The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut”...

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The Chemistry of Life

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Transcript of The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut”...

Page 1: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

The Chemistry of Life

Page 2: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Atoms

• The basic unit of matter

• Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut”

• Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Page 3: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Atoms • What does an atom consist of?

• Subatomic particles: protons (+), neutrons, and electrons (-).

• What is the center of an atom called?• Nucleus

• Where do we find electrons?• Constant motion surrounding the

nucleus.

Page 4: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES• Why are atoms

neutral despite having charged particles? • Atoms have equal

numbers of electrons and protons/have equal, but opposite charges.

(they balance out)

Page 5: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Elements and Isotopes• What is a chemical element?

• A chemical element is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom (C, Na, H, N, O, etc.)

• What is an isotope?• Atoms of the same element w/

different number of neutrons.

Page 6: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Isotopes of Carbon

Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14

6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons

6 electrons6 protons8 neutrons

6 electrons6 protons7 neutrons

Because they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

Page 7: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Chemical Compounds

• What is a chemical compound? • Substance formed by the

chemical combination of two or more elements.•H20, NaCl, C6H1206

Page 8: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Chemical Bonds

• What are the main types of chemical bonds?• Ionic & Covalent• Ionic- electrons transfer from one atom to the

other.

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Page 9: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Chemical bonds

• Covalent Bonds- electrons are shared b/w atoms = molecule.

What molecule is this?

Page 10: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Hydrogen Bonds

• A single water molecule may be involved in as many 4 hydrogen bonds at the same time.• Cohesion: attraction b/w molecules

of the same substance.

• Adhesion: attraction b/w different substances. •Meniscus

Page 11: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Properties of Water

• Water is polar: there is an uneven distribution of electrons b/w the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.• Why is this important?

• Water can react to form ions:

H20 -> H+ + OH-

Hydrogen ion Hydroxide ion

Page 12: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Acids, Bases, and pH

• pH: ranges 0 to 14

• Acids: contain higher [ ] of H+ ions than pure water and have a pH below 7.

• Bases: contain lower [ ] of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7.

Page 13: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Buffers

• Weak acids or bases that can react w/ strong acids or bases to prevent changes in pH.

• Why is this important?

Page 14: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Carbon Compounds

• What is the difference b/w organic/inorganic chemistry?• Carbon

• Carbon forms strong covalent bonds and can join other carbon atoms to from long chains (carbon-carbon bonds)• Four valence electrons• No others like it.

Page 15: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Macromolecules• Four groups of organic compounds• “Giant molecules”

• Carbohydrates (starch and sugar) − Living things main source of energy− Monosaccharide's/polysaccharides, “ose”

• Lipids (cooking oil)− Mostly CH, used to store energy− Saturated, unsaturated

• Nucleic Acids (RNA & DNA) (CHNOP)• Proteins (polymers of amino acids) (CHNO)

− AA are compounds w/an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH), what distinguishes each AA?

Page 16: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Amino Acids

General Structure

Page 17: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Recognizing Macromolecules

Organic or Inorganic?

Nucleic Acid

Glucose Lipids

Page 18: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Chemical Reactions & Enzymes

• Why are chemical reactions important?

• Chemical reaction: a process that changes into another set of chemicals.

• CO2 + H2O H2CO3

• H2CO3 CO2 + H2O

• What are reactants? What are products?

• Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products.

Page 19: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Energy in Reactions

• To stay alive organisms need to carry out reactions.

• Growing, breathing, think, etc.

• Activation energy: the energy needed to get a RxN started.

• Can you tell which is an energy absorbing reaction/energy releasing reaction?

Page 20: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Enzymes• Some chemical reactions

are too slow...

• Catalyst: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; lowers activation energy• Enzymes (“ase”) are

biological catalyst; speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell.

• Lipase• Carbonic anhydrase• Amylase

Page 21: The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The basic unit of matter Greek, atomos meaning “unable to cut” Named after Democritus...there has to be a limit =atom.

Enzyme Action• How do they work?

• Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.

• Not random; active site and substrate fit like “lock and key”

• What happens after?• What factors affect

enzyme function?


Atomos y Estructuras del los atomos

Atomos y Estructuras del los atomos

CHAPTER 2-1. ATOMS Atom – is the basic unit of matter – Ex. Democritus – breaking a piece of chalk, when is it not chalk anymore? Until atomos “unable.

CHAPTER 2-1. ATOMS Atom – is the basic unit of matter – Ex. Democritus – breaking a piece of chalk, when is it not chalk anymore? Until atomos “unable.

1.cdn.edl.io · Web viewBasic Overview of Atomic Theory Atomic Theory – History Democritus – “ Atomos ” – indivisible particles Lavoisier – Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter

1.cdn.edl.io · Web viewBasic Overview of Atomic Theory Atomic Theory – History Democritus – “ Atomos ” – indivisible particles Lavoisier – Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 1.3 Atomic Theory Early ideas about matter The Greek philosopher Democritus believed that matter was made of atomos that were.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 1.3 Atomic Theory Early ideas about matter The Greek philosopher Democritus believed that matter was made of atomos that were.

Dismissed idea of the atom. Early Greeks Two schools of thought: Matter is made of indestructible particles called “atomos” Plato (428-348 BC) Democritus.

Dismissed idea of the atom. Early Greeks Two schools of thought: Matter is made of indestructible particles called “atomos” Plato (428-348 BC) Democritus.

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greeks n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- elements. n Alchemy n 1660 - Robert Boyle- experimental.

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greeks n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- elements. n Alchemy n 1660 - Robert Boyle- experimental.

HISTORY OF STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Early models of the atom Century 5 th BC, Democritus used the word “atomos.” He said that the differences between substances.

HISTORY OF STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Early models of the atom Century 5 th BC, Democritus used the word “atomos.” He said that the differences between substances.

Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom. Chapter 4 Democritus: Greek philosopher coined the word “atom”. Greek word comes from “atomos” meaning indivisible.

Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom. Chapter 4 Democritus: Greek philosopher coined the word “atom”. Greek word comes from “atomos” meaning indivisible.

1. 2 Early Thoughts 3 Democritus (about 470-370 B.C.) thought that all forms of matter were made of tiny particles called “atoms” from the Greek “atomos”

1. 2 Early Thoughts 3 Democritus (about 470-370 B.C.) thought that all forms of matter were made of tiny particles called “atoms” from the Greek “atomos”

Section 1: The Components of Matter - core.ac.uk · z The word "atom" is derived from the Greek word "atomos", meaning indivisible. z The philosopher Democritus (460-370 B.C.) believed

Section 1: The Components of Matter - core.ac.uk · z The word "atom" is derived from the Greek word "atomos", meaning indivisible. z The philosopher Democritus (460-370 B.C.) believed

The History of the Atom……. Democritus was the first to theorize that all matter was composed of atoms! The name atom comes from his Greek word, “atomos”,

The History of the Atom……. Democritus was the first to theorize that all matter was composed of atoms! The name atom comes from his Greek word, “atomos”,

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. History Greeks Greeks Democritus and Leucippus - atomos Democritus and Leucippus - atomos Aristotle- elements Aristotle-

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. History Greeks Greeks Democritus and Leucippus - atomos Democritus and Leucippus - atomos Aristotle- elements Aristotle-

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2. Democritus 460 BC 460 BC First to propose atomic nature of matter First to propose atomic nature of matter “atomos”

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2. Democritus 460 BC 460 BC First to propose atomic nature of matter First to propose atomic nature of matter “atomos”

II. History of atomic structure A. Democritus – 500 BCE Theorized that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles = ATOMOS (Greek for indivisible)

II. History of atomic structure A. Democritus – 500 BCE Theorized that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles = ATOMOS (Greek for indivisible)

Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named.

Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE ? Kenneth E. Schnobrich. A Brief History About 460 B.C. - a Greek Philosopher, Democritus, developed the idea of atoms (atomos) as small.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE ? Kenneth E. Schnobrich. A Brief History About 460 B.C. - a Greek Philosopher, Democritus, developed the idea of atoms (atomos) as small.

Development of the Atomic Theory. Democritus 460 BC - Greek philosopher proposes the existence of the atom ; calls it Atomos meaning indivisible. His.

Development of the Atomic Theory. Democritus 460 BC - Greek philosopher proposes the existence of the atom ; calls it Atomos meaning indivisible. His.

CHAPTER 2-1 FEDEROFF. ATOMS Atom – is the basic unit of matter – Ex. Democritus – breaking a piece of chalk, when is it not chalk anymore? Until atomos.

CHAPTER 2-1 FEDEROFF. ATOMS Atom – is the basic unit of matter – Ex. Democritus – breaking a piece of chalk, when is it not chalk anymore? Until atomos.

Unit 2: Atomic Theory and Structure. (c. 400 B.C.) Democritus proposed that “atomos” are indivisible. Atom: smallest particle of matter that retains its.

Unit 2: Atomic Theory and Structure. (c. 400 B.C.) Democritus proposed that “atomos” are indivisible. Atom: smallest particle of matter that retains its.

The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The study of chemistry begins with this basic unit of matter Comes from the Greek atomos = “unable to cut”

The Chemistry of Life. Atoms The study of chemistry begins with this basic unit of matter Comes from the Greek atomos = “unable to cut”