CAMPBELL & REECE CHAPTER 39 Plant Responses to Internal & External Signals.
THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE Campbell and Reece Chapter 2.
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Transcript of THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE Campbell and Reece Chapter 2.
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THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE
Campbell and ReeceChapter 2
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ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS
Element: substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
92 natural-occurring elements
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COMPOUNDS
2 or more different elements combined in a fixed proportion
compound has different properties than properties of individual elements that make up the compound
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WHICH OF THESE ARE COMPOUNDS?
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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF LIFE
those of the 92 that organisms must have to live & reproduce
species specific; humans need 25 elements plants need 17
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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
96% of living matter (by mass) made up of:
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen
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4% of living matter (by mass) made up of:
Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Chlorine Magnesium
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Trace Elements make up <1% organisms require these in minute
amounts to name only a few: Iron Iodine (in vertebrates only) Zinc Selenium Manganese
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TOXIC ELEMENTS
Arsenic Mercury
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PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
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ATOMIC MASS
1 proton or 1 neutron = 1 amu 1 amu = 1.7 x 10² g = 1 dalton mass of e- ignored
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MASS NUMBER
#protons + #neutrons
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ISOTOPES
different forms of same element: same # protons different # of neutronsoccurs naturallyAtomic Mass see on periodic table is
weighted mass average of all isotopes
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RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
nucleus spontaneously decays giving off particles & energy used medically to measure an
organ’s function, monitor tumor growth
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RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
decay hazardous to living organisms by damaging cellular molecules
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ENERGY LEVELS OF ELECTRONS
electrons only subatomic particle involved in chemical reactions
e- have PE due to their position around nucleus of atom
electron’s (-) charge attracted to (+) proton
the farther out e- is from nucleus, the more PE that e- has
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ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
electrons in outermost shell if valence shell completely filled:
atom is nonreactive (inert like noble gases)
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ELECTRON ORBITALS
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CHEMICAL BONDS
formed by interactions between atoms with incomplete valence orbitals
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COVALENT BONDS
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds = molecule
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TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS
1 pair e- shared = single covalent bond
2 pair e- shared = double covalent bond
3 pair e- shared = triple covalent bond
hydrogen gas
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NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
shared pair of electron are shared evenly between the 2 atoms
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
attraction of a particular atom for the electrons in covalent bond
greater the electronegativity on 1 atom over the other in the covalent bond, the more likely the bond will be a polar covalent bond
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POLAR COVALENT BONDS
electrons of the bond are not shared equally
bonds vary in their polarity: depends on the relative electronegativity of the 2 atoms
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IONIC BONDS
transfer of e- from metal nonmetal
creates cations (+) & anions (-) opposite charges attract forming
ionic bond compounds formed by ionic bonds
called ionic compounds or salts as solids form crystals, very strong
bonds as liquids completely dissociate
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WEAK CHEMICAL BONDS
in living organisms: most of the strongest chemical bonds are covalent
weak bonds also important: hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, ionic
bonds in water maintain shape of proteins, DNA reversibility key to their importance
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HYDROGEN BONDS
water: H held to O in polar covalent bonds
partial (+) charge on H makes it attract the partial (-) charge on O from another water molecule
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VAN DER WAALS FORCES
nonpolar covalent bonds may not have electrons symmetrically distributed
@ any given instant in time a region of the molecule may be slightly (-) or (+) ever-changing regions of (+) or (-) charge
occurs only when atoms or molecules are very close together
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MOLECULAR SHAPE & FUNCTION
shape of a molecule key to its function in cell
shape of a molecule with >2 atoms determined by positions of atom’s orbitals
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MOLECULAR SHAPE
determines how biological molecules recognize & respond to each other with specificity
2 molecules temporarily forming weak bond can only happen if their shapes are complimentary to each other
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MOLECULAR SHAPE
because morphine and endorphins have same shape that fits into endorphin receptors morphine is able to create same response as endorphins: pain relief & euphoria during stress
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ENDORPHINS & MORPHINE
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS
chemical bonds of reactants broken, chemical bonds of products formed in a chemical reaction
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CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
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