THE CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY & IMMUNE SYSTEMS. HW: P. 950 #1-4.
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Transcript of THE CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY & IMMUNE SYSTEMS. HW: P. 950 #1-4.
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Chapter 37 & 40.2THE CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY & IMMUNE SYSTEMS
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HW: P. 950 #1-4
Chapter 37.1 The Circulatory System
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CIRCULATORY = TRANSPORTATION
• Circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood that flows within.
• Main function is to transport oxygen and nutrients and dispose of waste.
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THE HEART• The heart is an organ that
pumps blood. It is mostly composed of layers of muscle, myocardium.
• 4 Chambers:• Left/Right Atrium: receives blood• Left/Right Ventricle: pumps blood
out of heart• Left = oxygenated (red)• Right = deoxygenated (blue)
• Pulmonary Circulation: pumps blood between heart and lungs
• Systemic Circulation: pumps blood between heart and body
• Valves: close when ventricles contract; keep blood moving in one direction
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THE HEARTBEAT• Pacemaker: group of
cells in the SA node that “set the pace” of the heart
• Impulse spreads from SA node to atria then to AV node and ventricles
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BLOOD VESSELS (Fig. 37-5)
• Three Types:• Arteries: thick vessels that carry blood Away from the
heart; high pressure• Capillaries: smallest vessels; where exchange occurs• Veins: vessels that return blood to the heart; some
contain valves to keep blood flow in one direction; skeletal muscles increase venous return
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BLOOD PRESSURE• Blood pressure: pressure
of blood on vessel walls• Sphygmomanometer:
device used to measure blood pressure• Normal measurement: 120/80• First measurement: systolic pressure• Second measurement: diastolic pressure
• Medulla oblongata regulates blood pressure with neurotransmitters
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CIRCULATORY DISEASES• Atherosclerosis:
plaques (fat deposits) form on vessel walls
• Narrowed arteries make the heart work harder to pump blood
• Clots can form and break off into vessels of the brain, causing a stroke.
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HW: P. 955 #1-4
37.2 BLOOD & THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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BLOOD PLASMA
• Blood collects…• Oxygen from lungs• Nutrients from digestive system•Waste from tissues
• Blood composition:• 45% cells• 55% plasma (fluid in blood, mostly water)
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BLOOD CELLS• Red Blood Cells (RBCs):• Carry oxygen• Hemoglobin: iron-containing protein that binds oxygen• Biconcave shape• No nuclei; life cycle ~120 days
• White Blood Cells (WBCs):• Guard against infection, fight parasites and attack bacteria• Phagocytes “eat” pathogens• Lymphocytes: immune response (T-cell, B-cells)
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PLATELETS AND CLOTTING• Platelets: fragments of
large cells found in bone marrow
• “sticky” platelets clump together and form a clot at damaged sites; a protein cascade forms tough fibers to seal the wound
• Can you think of a disease where clotting factors are mutated?
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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM• Lymphatic system:
network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collect fluid lost by the blood and return it back to the circulatory system.
• Lymph carries lymphocytes throughout the body.
• Thymus: gland where T-cells mature
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HW: P. 1042 # 1-4
Chapter 40.2: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM• Function: to fight
infection through immunity, the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells.
• Two types of defenses:• Nonspecific: keep things out (fortress walls)• Specific: track down pathogens that enter the body (security guards)
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NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
• 1st line of defense: skin, mucus, sweat and tears act as a barrier
• 2nd line of defense: inflammatory response (WBCs migrate to injury site)• Fever: increased body temperature can kill many pathogens
• Interferons: proteins that interfere with viral replication
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SPECIFIC DEFENSES
Humoral immunity (fig. 40-9, p. 1039): B cells attack antigens in body fluids by producing antibodies, Y-shaped proteins that target pathogens for destruction
Cell-mediated immunity (fig. 40-10, p. 1040): killer T cells track down and destroy cells infected from the inside (assassins of the WBCs)
Immune Response: specific defenses that attack invading pathogens (antigens)
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
• Active immunity: developed after exposure to an antigen (i.e. vaccines or natural exposure to infection cause the body to produce antibodies)
• Passive immunity: injection of antibodies from another organism (i.e. mother’s antibodies during breastfeeding temporarily provides immunity for the baby)
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HW: P. 963 #1-4, P. 967 #1-10
Chapter 37.3 The Respiratory System
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Respiration:• Food Energy (cellular)• Gas exchange
• Function: gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between blood, the air, and tissues
• Organs: nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs
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ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Pharynx: passage of air and food
• Trachea: passage of air• Epiglottis: tissue blocks
trachea during swallowing (prevents choking)
• Cilia and mucus: warm, moisten, and filter air to keep lungs clean
• Larynx: vibration of vocal cords produce sound (voice box)
• Bronchi: branch into the lungs• Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli• Alveoli: tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries; where gas exchange occurs (fig. 37-14, p. 958)
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GAS EXCHANGE• Occurs between the alveoli and capillaries•Oxygen: alveoli blood•Carbon dioxide: blood alveoli
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BREATHING
• Diaphragm: flat muscle underneath lungs (CNS control)• Pressure controls breathing (high low)• Inhale (breath in): diaphragm contracts, chest rises, low
lung pressure• Exhale (breath out): diaphragm relaxes, chest lowers,
high lung pressure
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TOBACCO & THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Nicotine: addictive chemical, increases heart rate and blood pressure• Carbon monoxide: prevents oxygen binding
to hemoglobin• Tar: cancerous compounds