The Chemistry of Life. Water Properties of water Polar~ opposite ends, opposite charges Polar~...
Transcript of The Chemistry of Life. Water Properties of water Polar~ opposite ends, opposite charges Polar~...
The Chemistry of Life
Water
Properties of water Polar~ opposite ends, opposite
charges Cohesion~ water sticks to water Adhesion~ water sticks to something
else Capillary Action ~ Cohesion PLUS
Adhesion… how water moves UP a plant
Surface tension (high) Specific heat (high) Heat of vaporizationDensity: Ice is LESS DENSE than liquid
water… why ice floats! Due to H bonding
Organic CompoundsContain CARBON In science terms, organic
means carbon-containing
Are POLYMERS*Polymers are
composed of monomers
*Lipids are not polymers… are not composed of monomers.
PolymerMono = onePoly = many
Polymers are to macaroni necklaces as monomers are to macaroni
polymer
monomer
Huh?Carbs, Proteins,
and Nucleic Acids are all made up of repeating subunits.
Lipids are a special case
Carbohydrates
Examples: Sugars (simple carbs) and starches (complex
carbs)Glucose, fructose, sucrose, ribose, deoxyribose,
cellulose, potatoes, pastas, glycogen (how animals store energy)
Carbohydrates
structure = Rings or long chains of rings
Carbohydrates
Elements:Carbon, Hydrogen ,Oxygen – CHO
H:O ratio = 2:1For every 2 H’s, there is one OGlucose = C6H12O6… 12:6 = 2:1
Cellulose = (C6H10O5)n… 10:5 = 2:1
Carbohydrates
Monomer: monosaccharideMono = ONEDi = TWOPoly = MANY
Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose PLUS fructose
Cellulose is a polysaccharide made of up to 10,000 connected D-glucose molecules
Carbohydrates
FUNCTION: quick energySugars = simple very quick energy
Ex: OJ if blood sugar is low
Starches = complex carbohydrate takes longer for body to break down… longer term energy source
Ex: Before a football game, eat pasta or cereal
Lipids
Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, K, E), triglycerides, cholesterolButter, olive oil, cell membranes
(phospholipids)
Lipids
Structure: 2 or 3 long H-C tails
Lipids
Elements: CHOCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
H:O ratio is >2:1Ex: Vitamin E (tocopherol) = C29H50O2 so the
H:O ratio = 50:2 = 25:1 which is GREATER THAN 2:1
Lipids
Monomer: Not Applicable (N/A)Most lipids have a glycerol or carboxylic acid
“head” and fatty acid “tails”… so they all more or less look alike, but no official monomer.
Lipids
Function: Long term energy storageEx: The human body converts excess glucose
(sugar) into fat.
What’s wrong with this picture?
Carbs vs. Lipids
BOTH have CHOBOTH store energy
Carbs: quick energyLipids: long term energy storageExcess carbs get turned into fat for storage
How can you differentiate between carbs and lipids???
H:O RATIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Carbohydrate or Lipid?
Formula: C18H34O2
Lipid: Oleic Acid
Carbohydrate or Lipid?
Formula = C12H22O11
Carb: Sucrose (table sugar)
Carbohydrate or Lipid?
Formula: C27H46O
Lipid: Cholesterol
Carbohydrate or Lipid?
Formula: C12H24O2
Lipid: Lauric Acid
Carbohydrate or Lipid?
Formula: C6H10O5
Carb: Starch
Proteins
Examples: Insulin, keratin, casein, ENZYMES (catalase, amylase, lactase…)
Found in meats, dairy products, eggs, and some plants (nuts, lentils, and legumes such as beans, peas, soy…)
Proteins
Structure: complex chain of linked amino acids (peptide bond links AA’s)
polypeptide = precursor to protein
Proteins
Elements: CHON (sometimes S)Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, NITROGEN
(complex proteins have disulfide bridges… hence Sulfur)
H:O ratio – N/A
Proteins
Monomer: AMINO ACIDSA long chain of AA’s = a polypeptide…
why?Peptide bonds connect AA’s
Proteins are just folded polypeptidesProteins are made of…
AMINO ACIDS!
20 essential amino acids
AA’s connected by peptide bond
Proteins
Function: structure (actin, chitin), catalyzing reactions (enzymes lower activation energy), repair and maintenance
Nucleic Acids
Examples: DNA, RNA (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA)… NA stands for Nucleic Acid
Found in ALL LIVING THINGS!!In the NUCLEUS of eukaryotes (protists,
fungi, plants, animals)Free-floating in prokaryotes (bacteria)
Nucleic Acids
Structure: single stranded (RNA) or double stranded (DNA)
DNA: ATCGRNA: AUCG
Nucleic Acids
Elements: CHONPCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
PHOSPHORUS
H:O ratio: N/A
Nucleic Acids
Monomer: NucleotideNucleotide = phosphate group, nitrogen base,
5-carbon sugarPhosphate group : P Nitrogen base: N
A, T, C, G, U (RNA only)5 Carbon sugar: CHO
Sugar is a carb… CHO Deoxyribose or ribose
Nucleic Acids
Function: HeredityStores ALL genetic informationCodes for proteins responsible for
expressed traits
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Provides rigid structure for plant cellsMade of long chain of monosaccharides
Carbohydrate (cellulose)
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Genes are made of thisLong, complex molecule containing
CHONP
NUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Main component of cell membranes
LIPID (phospholipid)
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Monomer: nucleotide
Nucleic Acid (tRNA)
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Amino Acids are connected by peptide bonds
This macromolecule is HUGE and complex
Protein
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Simple ones end in –oseComplex ones are broken down to simple
ones to power cellular respiration (and make ATP)That’s why you eat!!!
Carbohydrate
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Elements: CHOH:O ratio is >2:1
LIPID
EnzymesEnzymes are
PROTEINS Biological catalysts
Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Substrate-specific (like a lock and a key)ReusableEnds in –aseAffected by temperature and pH
Enzymes
Proteins
Enzymes
Speed up rxns (catalyze rxns) by lowering activation energy
Higher concentration of enzyme = faster reaction
Enzymes
Substrate-specific (like a lock and key)ReusableEnd in -ase