The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement

1954-19681954-1968

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement

In 1954 almost every area of In 1954 almost every area of Southern society had segregated Southern society had segregated facilities for blacks and whites.facilities for blacks and whites.

The push for equality began after The push for equality began after World War II as black soldiers who World War II as black soldiers who fought for democracy and black fought for democracy and black workers who helped bring victory.workers who helped bring victory.

A segregated facility in A segregated facility in Dallas, , Texas. . Note the sign "Colored Waiting Room" Note the sign "Colored Waiting Room"

at the top. at the top.

The Rex Theatre for Colored PeopleThe Rex Theatre for Colored People

Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson

Supreme Court ruled that separate Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities for blacks and whites were facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional so long as the facilities constitutional so long as the facilities were “equal” to those for whites. (Jim were “equal” to those for whites. (Jim Crow)Crow)

Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall

1930’s and 1940’ was an attorney for 1930’s and 1940’ was an attorney for the NAACP (National Association for the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)the Advancement of Colored People)

Office in back seat of car.Office in back seat of car. The first black to sit on the Supreme The first black to sit on the Supreme

Court (appointed by Lyndon Johnson)Court (appointed by Lyndon Johnson) Served from 1967 until he retired in Served from 1967 until he retired in

1991.1991.

Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall

Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of Education

19541954 NAACP filed suit against the Board of NAACP filed suit against the Board of

Education in Topeka, KS.Education in Topeka, KS. The Board had denied Linda Brown The Board had denied Linda Brown

admission to an all-white public admission to an all-white public elementary school near her home.elementary school near her home.

Marshall charged they had violated Marshall charged they had violated the “equal protection” clause of the the “equal protection” clause of the 1414thth Amendment. Amendment.

Educational separation in the US Educational separation in the US prior to Brown prior to Brown

The Supreme Court unanimously The Supreme Court unanimously ruled public schools could not be ruled public schools could not be separated by race.separated by race.

In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered that integration of schools was to go that integration of schools was to go forward forward “with all deliberate “with all deliberate speed”speed”

10 years after Brown, only 1% of 10 years after Brown, only 1% of black students in the South attended black students in the South attended school with white children.school with white children.

George E.C. Hayes, , Thurgood Marshall, and , and James Nabrit, congratulating each other, following , congratulating each other, following

Supreme Court decision declaring segregation Supreme Court decision declaring segregation

unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Emmett Till’s bodyEmmett Till’s body

Southern ResistanceSouthern Resistance

Segregation made progress in Segregation made progress in Washington D.C. and in many border Washington D.C. and in many border states, but Southern states resisted.states, but Southern states resisted.

Southern ManifestoSouthern Manifesto – – March 1956, over 100 southern March 1956, over 100 southern

congressmen signed it.congressmen signed it. Called for the reversal of Brown vs. Called for the reversal of Brown vs.

BoardBoard Felt it was unconstitutional.Felt it was unconstitutional.

Rosa ParksRosa Parks

1955 she refused to give up her bus seat 1955 she refused to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama.in Montgomery, Alabama.

She was arrested and jailed.She was arrested and jailed. Provoked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.Provoked the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 1 Year later the Supreme Court outlawed 1 Year later the Supreme Court outlawed

segregation on public transportation.segregation on public transportation. Called the “mother of the modern day Called the “mother of the modern day

civil rights movement.”civil rights movement.”

Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man.give up her seat to a white man.

Rosa Parks sits in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in Rosa Parks sits in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956 after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the 1956 after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the

city's bus system. Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss, a UPI city's bus system. Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss, a UPI

reporter covering the event.reporter covering the event.

The No. 2857 bus which Rosa Parks was riding The No. 2857 bus which Rosa Parks was riding on before she was arrested is now a museum on before she was arrested is now a museum

exhibit at the exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum..

Rosa Parks resided Rosa Parks resided in in Detroit until she until she died at the age of died at the age of ninety-two on ninety-two on October 24, , 2005

Black PowerBlack Power The first use of the term "Black Power" The first use of the term "Black Power"

was by was by Stokely Carmichael On June 16, 1966, after the shooting of On June 16, 1966, after the shooting of

James Meredith during the during the March Against Fear, Carmichael said:, Carmichael said:

"This is the twenty-seventh time I have "This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!"now is Black Power!"

DefinitionDefinition

Black PowerBlack Power Called for black Called for black

separatismseparatism Emphasized racial Emphasized racial

pride and an pride and an interest in African interest in African American culture American culture and heritage.and heritage.

James Meredith walking to class James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshalsaccompanied by U.S. marshals

1968 Olympic Black 1968 Olympic Black Power Salute.Power Salute.

In the middle is In the middle is Tommie SmithTommie Smith. The . The gentleman on the gentleman on the right is right is John CarlosJohn Carlos. . This picture was This picture was taken at the 1968 taken at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Summer Olympics in Mexico City.Mexico City.

Peter Norman (left) Peter Norman (left) wears an OPHR badge wears an OPHR badge to show his support to show his support for the two for the two Americans. Americans.

A statue honoring Carlos and Smith A statue honoring Carlos and Smith at San José State University at San José State University

3 Reason for Black Power3 Reason for Black Power

1.) Questioned the strategy of non 1.) Questioned the strategy of non violent protest.violent protest.

2.) Some African Americans began to 2.) Some African Americans began to question the goal of integration.question the goal of integration.

3.) Many African Americans were 3.) Many African Americans were angry that the death of white angry that the death of white volunteers generated more public volunteers generated more public concern than the death of black concern than the death of black volunteers.volunteers.

The The Black Panther PartyBlack Panther Party (originally (originally called the called the Black Panther Party for Black Panther Party for

Self-DefenseSelf-Defense) )

Black PanthersBlack Panthers

Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Led by Bobby Seale and Huey NewtonNewton

Advocated:Advocated: Self-defense groups to protect black Self-defense groups to protect black

community.community. Exemption of blacks for military serviceExemption of blacks for military service Reparation payments (slave labor)Reparation payments (slave labor) Release all black prisonersRelease all black prisoners All black juries to try black defendants.All black juries to try black defendants.

Black Panther Party founders Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton standing in the street,

armed with a Colt .45 and a shotgun.

Little Rock Nine: 1957Little Rock Nine: 1957

1957 Little Rock Central High School 1957 Little Rock Central High School voted to integrate its all white high voted to integrate its all white high school.school.

Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus denied 9 black students enrollment.denied 9 black students enrollment.

Used the National Guard to keep the Used the National Guard to keep the 9 students out9 students out

Faubus speaking to a crowd protesting Faubus speaking to a crowd protesting the integration of Little Rock schools the integration of Little Rock schools

Students wait beside Arkansas National Students wait beside Arkansas National Guard troops blocking their admission Guard troops blocking their admission

to Little Rock Central High. to Little Rock Central High.

A white student passes through an A white student passes through an Arkansas National Guard line as Arkansas National Guard line as

Elizabeth Eckford is turned away. Elizabeth Eckford is turned away.

Bottom row, left to right: Thelma Mothershed, Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Bottom row, left to right: Thelma Mothershed, Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Gloria Ray; Top row, left to right: Jefferson Thomas, Melba Pattillo, Eckford, Gloria Ray; Top row, left to right: Jefferson Thomas, Melba Pattillo, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Daisy Bates (NAACP President), Ernest Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Daisy Bates (NAACP President), Ernest

GreenGreen

President Eisenhower Quote:President Eisenhower Quote:

He felt it was “He felt it was “just plain just plain nutsnuts” to force parents to ” to force parents to send their children to an send their children to an integrated school.integrated school.

However, Governor Faubus's act was However, Governor Faubus's act was a direct challenge to the Presidents a direct challenge to the Presidents authority.authority.

President Eisenhower was forced to President Eisenhower was forced to send 10,000 troops to protect the send 10,000 troops to protect the students.students.

After being heckled by protesters, After being heckled by protesters, Elizabeth Eckford waits for a bus. Elizabeth Eckford waits for a bus.

Members of the 101st US-Airborne Members of the 101st US-Airborne Division escorting the Little Rock Nine Division escorting the Little Rock Nine

to school to school

Students enter Little Rock Central High Students enter Little Rock Central High School under the protection of federal School under the protection of federal

troops. troops.

Troops from the 327th Regiment, 101st Airborne Troops from the 327th Regiment, 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine up the steps of escorting the Little Rock Nine up the steps of

Central HighCentral High

Elizabeth Eckford is Elizabeth Eckford is depicted in this depicted in this photograph taken by photograph taken by Will Counts in 1957. Will Counts in 1957. It is one of the top It is one of the top 100 photographs of 100 photographs of the 20th century, the 20th century, according to the according to the Associated Press. Associated Press. Hazel Bryan Massery Hazel Bryan Massery is the white girl seen is the white girl seen yelling at Eckford as yelling at Eckford as Eckford attempted Eckford attempted to enter the school to enter the school on her first day. on her first day.

Hazel Bryan Massery shouts at Hazel Bryan Massery shouts at Elizabeth Eckford as she walks to Elizabeth Eckford as she walks to

school in 1957. school in 1957.

Hazel MasseryHazel Massery was depicted in an iconic photograph that was depicted in an iconic photograph that showed her shouting at Elizabeth Eckford, one of the Little showed her shouting at Elizabeth Eckford, one of the Little Rock Nine, during the integration crisis. In her later life, she Rock Nine, during the integration crisis. In her later life, she would work with Eckford to further the goals of racial would work with Eckford to further the goals of racial harmony.harmony.

In 1998, Massery told In 1998, Massery told The GuardianThe Guardian, "I am not sure at that age , "I am not sure at that age what I thought, but probably I overheard that my father was what I thought, but probably I overheard that my father was opposed to integration.... But I don't think I was old enough to opposed to integration.... But I don't think I was old enough to have any convictions of my own yet." Later in life she changed have any convictions of my own yet." Later in life she changed her mind; she had thought of Martin Luther King as a "trouble-her mind; she had thought of Martin Luther King as a "trouble-maker", but realized "deep down in your soul, he was right". maker", but realized "deep down in your soul, he was right". She took the initiative of contacting Eckford, leading to an She took the initiative of contacting Eckford, leading to an "awkward" first meeting, but then a real friendship. "awkward" first meeting, but then a real friendship.

She appeared with Eckford and the rest of the Little Rock Nine She appeared with Eckford and the rest of the Little Rock Nine on on The Oprah Winfrey ShowThe Oprah Winfrey Show, and at the 40th Anniversary , and at the 40th Anniversary Celebration of integration at Central High. Celebration of integration at Central High.

"One of the fascinating stories to come out of the reunion was "One of the fascinating stories to come out of the reunion was the apology that the apology that Hazel Bryan MasseryHazel Bryan Massery made to Elizabeth made to Elizabeth Eckford for a terrible moment caught forever by the camera. Eckford for a terrible moment caught forever by the camera. That 40-year-old picture of hate assailing grace — which had That 40-year-old picture of hate assailing grace — which had gnawed at Ms. Massery for decades — can now be wiped gnawed at Ms. Massery for decades — can now be wiped clean, and replaced by a snapshot of two friends. The apology clean, and replaced by a snapshot of two friends. The apology came from the real Hazel Bryan Massery, the decent woman came from the real Hazel Bryan Massery, the decent woman who had been hidden all those years by a fleeting image. who had been hidden all those years by a fleeting image.

““A Life Is More Than A Moment”A Life Is More Than A Moment”

Will Counts Will Counts photographed photographed Eckford and her Eckford and her former tormenter, former tormenter, Hazel Bryan Massery Hazel Bryan Massery (at left, in front of (at left, in front of Little Rock's Central Little Rock's Central High School) at the High School) at the 40th anniversary of 40th anniversary of the school the school desegregation desegregation effort. (1997)effort. (1997)

Reporter Alex Reporter Alex Wilson is kicked by Wilson is kicked by a school a school integration integration protester after protester after refusing to run refusing to run from a mob near from a mob near Little Rock Central Little Rock Central High. High.

Alex Wilson is attacked as he walks Alex Wilson is attacked as he walks away from Central High. away from Central High.

Central High School, 2007Central High School, 2007

President Bill President Bill Clinton led Clinton led celebrations of celebrations of the 40th the 40th anniversary of anniversary of desegregation at desegregation at Little Rock Central Little Rock Central High School. High School.

Voted one of the Voted one of the nation's best high nation's best high schools!schools!

Two Forms of ProtestTwo Forms of Protest

1.) Sit-ins1.) Sit-ins Challenged the practice of not serving Challenged the practice of not serving

African Americans in public places.African Americans in public places. February 1960 4 black students sat February 1960 4 black students sat

down at a segregated lunch counter in down at a segregated lunch counter in local store in Greensboro, North local store in Greensboro, North Carolina.Carolina.

By September 1961 – 70,000 students By September 1961 – 70,000 students were using this tactic.were using this tactic.

Four A&T College students, from left: Joseph McNeil, Franklin Four A&T College students, from left: Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Billy Smith and Clarence Henderson, sit down at the all-McCain, Billy Smith and Clarence Henderson, sit down at the all-

white lunch counter of F.W. Woolworth Co. Feb. 2, 1960 in white lunch counter of F.W. Woolworth Co. Feb. 2, 1960 in

Greensboro, N.C.Greensboro, N.C.

David Richmond, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Joseph David Richmond, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Joseph McNeil, are seen leaving the Woolworth store on McNeil, are seen leaving the Woolworth store on

February 1, 1960.February 1, 1960.

The original four at the Woolworths The original four at the Woolworths in 1980.in 1980.

Visitors to the Smithsonian's National Museum of American Visitors to the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History Jan. 14, 1995, view a section of the W.F. History Jan. 14, 1995, view a section of the W.F.

Woolworth's lunch counter where the 1960 sit-ins occurred.Woolworth's lunch counter where the 1960 sit-ins occurred.

Diane NashDiane Nash

Studied at Fisk Studied at Fisk University in University in Nashville.Nashville.

Organized Sit-ins at Organized Sit-ins at downtown downtown Nashville lunch Nashville lunch counters.counters.

The first large-scale organized sit-ins in The first large-scale organized sit-ins in Nashville occurred on February 13, Nashville occurred on February 13,

1960. 1960.

2.) Freedom Riders2.) Freedom Riders 1961 civil rights activist volunteered as 1961 civil rights activist volunteered as

“Freedom Riders”“Freedom Riders” Filled buses who’s companies did not Filled buses who’s companies did not

comply with the desegregation laws.comply with the desegregation laws.

A "Freedom Bus" in flames, six miles A "Freedom Bus" in flames, six miles southwest of Anniston, Ala., May 14, 1961.southwest of Anniston, Ala., May 14, 1961.

Freedom Riders Jimmy McDonald, left, and Hank Thomas and Freedom Riders Jimmy McDonald, left, and Hank Thomas and regular passenger Roberta Holmes sit in front of the burned-regular passenger Roberta Holmes sit in front of the burned-

out shell of a "Freedom Bus" on May 14, 1961.out shell of a "Freedom Bus" on May 14, 1961.

Ku Klux Klansmen beat black bystander George Webb in the Ku Klux Klansmen beat black bystander George Webb in the Birmingham Trailways bus station, May 14, 1961. The man with Birmingham Trailways bus station, May 14, 1961. The man with

his back to the camera (center right) is FBI undercover agent Gary his back to the camera (center right) is FBI undercover agent Gary

Thomas Rowe.Thomas Rowe.