The Challenges of The Challenges of Democratic Consolidation Democratic Consolidation

& De-Legitimization & De-Legitimization Politics in South KoreaPolitics in South Korea

Young Whan KihlYoung Whan Kihl

2009-10 Visiting Scholar 2009-10 Visiting Scholar at APARCat APARC

Stanford UniversityStanford University

Why Why Ideas & Ideas & Institutions Institutions

MatterMatterinin

Korean PoliticsKorean Politics??

Young Whan KihlYoung Whan Kihl

33

Ideas Matter in Ideas Matter in Politics, How and Politics, How and

Why?Why? Because they are often a determinant of Because they are often a determinant of public public policies.policies.

Historically, a certain set of ideas have Historically, a certain set of ideas have led to “new led to “new thinking” which, in turn,thinking” which, in turn,

Acted as a catalyst for initiating Acted as a catalyst for initiating drastic socio-drastic socio- economic and political economic and political changes for changes for

-- -- a community of people, nation, and a community of people, nation, and the world at large.the world at large.

-- J. Goldstein and R. Keohane, eds, -- J. Goldstein and R. Keohane, eds, Ideas Ideas and and Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy, 19931993

44

Transformative Ideas, Transformative Ideas, What and Why?What and Why?

Ideas are “transformative” whenIdeas are “transformative” when

They become They become provocativeprovocative by enticing by enticing leaders and leaders and elites to seek for elites to seek for

a change in institutions (as a change in institutions (as happened happened in Korea’s recent history).in Korea’s recent history).

Several key ideas (like M, D, and G) Several key ideas (like M, D, and G) have come to have come to shape the system of shape the system of beliefs and attitudes of the beliefs and attitudes of the people.people.

Ideas can also become Ideas can also become proactiveproactive by by giving an giving an alternative scenario alternative scenario that people come to desire that people come to desire for the for the future.future.

55

Impact of Ideas Impact of Ideas on Korean Politicson Korean Politics

The new notions of “Democracy and The new notions of “Democracy and Prosperity” Prosperity” arose to capture the arose to capture the national imagination and national imagination and to become to become the primary concern of the the primary concern of the government government leadership.leadership.

The idea of The idea of ModernizationModernization inspired the inspired the soldiers-turned-politicians to initiate a soldiers-turned-politicians to initiate a

program of socio-economic development program of socio-economic development through industrialization.through industrialization.

The The Democratization ideaDemocratization idea came to fruition came to fruition in the late 1980s.in the late 1980s.

The impacts of the world economy and the The impacts of the world economy and the forces forces of of GlobalizationGlobalization also came to also came to overtake Korea by overtake Korea by 1997.1997.

66

Modernization IdeasModernization Ideas

Modernization, a historical process Modernization, a historical process begun in begun in Western Europe, entails Western Europe, entails humanity’s rapidly humanity’s rapidly increasing control increasing control over the forces of nature.over the forces of nature.

Ideals associated with modernization Ideals associated with modernization include include rationality, development, the rationality, development, the rise of rise of productivity, social equality, productivity, social equality, political political democracydemocracy, etc., etc.

Modernization does not necessarily mean Modernization does not necessarily mean Westernization because non-Western Westernization because non-Western societies can also modernize societies can also modernize

“without “without abandoning their own culture…”abandoning their own culture…”

77

Democratization IdeasDemocratization Ideas

Democracy =/= DemocratizationDemocracy =/= Democratization Democratization is about the process of Democratization is about the process of how how to move authoritarian politics to move authoritarian politics into into democratic politics. It democratic politics. It entails entails

several several steps:steps:1. Decay of authoritarian rule 1. Decay of authoritarian rule

(via (via liberalization), liberalization), 2. Authoritarian withdrawal and 2. Authoritarian withdrawal and

democratic transition,democratic transition,3. Democratic consolidation, and 3. Democratic consolidation, and 4. Maturing of democratic 4. Maturing of democratic

political order.political order.

88

Globalization IdeasGlobalization Ideas

Globalization? Many meanings and usages:Globalization? Many meanings and usages: It is an “Integration of capital, technology, It is an “Integration of capital, technology, and and information across national borders, in information across national borders, in a way a way that is creating a single global that is creating a single global market and, to market and, to some degree, a global some degree, a global village.” village.”

-- T. Friedman, 1999.-- T. Friedman, 1999. As such, globalization exhibits varying As such, globalization exhibits varying socio-socio- economic and political dimensions economic and political dimensions with drastic with drastic consequences.consequences.

Is globalization a threat or an opportunity? Is globalization a threat or an opportunity? It all It all on the leadership and on the leadership and

entrepreneurship.entrepreneurship.

99

Ideas, Institutions & Ideas, Institutions & InterestInterestss all matter all matter

““Ideas and interests” play a major role in Ideas and interests” play a major role in the social the social life… life… InterestsInterests are the are the engine of human engine of human action action (yet,) … (yet,) … ideasideas define the destination … and the define the destination … and the means for getting there.means for getting there. – Max Weber– Max Weber

““Culture Matters” by providing values that Culture Matters” by providing values that shape shape human progress. human progress. -- Harrison & -- Harrison & Huntington, 2000Huntington, 2000

State and Society are shaped not only by State and Society are shaped not only by an an interplay of these ideas, but also by interplay of these ideas, but also by their their interaction with the cultural interaction with the cultural norms.norms.

South Korea is a post-Confucian society, South Korea is a post-Confucian society, the the one one with Confucian ideology in the with Confucian ideology in the historical past.historical past.

1010

Ideas, valuesIdeas, values & & culture culture are,are, therefore, therefore,

interactiveinteractive They are all interrelated and mutually They are all interrelated and mutually reinforcing.reinforcing.

The Choson Korea (1392-1910) adopted Neo-The Choson Korea (1392-1910) adopted Neo-Confucianism as an official ideology.Confucianism as an official ideology.

Confucian norms and values (such as Confucian norms and values (such as emphasis on emphasis on loyalty, hierarchy, loyalty, hierarchy, learning, and work ethicslearning, and work ethics) ) are not are not necessarily in conflict with the ideas of necessarily in conflict with the ideas of

Modernization and Democratization.Modernization and Democratization.

1111

““Identity” also Identity” also Matters Matters

in Korean Politicsin Korean Politics Contemporary Koreans are known for upholding a Contemporary Koreans are known for upholding a

strong sense of group identity, as strong sense of group identity, as manifest in manifest in the search for “ethnic” the search for “ethnic” nationalnationalism based on a ism based on a shared bloodline and shared bloodline and ancestryancestry. . --Gi---Gi-WWook Shin, 2005: 223.ook Shin, 2005: 223.

This belief in Korea’s racial homogeneity is a This belief in Korea’s racial homogeneity is a myth, however, that is “constantly myth, however, that is “constantly

challenged and contestedchallenged and contested,” requiring a new ,” requiring a new “reformulation.”“reformulation.”

Makes a plea for a greater “democratic” Makes a plea for a greater “democratic” national national identity, with identity, with mutual tolerance, mutual tolerance, pluralism, dpluralism, d iversity, equality, flexibilityiversity, equality, flexibility..

Is “Going Beyond the Nation-State” feasible Is “Going Beyond the Nation-State” feasible and a and a remedy in North East Asiaremedy in North East Asia, as in , as in EuropeEurope??

1212

Table B-1. Freedom House Index scores Table B-1. Freedom House Index scores on Electoral Democracy for South Korea on Electoral Democracy for South Korea

and Selected East Asian Countriesand Selected East Asian Countries

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CountryCountry 1985 1985 1990 1990 1995 1995 2000 2000 20072007

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

South KoreaSouth Korea 4.4 (4/5) 2.5 (2/3) 2 (2/2) 2 (2/2) 1.5 (1/2)4.4 (4/5) 2.5 (2/3) 2 (2/2) 2 (2/2) 1.5 (1/2)

JapanJapan 1 (1/1)1 (1/1) 1 (1/1) 1.5 (1/2) 1.5 (1/2) 1.5 (1/2) 1 (1/1) 1.5 (1/2) 1.5 (1/2) 1.5 (1/2)TaiwanTaiwan 5 (5/5)5 (5/5) 3 (3/3) 3 (3/3) 3 (3/3) 3 (3/3) 1.5 (1/2) 1.5 1.5 (1/2) 1.5 (2/1) (2/1) ThailandThailand 3.5 (3/4)3.5 (3/4) 2.5 (2/3) 2.5 (2/3) 3.5 (3/4) 2.5 (2/3) 5 3.5 (3/4) 2.5 (2/3) 5 (6/4)(6/4)IndonesiaIndonesia 5.5 (5/6)5.5 (5/6) 5.5 (6/5) 6.5 (7/6) 3.5 (3/4) 2.5 (2/3) 5.5 (6/5) 6.5 (7/6) 3.5 (3/4) 2.5 (2/3)VietnamVietnam 7 (7/7)7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 6.5 (7/6) 6 6.5 (7/6) 6 (7/5)(7/5)

North KoreaNorth Korea 7 (7/7)7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7) 7 (7/7)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Notes: Values of “political rights” and “civil liberties” are shown Notes: Values of “political rights” and “civil liberties” are shown separately in parentheses.separately in parentheses.

Sources: Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2008 Survey: Global Sources: Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2008 Survey: Global Freedom in Retreat,” Washington, DC (2008). Freedom in Retreat,” Washington, DC (2008). www.freedomhouse.orgwww.freedomhouse.org (accessed (accessed May 1, 2008).May 1, 2008).

1313

The Global Political The Global Political EconomyEconomy

&& the Korean State the Korean State

South Korea, since 1987, has been in an “Era South Korea, since 1987, has been in an “Era of of Democratic Transition and Democratic Transition and Consolidation.”Consolidation.”

How to Reconcile dual forces of How to Reconcile dual forces of Democratization Democratization and Globalization and Globalization demands, via an effective and demands, via an effective and efficient efficient leadership, leadership, remains a challenge.remains a challenge.

The “Unraveling of Korea’s Miracle Economy” The “Unraveling of Korea’s Miracle Economy” by by revisiting revisiting East Asian Miracle East Asian Miracle thesis?thesis?

Is “Sustaining Democracy through EconomicIs “Sustaining Democracy through Economic Reform” possible & appropriate as Reform” possible & appropriate as

responses to responses to Globalization effects?Globalization effects?

1414

1515

Idea types and Idea types and pathwayspathways Ideas are held as a set of beliefs by Ideas are held as a set of beliefs by individuals who individuals who participate in the policy participate in the policy making process of a making process of a society either as society either as leaders or as ordinary citizens.leaders or as ordinary citizens.

ModernizationModernization is a set of “worldviews” is a set of “worldviews” providing providing “road maps” and pathways for “road maps” and pathways for the Korean state the Korean state to traverse.to traverse.

DemocratizationDemocratization is a set of “principled is a set of “principled beliefs” beliefs” inspiring Koreans to direct their inspiring Koreans to direct their attention attention “toward coordination in the “toward coordination in the absence of unique absence of unique equilibria” in society.equilibria” in society.

GlobalizationGlobalization provides “causal beliefs” for provides “causal beliefs” for needed needed institutional change and reform of institutional change and reform of the Korean the Korean state.state.

1616

Rabindranath Tagore’s Rabindranath Tagore’s Song to KoreaSong to Korea

Let me close the first half of my talks withLet me close the first half of my talks withan inspiring poem by Tagore, a Nobel an inspiring poem by Tagore, a Nobel laureatelaureate

In “the Golden Age of Asia,”In “the Golden Age of Asia,”Korea was one of its lamp-Korea was one of its lamp-

bearers,bearers,And that lamp is waitingAnd that lamp is waiting

To be lighted againTo be lighted againFor the illumination of the EasFor the illumination of the Eastt

-- Rabindranath Tagore-- Rabindranath Tagore Dong-A Ilbo, March 28, Dong-A Ilbo, March 28, 19291929

1717

DeDe-Legitimization Politics & -Legitimization Politics & the Post-Election Lee Myung-the Post-Election Lee Myung-Bak Administration: A Case Bak Administration: A Case

StudyStudy

Young W. KihlYoung W. Kihl

Professor of Political Science Emeritus, Professor of Political Science Emeritus, Iowa State University. Currently, Iowa State University. Currently, Stanford University, APARC, visiting Stanford University, APARC, visiting scholarscholar

1818

Can We Say SK today is aCan We Say SK today is afully Consolidated Democracy?fully Consolidated Democracy?

My answer is that Democratization is an My answer is that Democratization is an on-going on-going process of political change. process of political change. Hence, it is a Hence, it is a judgmental call and judgmental call and both “pro and con” views both “pro and con” views can be given.can be given.

The challenge lies in consolidating its The challenge lies in consolidating its democratic democratic gains and building durable gains and building durable

political institutions.political institutions. This will require full compliance with This will require full compliance with democratic democratic norms by all the major norms by all the major political forces & political forces & interest groups in interest groups in civil society.civil society.

This on-going quest for democracy has not This on-going quest for democracy has not been been easy for Korea’s Sixth Republic.easy for Korea’s Sixth Republic.

1919

A “Developmental Theory” A “Developmental Theory” Perspective on Democratic Perspective on Democratic

ConsolidationConsolidation Democratization is a type of political Democratization is a type of political

change.change. Democracy does not require pre-Democracy does not require pre-requisites, requisites, however. however. – Why notWhy not rrectify a mistaken notion of ectify a mistaken notion of earlier earlier

scholarship? scholarship? (e.g., Seymour Lipset)(e.g., Seymour Lipset)

Democracy can be seen everywhere “as a Democracy can be seen everywhere “as a workwork in progress, evolving at in progress, evolving at

different different rates, in different ways rates, in different ways and forms, in and forms, in different countries.” different countries.”

-- Larry Diamond, -- Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy Developing Democracy toward toward ConsolidationConsolidation, , 19991999

2020

Post-election politics ofPost-election politics ofthe Lee MB Administrationthe Lee MB Administration

Reflections on the Lee’s CEO PresidencyReflections on the Lee’s CEO Presidency

Analysis of Lee’s “CEO” Style of Analysis of Lee’s “CEO” Style of PresidencyPresidency– Lee’s conservatismLee’s conservatism– Lee’s pragmatismLee’s pragmatism

Lee’s Leadership PerformanceLee’s Leadership Performance Lee’s Crisis Management StyleLee’s Crisis Management Style ““Vox PopuliVox Populi and and Pacta Sund ServandaPacta Sund Servanda” ”

TradeoffsTradeoffs

2121

The 2008 NA Election Results The 2008 NA Election Results by Political Parties & by Political Parties & the Parliamentary Seatsthe Parliamentary Seats

Table 9.1. The Result of the Eighteenth National Assembly Table 9.1. The Result of the Eighteenth National Assembly Election, 4/2008 Election, 4/2008

Grand National Party (GNP)Grand National Party (GNP) 153153 (131 + 22)*(131 + 22)*United Democrats Party (UDP) 81United Democrats Party (UDP) 81 ( 66 + 15)( 66 + 15)

Liberty Forward Party (LFP)Liberty Forward Party (LFP) 18 18 ( 14 + 4)( 14 + 4)““Pro-Park Coalition”Pro-Park Coalition” 14 14 ( 6 + 8)( 6 + 8)Democratic Labor Party (DLP)Democratic Labor Party (DLP) 5 5 ( 2 + 3)( 2 + 3)Renewal of Korea Party (RKP)Renewal of Korea Party (RKP) 3 3 ( 1 + 2)( 1 + 2)IndependentsIndependents 25 25 ( 25 + 0)( 25 + 0)

____________________________________________TotalTotal 299 299 (245 + 54) (245 + 54)

* The first column is the total number of seats allocated; the second * The first column is the total number of seats allocated; the second column is the number of districts won; the third one is the number of additional column is the number of districts won; the third one is the number of additional seats allocated (at-large delegates) based on the total number of “Proportional seats allocated (at-large delegates) based on the total number of “Proportional Representation Votes” each party received).Representation Votes” each party received).

These results of the distribution of seats in the 299-seated National These results of the distribution of seats in the 299-seated National Assembly shows that the ruling GNP has won the general election but only with a Assembly shows that the ruling GNP has won the general election but only with a slim majority of 3 votes to spare with. This will mean that the Lee Myung-Bak slim majority of 3 votes to spare with. This will mean that the Lee Myung-Bak government will require support by other rival parties and/or splinter party government will require support by other rival parties and/or splinter party factions to be safe for future legislative enactments.factions to be safe for future legislative enactments.

2222

““Institutions Matter” in Institutions Matter” in Politics. Politics.

How and Why?How and Why? A state-society relationship in A state-society relationship in “democratic” “democratic” South South Korea needs not be Korea needs not be a “zero-sum” a “zero-sum” game, game, despite its legacy despite its legacy of “a strong state and an of “a strong state and an activated activated civil society” in the past years.civil society” in the past years.

Civil-society activism is the key to aCivil-society activism is the key to a successful successful democratic consolidation. democratic consolidation. Yet,Yet,

Civil-society engagement is a “necessary, Civil-society engagement is a “necessary, but not but not sufficient,” condition for sufficient,” condition for advancing the cause of advancing the cause of democracy.democracy.

Building Building Social CapitalSocial Capital is not easy, but is not easy, but it is a it is a key to key to making democracy work. making democracy work.

-- Putnam, 1993, 1998.-- Putnam, 1993, 1998.

2323

The Challenge of The Challenge of Political Institution BuildingPolitical Institution Building

Institutions, by definition, are Institutions, by definition, are regularized regularized pattern of human behavior pattern of human behavior in society, that has in society, that has become “stable become “stable and predictable” over time.and predictable” over time.

The challenge for Korean democracy lies The challenge for Korean democracy lies in in building institutions that will building institutions that will endure and endure and be valuable beyond the be valuable beyond the tenure of any single tenure of any single elected elected president.president.

This can be done by ways of “deepening This can be done by ways of “deepening and and acquiring maturity” of political acquiring maturity” of political institutions via institutions via upholding “the rule upholding “the rule of law” and democratic of law” and democratic norms.norms.

2424

The Civil Society Activism The Civil Society Activism in South Korea: An Analysisin South Korea: An Analysis

The participatory role of the civil society The participatory role of the civil society groups in presidential election politics groups in presidential election politics has varied over time. The Q is “How & Why?”has varied over time. The Q is “How & Why?”

From “Protest” to “Advocacy” role?From “Protest” to “Advocacy” role?

– 19871987 eg. KCCM (Siminhyop), CCEJ eg. KCCM (Siminhyop), CCEJ (Kyongsilyon)(Kyongsilyon)

– 19921992 eg. CCFE (Kongsonhyop)eg. CCFE (Kongsonhyop)– 19971997 eg. NGOs activismeg. NGOs activism– 20022002 eg. Netizens (386 generation), eg. Netizens (386 generation), NosamoNosamo

– 20072007 eg. ?eg. ?

2525

The Civil Society Group The Civil Society Group Activism: Activism:

AA CCase ase SStudytudy The central role of civil society activism in The central role of civil society activism in each of each of the three democratic junctures: 1956-the three democratic junctures: 1956-1961, 1961, 1973-1980, 1984-1987 had varied.1973-1980, 1984-1987 had varied.

--Sunhyuk Kim 2000.--Sunhyuk Kim 2000. It’s role in the 1997 and 2002 elections?It’s role in the 1997 and 2002 elections? It’s role in the 2007 election It’s role in the 2007 election was was less less visible.visible.

Why were some NGOs more visible, while others Why were some NGOs more visible, while others “less & dormant” throughout the 2007 “less & dormant” throughout the 2007

Presidential election campaigns?Presidential election campaigns? Why were they more active, however, during the Why were they more active, however, during the

Summer 2008 Summer 2008 firestorm over firestorm over anti-US Beef anti-US Beef import rallies? It requires an explanation!import rallies? It requires an explanation!

2626

Democratization via Democratization via De-legitimization De-legitimization

Challenges?Challenges? My HypothesMy Hypothesiis is:s is:

The “Legitimization Challenges” The “Legitimization Challenges” were were posed by posed by certain civil society groupscertain civil society groups,, that that may may

have have risked the danger of “De-risked the danger of “De-Democratization” fDemocratization” foror SK’s Sixth Republic.SK’s Sixth Republic.

““How & Why” was this intended by the How & Why” was this intended by the opposition opposition political forces in the summer political forces in the summer of 2008?of 2008?

The Campaigns Against the Lee MB Admin did The Campaigns Against the Lee MB Admin did not not succeedsucceed in the endin the end, however, however..

2727

The 2008 Anti-Lee MB Rally and The 2008 Anti-Lee MB Rally and Firestorms: a Lesson?Firestorms: a Lesson?

The Candle-light vigil and anti-US beef The Candle-light vigil and anti-US beef import rally, import rally, May 2008, turned into a May 2008, turned into a nation-wide protest onnation-wide protest on

June 10, in commemoration of the 21June 10, in commemoration of the 21stst anniversary anniversary of the Pro-democracy Movement of the Pro-democracy Movement of 1987. This of 1987. This time, it wastime, it was

Led by an NGO called “People’s Association Led by an NGO called “People’s Association for for Measures Against Mad Cow Disease.”Measures Against Mad Cow Disease.”

Did Lee MB commit an impeachable crime, as Did Lee MB commit an impeachable crime, as alleged by an advocacy group?alleged by an advocacy group? Some say no. Some say no.

Who empowers an NGO to challenge the newly Who empowers an NGO to challenge the newly constituted Lee MB government?constituted Lee MB government?

2828

Democratization via Democratization via De-legitimization De-legitimization

Politics?Politics? The “legitimization challenges” The “legitimization challenges” were were posed posed by certain civil society by certain civil society groups, but it may groups, but it may also have risked also have risked the danger of “de-the danger of “de- democratization” of democratization” of SK’s Sixth Republic.SK’s Sixth Republic.

This was intended by the opposition This was intended by the opposition political political forces, including some forces, including some newly elected NA newly elected NA members, in the summer members, in the summer of 2008.of 2008.

The campaign against the Lee MB Admin, The campaign against the Lee MB Admin, however, did not succeed in the end.however, did not succeed in the end.

2929

Democracy and Democracy and De-Democratization De-Democratization

PoliticsPolitics Charles Tilly, Democracy (2007), raises Charles Tilly, Democracy (2007), raises the the possibility for “Reversal” and “De-possibility for “Reversal” and “De-

democratiz(ing) regimes” (as happened democratiz(ing) regimes” (as happened to to Russia’s new democracy under Russia’s new democracy under

Putin).Putin).

““Integration of trust networksIntegration of trust networks (into (into public public politics)politics)” and “Reduction of ” and “Reduction of autonomous autonomous powerpower centercenterss” will combine ” will combine to cause to cause Democratization, says he. Yet,Democratization, says he. Yet,

““Reversal” of any of these processes… Reversal” of any of these processes… leads leads to to “De-democratiz(ing) “De-democratiz(ing) regimesregimes..” p.188” p.188..

3030

Conclusion: Why NotConclusion: Why NotRepair Linkage Failures?Repair Linkage Failures?

Organizationally, an NGO tried to replicate the Organizationally, an NGO tried to replicate the role role similar to political parties. Yet, similar to political parties. Yet, it’s massive anti-it’s massive anti- government street protest government street protest campaigns, with an campaigns, with an opposition party boycotting opposition party boycotting the National the National Assembly attendance, Assembly attendance, did did back back fire. fire.

Any lesson?: A high price to be paid for its Any lesson?: A high price to be paid for its political political de-alignment & linkage failures de-alignment & linkage failures with a wavering with a wavering grassroots support.grassroots support.

NGO needs to cut-off a patron-client tie, and a NGO needs to cut-off a patron-client tie, and a cozycozy close relationship, with the central close relationship, with the central government. government.

Why not stay as an autonomous organization? Why not stay as an autonomous organization? Don’t seek financial support from Don’t seek financial support from the the government, like political parties relying on government, like political parties relying on

party subventions in SK today.party subventions in SK today.

3131

Figure 10-3. A Developmental Figure 10-3. A Developmental Model Model

(with Five Dimensions) of (with Five Dimensions) of DemocracyDemocracy

1. Economic Development: via Growth Dynamism1. Economic Development: via Growth Dynamism2. Social Development : via Mobilization, with Trust 2. Social Development : via Mobilization, with Trust & & Social Capital, Civil Society ActivismSocial Capital, Civil Society Activism3. Political Development: via Political Order and 3. Political Development: via Political Order and State State BuildingBuilding4. Democratization: via Democratic4. Democratization: via Democratic

(a) Opening, (a) Opening, (b) Transition,(b) Transition,(c) Consolidation,(c) Consolidation,(d) Institution-Building (d) Institution-Building

5. Political Culture: The Rule of Law (not the Rule 5. Political Culture: The Rule of Law (not the Rule by Men) traditionsby Men) traditions

Sources: Adapted, with modification, from Fukuyama. 2009: 63, 55-74.Sources: Adapted, with modification, from Fukuyama. 2009: 63, 55-74.

-- Francis Fukuyama, “Reconceptualizing Democracies and Empowering Them to Deliver.” In -- Francis Fukuyama, “Reconceptualizing Democracies and Empowering Them to Deliver.” In Alexander T.J. Lennon et. al., Alexander T.J. Lennon et. al., Democracy in U.S. Security Strategy: From Promotion to Democracy in U.S. Security Strategy: From Promotion to Support,Support, Washington, D.C., CSIS (Council on Strategic and International Studies), March Washington, D.C., CSIS (Council on Strategic and International Studies), March 2009, pp. 55-74, 63. 2009, pp. 55-74, 63.

3232