The Changing Biosphere: Lessons from the Past › files › integrate › ...Equidae (Horse Family)...
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This work is supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) collaboration between the Directorates for Education and Human Resources (EHR) and Geociences (GEO) under grant DUE - 1125331 The Changing Biosphere: Lessons from the Past Environmental Change and Horses
Transcript of The Changing Biosphere: Lessons from the Past › files › integrate › ...Equidae (Horse Family)...
This work is supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) collaboration between the Directorates for Education and Human Resources (EHR) and Geociences (GEO) under grant DUE - 1125331
TheChangingBiosphere:LessonsfromthePast
EnvironmentalChangeandHorses
Equidae(HorseFamily)Taxonomicfamilythatincludeshorses,zebras,andasses/donkeys.
Tibetanwildass(Equuskiang)atthePragueZoo.PhotobyBodlina.
PlainsZebra(Equusquagga).PhotobyGusjer.
DomesLcatedhorse(Equuscaballus)
EquidaehavehadprofoundimpactsonsocieLes:• Food(meatandmilk)• TransportaLon• Work• Wars• RecreaLon
EquidaeDiversity
• TodaytheEquidaehasonlyonegenus(Equus)withsevenspecies(3wildasses,3zebras,andthehorse).
• Inthepast,thereweremanymoretaxainthehorsefamily:
EquidaeDiversity
WhendidthefirstEquidaeappear?WhatpaTernsdoyouseeinEquidaediversityoverLme?
AdapLveRadiaLonofEquidae• Equidaefossilsareabundantandwidespread,providingawell-documentedexampleofadap4veradia4on.
• Adap4veradia4onistheprocessinwhichorganismsdiversifyintoseveralnewforms.ThisisparLcularlycommonwhenchangingenvironmentalcondiLonsleadtonewchallengesorresources.
• KnowinghowspecieshaverespondedtoenvironmentalchangescanhelpusbeTerunderstandtheimpactsofhuman-causedclimaLcandhabitatchangesonspecies.
Video:TheMakingoftheFiTest
So,howdonewspeciesarise?• Howdiddark-coloredpocketmicefirstappearinapopulaLonoflight-coloredpocketmice?
• Whywoulddark-coloredpocketmicebecomemorecommonoverLmeonthelavaflows?
CaseStudy:Climate,Biomes,&EquidaeIntoday’sacLvity,youwillexplorehowenvironmentalchangescanshapelifeonEarth,usingEquidaeasacasestudy.BytheendoftheacLvityyoushouldbeableto:
1. DescribehowbiodiversityincreaseswiththeevoluLonofnewspeciesanddecreasesbyexLncLon.
2. EvaluateevidenceandproposeideasaboutwhychangingclimaLccondiLonsandanincreaseingrasslandsledtochangesinhorsemorphologyanddiversity.
3. RecognizethatscienLficideasaresubjecttochangebasedonnewevidence.
Formgroupsof2or3anddoPart1.Bereadytoreportbacktoclassin10minutes.
Part1:Climate,Grass,andEquidaeTemperatureanomaly,ordifferencefrom1960-1990average.Abovethelineiswarmerthanaverage,belowcolder.
Part1ReportOut• HowdidclimatesandbiomeschangefromtheEocenetoMiocene?
• WhatimpactdidthishaveonEquidaediversity?
Part2TheexpansionofgrasslandbiomeswouldhavepresentednewchallengesandnewopportuniLes.HowdidEquidaeadapttothese?LetusexplorehowteethofsomeEquidaechangedinPart2(Bereadytodiscussin8minutes).
Merychippus Parahippus
ImagineParahippusandMerychippusindividualsinagrassland.1. WhoseteethwouldweardownfastereaLnggrass?2. Whathappensifteethgetworndown?3. Howwillthisaffectnumberofoffspringproduced?4. IftoothmorphologyisageneLctraitpassedfromparentto
offspring,howwouldthenumberofindividualswitheachtypeoftoothchangeinfuturegeneraLons?
Part2ReportOut
Part3Nowletusexplorehowthefeet/legsofEquidaechangedinPart3(Bereadytodiscussin8minutes).
ForestinChilePhotobyAlbh.
OglalaNaLonalGrassland,Nebraska
Part3ReportOutProposeaconnecLonbetweengrasslandsandthedevelopmentoflongerfeet/legswithsingle-toedhooves.
Part4
HorseshaveohenbeenusedasanexampleofevoluLonbecauseoftheirabundantandwidespreadfossils.However,fewerfossilswereavailableinthepast.Asnewfossilshavebeendiscovered,scienLficideasaboutevoluLonhavebeenrevised.LetusexplorethisinPart4(Bereadytodiscussin8minutes).
Part4ReportOut
Figure 1
TIM
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A. B.
Part4ReportOut
Althoughthebranchingfamilytreeismoreaccurate,whydoyouthinksometextbooksandmuseumdisplaysshowpaTernslikeFigure5?
References• Slide2:
– EquusquaggaImageSource:hTp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_zebra_1.jpg.ThisphotoisusedunderaCreaLveCommonsATribuLon2.0GenericLicense.
– EquuscaballusImageSource:hTp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horse_007.jpg.Thisimageisinthepublicdomain.
– EquuskiangImageSource:hTp://www.biodiversityofindia.org/index.php?Ltle=File:Equus_kiang_holdereri02.jpg.ThisphotoisusedunderaGNUFreeDocumentaLonLicenseandtheCreaLveCommonsATribuLon3.0Unportedlicense.
• Slide3:– ClydesdalesImageSource:
hTps://pixabay.com/en/clydesdale-plowing-horse-1106337.ReleasedunderCreaLveCommonsCC0.
– "ScotlandForever!”ImageSource:hTps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scotland_Forever_crop.jpgImageisinthepublicdomainbecauseauthordiedin1933andcopyrightedinUSbeforeJan.1,1923.
References
• Slide5&16datasources:– Mihlbachler,M.C.,Rivals,F.,Solounias,N.,Semprebon,G.M.2011.“Dietary
ChangeandEvoluLonofHorsesinNorthAmerica.”Science331,1178-1181.– MacFaddan,B.J.2005.“Fossilhorses:evidenceforevoluLon.”Science307,
1728-1730.– PaleobiologyDatabase(paleobiodb.org)
• Slides9&10:-ImagemodifiedfromGlenFergus,hTp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Paleoclimatology#/media/File:All_palaeotemps.png• Slide12
-IllustraLonsbyMichelleTribble,hTps://tribbill.wordpress.com/.ReuseispermiTedunderaCreaLveCommonsATribuLon-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike3.0license.
References• Slide13:
– Valdivianforest,ChileImagebySource:hTps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22934013ThisphotobyAlbhisofferedunderaCCBY-SA3.0license.
– OglalaNaLonalGrasslandImageSource:hTps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglala_NaLonal_Grassland#/media/File:Oglala_NaLonal_Grassland.jpg.Imagereleasedintothepublicdomainbyowner.
• Slide14-IllustraLonsbyMichelleTribble,hTps://tribbill.wordpress.com/.ReuseispermiTedunderaCreaLveCommonsATribuLon-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike3.0license.
• Slide16-ImagebyH.Zell,hTp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equine_evoluLon.jpg.ReusepermiTedunderaCreaLveCommonsATribuLon-ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense.
