 by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver in Oakland, California
Emphasized economic self-sufficiency, black nationalism, self-defense
Believed violent Revolution was necessary to get political & economic equality.
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The Assassination of Martin Luther King
Memphis, TN
April 4, 1968 – King was assassinated on his hotel balcony by a sniper
Assassin – James Earl Ray
Significance- Civil Rights lost its most eloquent leader.