The Chemistry of Love by Portia Sabido

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The Chemistry The Chemistry The Chemistry The Chemistry ofofofof

Portia Portia Portia Portia MahalMahalMahalMahal Sabido,Ph.DSabido,Ph.DSabido,Ph.DSabido,Ph.D....

Institute of ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryInstitute of Chemistry

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Pattern

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Pattern

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Pattern

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www.humanchemistry.net/2/12/2009 6

January 2008 January 13, 2009

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Outline:Today’sTalk

•What is Love?

•Why We Love?

•Our First Look at Love

•Stages of Love

–Chemistry in Each Stage

•What makes us Fall In Love?

•Summary2/12/2009 8

What is Love?

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Why We Love?

Propagation of species

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Principal job:

•conceive offspring

•bring them to adulthood

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Our First Our First Our First Our First Experience Experience Experience Experience of Loveof Loveof Loveof Love

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Pattern

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Pattern1 Min Gen Chem

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1 Min Gen Chem

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1-Min Gen Chem

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1-Min Organic Chem

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1-Min Organic Chem

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1-Min Organic Chem

+H3N Cys Tyr Ile

GlnS

S AsnCys

Pro Leu Gly C

O

NH2

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1-Minute Biochemistry

Signal

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Major Endocrine Organs•hormones

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Nervous System

•Central Nervous System

•Peripheral Nervous System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system2/12/2009 24

Nervous System

•Neurotransmitters

•Antagonist

Neuroscience for Kids:http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html

•Agonist

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Our First Our First Our First Our First Experience Experience Experience Experience of Loveof Loveof Loveof Love

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After This. . .

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Major Endocrine Organs

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Oxytocin• From pituitary gland

• Cyclic Peptide

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+H3N Cys Tyr Ile

GlnS

S AsnCys

Pro Leu Gly C

O

NH2•Cyclic Peptide

Oxytocin

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Associated With:

•uterine contractions during labor in childbirth

+H3N Cys Tyr Ile

GlnS

S AsnCys

Pro Leu Gly C

O


Oxytocin

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Associated With:

•uterine contractions during labor in childbirth

+H3N Cys Tyr Ile

GlnS

S AsnCys

Pro Leu Gly C

O


Oxytocin

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Medical Drugs

•To induce labor :

–PitocinPitocinPitocinPitocin and SyntocinonSyntocinonSyntocinonSyntocinon

–Oxytocin

•To Suppress Premature Labor

–TractocileTractocileTractocileTractocile

–Antagonist of Antagonist of Antagonist of Antagonist of OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin

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Oxytocin

•mother/infant bonding

•"let down" reflex necessary for breastfeeding

• 16th century Italian painting by Solarioentitled “The Virgin with the Green Cushion.”

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The Hug Drug

• A 20 second hug is said to release the love drug Oxytocinthat bonds humans at a chemical level.

msbehaviour.blogspot.com/2007/03/can-oxytocin...

http://www.rkliedtke.de/oxytocin2_us.html

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Low Oxytocin

•Diane Witt, assistant professor of psychology from New York has showed that if you block the natural release of oxytocinin sheep and rats, they reject their own young.

http://www.youramazingbrain.org.uk/lovesex/sciencelove.htm2/12/2009 38

Adopt A Child

• Conversely, injecting oxytocininto female rats who’ve never had sex, caused them to fawn over another female’s young, nuzzling the pups and protecting them as if they were their own.

http://www.youramazingbrain.org.uk/lovesex/sciencelove.htm

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Effects of Oxytocin

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Pattern

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2005/trust-building-hormone-short-circuits-fear-in-humans.shtml

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• intranasal administration of intranasal administration of intranasal administration of intranasal administration of oxytocinoxytocinoxytocinoxytocin causes a substantial causes a substantial causes a substantial causes a substantial increase in trust among humans, increase in trust among humans, increase in trust among humans, increase in trust among humans, thereby greatly increasing the thereby greatly increasing the thereby greatly increasing the thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactionsbenefits from social interactionsbenefits from social interactionsbenefits from social interactions 2/12/2009 42

Oxytocin

•Could it be the cure for Social Phobia?

http://www.onlineweblibrary.com/blog/?p=599

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Pattern

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Stages of Love

•Lust

•Attraction

•Attachment

“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!” 2/12/2009 46

Stages of Love

•Lust–Erotic Passion

•Attraction–Romantic / Obsessive Love

•Attachment–Commitment

“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!”

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Lust

• Sexual Desire

• Lust evolved for the purpose of sexual mating

bonchitz.blogspot.com2/12/2009 48

Lust Chemicals

Role in Sex Drive

Estrogen Testosterone

•Female sex hormone

•Male sex hormone

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Lust Chemicals

Role in Sex Drive


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Role in Sex Drive


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Airport

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Stages of Love

• Lust– Erotic Passion

• Attraction– Romantic / Obsessive Love

• Attachment– Commitment


Attraction Chemicals

In-Love Feeling• elation, intense energy, sleeplessness, craving, loss of

appetite and focused attention

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Watch People’s Brain

•Use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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Reward and Motivation

the behavior so it will be repeated (motivation)

• Allow the organism to feel pleasure

• Pleasurable feeling reinforce

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In-Love Feeling

Dopamine NorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrine

adrenaline• "pleasure chemical," producing a feeling of bliss

• produces the racing heart and

excitement

SerotonineSerotonineSerotonineSerotonine

• elation, intense energy, sleeplessness, craving, loss of

appetite and focused attention

• Low levels makes you obsessive and

irrational

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adrenaline

SerotoninSerotoninSerotoninSerotonin

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Dopamine Pathway

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Dopamine Uptake

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adrenaline


• EpinephrineEpinephrineEpinephrineEpinephrine

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Serotonin Pathway

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Serotonin Pathway

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Effects of Love Chemicals

• Studies by researchers at University College London

• Neural circuits associated with the way we assess others are suppressed

• Lower level of serotonin (same as those found in people with obsessive compulsive disorders) possibly explaining why those in love "obsess" about their partner

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When In-Love

•couples in this stage of love focus intently on the relationship and often on little else.

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Stages of Love

•Lust

–Erotic Passion

•Attraction

–Romantic Love


Power of Love

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•Love’s pleasure lasts but a moment; love’s sorrow lasts all through life

•Celestine, French writer of Fables

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Antidepressant

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Stages of Love


•Attraction–Romantic Love



Attachment Chemicals

In-Love Feeling

OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin VasopressinVasopressinVasopressinVasopressin

• Calm and security

+H3N Cys Tyr Ile

GlnS

S AsnCys

Pro Leu Gly C

O

NH2

+H3N Cys Tyr Phe

S

S Cys

Pro Arg Gly C

O

NH2

Gln

Asn

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Passionate Love Fades as Attachment Grows

interfere with the dopamine and norepinephrine pathways

High oxytocin High vasopressin

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In-Love Feeling


• makes couples feel much closer to one another after they have had sex

• in the long-term commitment

stage


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The Voles

•Prairie Vole

–Monogamous

•Montane Vole

–Promiscuous

•tiny mouse-like rodent that lives in the Midwest US

•Differ in mating habitsDiffer in mating habitsDiffer in mating habitsDiffer in mating habits

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Prairie Voles• Prairie voles are

extremely monogamous.

• Sex is a 24-hour effort

• A pair will share the same nest

• When their babies are born, they become affectionate and attentive parents.

• Show distress if separated

• Even if one of the pair dies, the other rarely finds another mate.

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Pattern

http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/0030244269_campbell/HotTopics/Love.html

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Montane Voles

•Montane vole, has no interest in partnership beyond one-night-stand sex

•Injection of oxytocin or vasopressine has no effect

•Not have receptors?

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In-Love Feeling


• makes couples feel much closer to one another after they have had sex

• in the long-term commitment

stage

EndorphineEndorphineEndorphineEndorphine


• Produces a general sense of

well-being

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In-Love Feeling

OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin VasopressinVasopressinVasopressinVasopressin EndorphineEndorphineEndorphineEndorphine


+H3N Cys Tyr Ile

GlnS

S AsnCys

Pro Leu Gly C

O

NH2

+H3N Cys Tyr Phe

S

S Cys

Pro Arg Gly C

O

NH2

Gln

Asn

YGGFMTSFKS-QTPLVTHFKN-AIIKNAYKKGE

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Endorphin Receptor

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Endorphine Receptors

• In 1975, endorphin receptors were discovered by two independent teams of researchers, John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz in Scottland and Rabi Samantov and Solomon Snyder in the U.S.

http://www.eoht.info/page/Endorphin+theory+of+love?t=anon2/12/2009 88

Love Guillotine

•In 1976, American neuroscientist Candace Pert, encouraged mice to have sex

http://www.eoht.info/page/Endorphin+theory+of+love?t=anon

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http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/health/nutrition/27best.html?_r=1

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Acupuncture

•Releases endorphins

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Yoga and Endorphins

• Mishra reported that Sahaja Yoga meditation resulted in a "significant increase" in beta-endorphins between control and meditating subjects

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• Helen Fisher, anthropologist

• “The human body releases the cocktail of love rapture only when certain conditions are met and ... men more readily produce it than women, because of their more visual nature."

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Outline:Today’sTalk

•What is Love?

•Why We Love?

•Our First Look at Love

•Stages of Love

–Chemistry in Each Stage

•What makes us Fall In Love?

•Summary2/12/2009 94

Courtship Ritual

•Means by which selection takes place

•Related to the amount of trouble invested by females and the number of offspring they can produce

Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit

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Insects

•Only Marginally inconvenienced by fertilization

•Tend not to be too choosy

•Reproduce without too much hassle

Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit2/12/2009 96

Theory of Evolution

• Holds that species evolve through the survival of genes which bring about more fit individuals

• Way for those who are choosing to sense and determine which partners are best to attract attention and to advertise desirability


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What Makes Us Fall In Love?

• Staring

• Timing

• Proximity

• Name

• Personality

• Appearance

• Food

• Aphrodisiacs

• Pheromes flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/2/12/2009 98

Timing / Proximity

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The 34-Minute Expt.

•Find a complete stranger.

•Reveal to each other intimate details about your lives for half an hour.

•Then, stare deeply into each other’s eyes without talking for four minutes

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Staring

• York psychologist, Professor Arthur Arun, has been studying why people fall in love.

• He asked his subjects to carry out the above 3 steps and found that many of his couples felt deeply attracted after the 34 minute experiment. Two of his subjects later got married.

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•A true geisha can stop a man in his tracks with one look

One Look

http://www.fanpop.com/spots/memoirs-of-a-geisha/videos/8463682/12/2009 102

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Personality

•preferences for those who remind us of our parents (or others close to us through childhood) because of their personality, sense of humor, likes and dislikes, etc

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Five Love Languages

•Words of Affirmation

•Receiving Gifts

•Acts of Service

•Physical Touch

•Quality Time

flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/

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Five Love Languages


•Receiving Gifts

•Acts of Service

•Physical Touch

•Quality Time

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Five Love Languages


•Receiving Gifts

•Acts of Service

•Physical Touch

•Quality Time

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Five Love Languages


•Receiving Gifts

•Acts of Service

•Physical Touch

•Quality Time

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Five Love Languages


•Receiving Gifts

•Acts of Service

•Physical Touch

•Quality Time

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Five Love Languages


•Receiving Gifts

•Acts of Service

•Physical Touch

•Quality Time

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Five Love Languages


•Receiving Gifts

•Acts of Service

•Physical Touch

•Quality Time

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Needs

Her Needs Her Needs Her Needs Her Needs Tend to BeTend to BeTend to BeTend to Be

• Affection

• Conversation

• Honesty and Openess

• Financial Support

• Family Commitment

His Needs His Needs His Needs His Needs Tend to BeTend to BeTend to BeTend to Be

• Sexual Sexual Sexual Sexual FulfillmentFulfillmentFulfillmentFulfillment

• Recreational Recreational Recreational Recreational CompanionshipCompanionshipCompanionshipCompanionship

• AdmirationAdmirationAdmirationAdmiration

• Domestic SupportDomestic SupportDomestic SupportDomestic Support

• An Attractive An Attractive An Attractive An Attractive SpouseSpouseSpouseSpouse 2/12/2009 112

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Four Personality Types

•Artisan

•Guardian

•Idealist

•Rational.

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•The Director

•The Negotiator

•The Explorer

•The Builder

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•The Director•Pumped up with testosterone

•Aggressive, single-minded, analytical

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•The Negotiator

•More estrogen-influenced

•skilled at emotional expression and dealing with people, idealistic,

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•The Explorer•High dopamine activity

•Adventurous, novelty-seeking, creative

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•The Builder

•High serotonin activity

•Cautious, conventional,

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•The Director–Intelligence

•The Negotiator–Passion

•The Explorer–Adventure

•The Builder– Family

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Who will pick whom?

•“Like attracts like”

And

•“Opposites attract,”

“Like dissolves like”

“Opposite charges attract”2/12/2009 124






•The Director

–Intelligence

•The Negotiator

–Passion

•The Explorer

–Adventure

•The Builder

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•All combinations can work as long as the partners continue to respect each other

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• Staring

• Timing

• Proximity

• Name

• Personality

• Appearance

• Food

• Aphrodisiacs

• Pheromes flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/

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Appearance


• Without it, plants would have no reason to produce beautiful flowers with sweet smell

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Appearance


• Birds would not bother to sing or be so colorful; No fireflies to light our night

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• Humans would have less need to make themselves attractive

“It’s MURDER putting on make-up with no reflection!”

Appearance

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Appearance

• David Perrett, at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, did an experiment

• Able to morph a digitized photo of the subject's own face

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Facial Attractiveness

• Able to morph a digitized photo of the subject's own face into a face of the opposite sex.

• Then, he had the subject select from a series of photos which one he or she found most attractive

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Facial Attractiveness

• According to Dr. Perrett, his subjects always preferred the morphed version of their own face (and they didn't recognize it as their own).

•http://perceptionlab.com/

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Physical Attractiveness

•Men see ample breasts and broad hips as indicators of a woman's ability to bear and nurse children

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Physical Attractiveness

•Women see a broad chest and shoulders as a sign of someone who can clobber a steady supply of meat and keep lions away from the cave

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• Staring

• Timing

• Proximity

• Name

• Personality

• Appearance

• Food

• Smell

• Pheromes flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/2/12/2009 138

Food

•A number of plants have been found to produce human sex hormones

•Pollen of scotch pine –testosterone and androsenedione

•Date palm, pomegranate, apple – estrone

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adrenaline


• PhenylethylaminePhenylethylaminePhenylethylaminePhenylethylamine

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On Chocolates

• Michael Liebowitz, author of the popular 1983 book The Chemistry of Love, remarked to reporters that chocolate is loaded with PEA."

• The New York Times, magazine free-lancers, and evolved into the “chocolate theory

of love."

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Cultural Difference in Perceiving Smell

www.lazamboangatimes.com/taosug_wedding.html

• Filipino – bathe to enhance presentability

• Prior to the wedding, the bride performs a traditionalTausug bath

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Cultural Difference in Perceiving Smell

• Napoleon the Great – when prepare to return to Paris from his long war campaigns would write to Josephine to tell her not to bathe

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Perfumes

•Formulators constantly experiment to find an attractant and aphrodisiac

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Hormone vs Pheromone

•Hormone : work within the organism and exert some form of physiological regulation


•Pheromones (Greek pherein, “to carry” + horman = “to excite from afar”)

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Types of Pheromones

Different functions:


•Trail pheromones (ants always follow each other)

•Alarm Pheromones

•Territory-marking Pheromones

•Sex Pheromones2/12/2009 146

Types of Pheromones




•Alarm Pheromones


•Sex Pheromones

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Types of Pheromones




•Alarm Pheromones


•Sex Pheromones2/12/2009 148

Types of Pheromones




•Alarm Pheromones


•Sex Pheromones

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Sex Pheromones

Serve to :

•identify species

•attract the members of the opposite sex

•Excite the potential mate and prepare them for mating

•(True for insects)

Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit2/12/2009 150

Sex Pheromones

•Although there are 750,000 species of insects, the sex pheromones are unique to each species

•Mistaken attraction does not occur


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Pheromones

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Pattern

•ove really is a chemical addiction that occurs to keep us reproducing

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Proof of the Effects of Pheromone

•Menstrual cycles of women who live communally tend to synchronize

•Chemist Charles Wysocki of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia : Leader compound

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Smell of Blood

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Men Affected By Pheromones

•Study published journal Evolution and Human Behavior

•Stripper Tips per Hour

•Ovulating : $70

•Menstruating : $35

•Not ovulating or menstruating : $50

TIME

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Men Affected By Pheromones

• Work conducted by MartieHaselton, an associate professor of psychology at UCLA

• Women report that when they're ovulating, their partners are more loving and attentive and, significantly, more jealous of other men

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Apocrine Sweat Glands

• Sweat glands that release their secretions into hair follicles in the axillae(armpits), around the nipples (areolae), and in the groin

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Pheromones

•Androstenone and Androstadienone

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DNA and Smell

•Finding True Love By Sniffing Them

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•RT / RT

•RT / WM

•WM / WM

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Kissing and Pheromones

•Saliva also contains the compound

•Haselton says "Kissing simply might be a taste test”

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What is Love?

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293127,00.html2/12/2009 164

What is Love?

•A chemical addiction that occurs to keep us reproducing

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Stages of Love


•Attraction–Romantic Love



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And . . .And . . .And . . .And . . .the greatest of Allthe greatest of Allthe greatest of Allthe greatest of All

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Chemistry of LoveChemistry of LoveChemistry of LoveChemistry of LoveSTS LectureSTS LectureSTS LectureSTS Lecture

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The Chemistry of Love by Portia Sabido

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