The Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds: … Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds: Occurrence,...

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The Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds: Occurrence, Relevance, Treatment, and Communications Andrew Salveson, P.E. Carollo Engineers

Transcript of The Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds: … Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds: Occurrence,...

Page 1: The Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds: … Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds: Occurrence, Relevance, Treatment, and Communications. Andrew Salveson, P.E. Carollo Engineers

The Challenge of Trace Organic Compounds:

Occurrence, Relevance, Treatment, and Communications

Andrew Salveson, P.E.Carollo Engineers

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Presentation Overview• Occurrence of Hormones and Pharmaceuticals• Communications and Outreach• Human Health and Aquatic Toxicity• Biological Treatment• Membrane Treatment Research• Advanced Oxidation Research

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Occurrence

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Two Important Points on Occurrence

I. Virtually all water on earth has been or will be reused

II. EDCs and PPCPs are ubiquitous

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Adapted from http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/OFR-02-94/index.htm

2002 USGS most frequently detected OWCs

in “susceptible” streams

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Communication and Outreach

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WERF Project CEC2C08—Communication Principles and Practices, Public Perception, and Message Effectivenes

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Alarming Language Creates Alarm• The language we choose (the language of

science and technology) can raise the alarm

• Fears can be exacerbated creating a climate that can foster poor policy decisions

• Any documents that will be in the public venue must ensure maximal public understanding

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Unduly Calming Language Could Likewise Create Problems• Our goal is to adopt a balanced,

accurate, and responsible approach

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Fears Can Be Exacerbated by Our Terminology • Endocrine disrupting compounds• Compounds of emerging concern • Compounds of potential concern • EPOCs: Emerging Pollutants of Concern• Emerging contaminants of concern• Trace Organic Compounds (TOrCs) “Torc” • PPCPs: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products

EPA

• Even the words ‘chemical’ implies danger to the public

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Why the Public Gets Alarmed

• Terminology• The general public does not distinguish between

concentrations—so any amount is alarming• Hence, the public concludes the presence of EDCs

is alarming• Aquatic impact is proven, and the public links this

directly with human impact.

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But Wait!!! Aquatic and Human Impacts are Not the Same

Endocrine Disruptors: What Are They Doing to You?” On Tap - Winter 2003

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Recommendations for Practitioners

• Work to build trust

• Talk with stakeholders

• Understand the media’s needs and tailor communications accordingly

• Collaborate with other organizations

• Involve staff in the communication process

• Define the organization’s communication program goals, vision and objectives regarding trace organics

• Bring in outside experts

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Communications and OutreachHillsborough County - WateReuse 2010

Outreach Project of the Year

http://www.youtube.com/hillsboroughwater.

http://www.youtube.com/hillsboroughwater
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Toxicological Relevance

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Hudson River Anglers in the 1940sGreatest fishing was below an outfall

Outfall was tetracycline manufacturer

Later used for cows, chickens, etc.

Clear relationship between exposure/effect

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• Dosed entire lake with ≈6 ng/L of ethynylestradiol (EE2)– Compared to two reference Lakes (pristine)

– Seven years of monitoring, three years of dosing EE2

• Fathead minnow population dwindled to near extinction– Male fish had VTG levels 1000x higher than controls

– Histological impacts, including intersex, observed

– Reproductive failure persisted 2-year after exposure ceased

• Only study showing pop. impact of a pharm. in water

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Toxicological Relevance

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Soy Baby Formula(1700 ng/L, 4 oz Bottle)

≈

EEq Comparison

44 Liters of Secondary Wastewater(4.6 ng/L)

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Steroids Comparison

Glass of Milk (3800 ng/L, 240 mL)

34 Gallons Wastewater

(7.2 ng/L)

≈

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Finished Water for 18 Drinking Water Treatment FacilitiesCompound Max (ng/L) Median (ng/L) Frequency (%)

Atrazine 870 49 83Meprobamate 42 5.7 78

Dilantin 19 6.2 56Atenolol 18 1.2 44

Carbamazepine 18 6.0 44Gemfibrozil 2.1 0.48 39

TCEP 470 120 39DEET 93 63 33

Metolachlor 27 16 33TCPP (Fyrol PCF) 510 210 28Sulfamethoxazole 3.0 0.39 22

US Drinking Water

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Pharmaceutical Evaluation

Drug Class

ADI-DWEL (µg/L)

Max. conc. (µg/L)

Sites with Detection

(n=18)Liters per Day to

Exceed DWEL

Risperidone Antipsychotic 0.49 0.0029 1 340

Phenytoin Anticonvulsant 6.8 0.019 10 700

Carbamazepine Anticonvulsant 12 0.018 8 1,300

Atenolol Beta-blocker 70 0.018 8 7,800

Meprobamate Antianxiety agent 260 0.042 14 13,000

Gemfibrozil Antilipidemic 45 0.0021 7 43,000

FluoxetineSSRI

antidepressant 34 0.00082 2 82,000

Norfluoxetine Metabolite 34 0.00077 1 88,000

DiazepamBenzodiazepine

tranquilizer 35 0.00033 1 210,000

Sulfamethoxazole Anti-infective 18,000 0.003 4 12,000,000

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Potential EDC Evaluation

Drug Class

ADI-DWEL (µg/L)

Max. conc. (µg/L)

Sites with Detection

(n=18)

Liters per Day to Exceed

DWEL

Atrazine Herbicide 3 0.870 15 8

Linuron Herbicide 70 0.0062 2 23,000

p-Nonylphenol Industrial chemical 1,800 0.10 2 35,000

Bisphenol A Industrial chemical 1,800 0.025 1 140,000

Triclosan Antibacterial 2,600 0.0012 1 4,400,000

17b-Estradiol Hormone 1.8 <0.00050 0 >7,000Bis(2-

ethylhexyl) phthalate Industrial chemical 420 <0.10 0 >8,400

Butylbenzyl phthalate Industrial chemical 3,500 <0.050 0 >140,000

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Treatment

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WERF Project CEC4R08 -Trace Organic Compounds

Removal During Wastewater Treatment

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Activated Sludge Can Be Optimized for Trace Organic Reduction

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

% R

emov

al

SRT (d)

Gemfibrozil

Activated Sludge Can Be Optimized for Trace Organic Reduction

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 100 200 300 400

Con

c (n

g/L)

time (m)

Naproxen

Abiotic Control Nitrified Nonnitrified

Biodegradation is One of Two Critical Pathways

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4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000

Sol

id C

onc.

(n

g/

kg)

Aqueous Conc. (ng/l)

Cimetidine

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000

Sol

id C

onc.

(n

g/

kg)

Aqueous Conc. (ng/L)

Diphenhydramine

…the Other is Sorption

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WRF 06-019Trace Organic Compound Removal

by Membrane FiltrationAndrew Salveson, Jess Brown

Carollo Engineers

Jose LopezSouth Florida Water Management District

Don Sullivan, Henry R. Breitenkam City of Plantation Utilities Department

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WateReuse Foundation Funded Carollo To Address The Concerns Of Trace

Organics

Trace OrganicsPlantation WWTP, FL

2) Aquatic Organism Impact

Google

3) Recharge Modeling

Canal

1) Removal of Trace Organics through

Membranes

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Treatement Train #1: MBR/RO System

MBR RO RO effluent brine effluent

Sampling Locations

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Treatment Train #2: DNF/UF/RO System

UFeffluent

RO brine

RO effluent

DNFeffluent

Sampling Locations

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MF/UF Membranes Do Reduce Some TOrCs

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RO Performance Results

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RO Performance Results

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2) Toxicity and Hormonal Impact of Various Effluents

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Three Type of Tests Were Used To Evaluate Toxicity And Hormonal Impact Of Trace Organics

Toxicity Tests

Tissue Bioassays

Live FishBioassays

Water Flea Toxicity Tests

E-Screen(breast cancer cell)

Yeast Estrogen Screen

Fathead Minnow Vitellogenin Assay

Steroid Assay

Fathead MinnowToxicity Tests

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No Hormonal Impact In MBR/RO Effluent Was Observed With E-Screen Bioassay:

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No Hormonal Impact In DNF/UF/RO Effluent and Canal Water Were Observed With E-Screen Bioassay

UFeffluent

RO effluent

Primary Clarification

UFAeration Basin Second Clarification

RO UVTertiaryClarification

Denitrification Filter

DNFeffluent

Secondaryeffluent

Canal

Canal water

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No Hormonal Impact In MBR/RO Effluent Was Observed With YES Assay

10/29/2007 11/26/2007

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No Hormonal Impact In DNF/UF/RO Effluent And Canal Water Was Observed With YES Assay

UFeffluent

RO effluent

Primary Clarification

UFAeration Basin Second Clarification

RO UVTertiaryClarification

Denitrification Filter

DNFeffluent

Secondaryeffluent

Canal

Canal water2/22/200

8

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Conclusions

• Almost all Trace Organics were removed by RO membranes.

• UF provided some removeal of Trace Organics.

• RO effluent posed no hormonal threat to tissue cultures and live fish.

• The observed toxicity to aquatic organisms was likely caused by chloramines used for maintaining RO membranes. However, toxicity was significantly reduced after dechlorination (quenching).

• Hydrodynamic models and water quality models can help us evaluate the fate and transport of Trace Organics and groundwater recharge.

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WRF 02-009Innovative Reclaimed Water

Treatment TechnologiesAndrew Salveson, Jeff Bandy

Carollo Engineers

Karl LindenUnviersity of Colorado at Boulder

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WRF 02-009 Was Designed to Find Cost Effective Technologies to Destroy Trace Organics and Pathogens

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Detailed Pilot and Benchtop Testing Was Performed

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Chlorine Performance is Mixed

Chloramines, CT = 114 mg-min/L

Free Chlorine

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Ozone Provides Substantial Destruction of Various Trace Organics

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UV/Peroxide (5 mg/L) Destroys Some Trace Organics at Low UV Dose Values

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…But Not All Compounds are Easily Oxidized

UV dose (mJ/cm2) w/ 5 mg/L PeroxideCompound 0 18 61 220 500

NDMA 1.0 0.91 0.81 0.44 0.06

DEET 1.0 0.72 0.60 0.38 0.28

ATZ 1.0 0.85 0.68 0.59 0.63

TCEP 1.0 0.65 0.60 0.54 0.46

OP 1.0 1.07 0.31 0.19 0.24

NP 1.0 0.91 0.50 0.39 0.21

MET 1.0 0.91 0.69 0.56 0.28

TCS 1.0 0.72 0.47 0.24 0.09

BPA 1.0 0.69 0.58 0.48 0.29

E2 1.0 0.58 0.39 0.19 0.07

E1 1.0 0.39 0.23 0.21 0.13

EE2 1.0 0.89 0.25 0.20 0.14

E3 1.0 0.71 0.19 0.10 0.05

CBZ 1.0 1.00 1.00 0.55 0.74

EEQ 1.0 0.76 0.62 0.42 0.34

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PAA/UV Outperforms UV/Peroxide

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TiO2/UV Photocatalysis

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Substantial Removal of Trace Organics was Seen

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Ozone is the Lowest Cost Pathogen and EDC Treatment

Treatment Technology Dose Net Present Value EEQ Destruction

NaOCl (free residual) 450 mg-min/L $10,044,000 ~75%

MPUV + H2O2 100 mJ/cm2, 15 ppm H2O2 $14,762,000 >90%

MPUV + PAA 100 mJ/cm2, 8 ppm PAA $28,427,000 60%

Ozone 9 mg/L $12,260,000 >90%

Ozone 6.6 mg/L $11,317,000 >90%

Ozone + UV 4 mg/L, 100 mJ/cm2 $12,806,000 >90%

TiO2/UV3 139 kW/mgd $19,508,000 >90%

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WRF 02-009 Summary

• Some pathogen and trace organic removal can be obtained through filtration

• Ozone is the lowest cost technology

• UV with peroxide can reduce trace organics at reclaimed water doses

• PAA outperforms peroxide on a mass basis, but at a higher cost

• Titanium Dioxide with UV Requires Further Study

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Summary

• EDCs and PPCPs are Ubiquitous

• Outreach and Communications with the Public is Critical

• Human Health Does Not Appear to Be at Risk (from water or wastewater)

• Aquatic Health is a Concern

• Treatment Technologies Are Available (and some that are not too much $$)

• …what about regulations?

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Andrew Salveson, P.E.Carollo Engineers

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Trace determination of sulphur mustard and related ... · Trace determination of sulphur mustard and related compounds in environmental samples by headspace-trap GC-MS ... one HD

Trace determination of sulphur mustard and related ... · Trace determination of sulphur mustard and related compounds in environmental samples by headspace-trap GC-MS ... one HD

Concentrations and Loads of Organic Compounds and Trace …water.rutgers.edu/Projects/EPA_Raritan_River_Project/08... · 2013-12-16 · Concentrations and Loads of Organic Compounds

Concentrations and Loads of Organic Compounds and Trace …water.rutgers.edu/Projects/EPA_Raritan_River_Project/08... · 2013-12-16 · Concentrations and Loads of Organic Compounds

Spectrophotometric Determination of the Trace Amount of Thallium … · 2019. 5. 11. · Thallium and its compounds are extremely toxic; skin-contact, ingestion and inhalation are

Spectrophotometric Determination of the Trace Amount of Thallium … · 2019. 5. 11. · Thallium and its compounds are extremely toxic; skin-contact, ingestion and inhalation are

Making better use of a rural railway Prof Paul Salveson.

Making better use of a rural railway Prof Paul Salveson.

webbook.me.go.krwebbook.me.go.kr/DLi-File/NIER/06/013/5511427.pdf · 2015-11-03 · Æ ] WG1 : Trace elements WG2 : Total nitrogen and nitrogen compounds WG3

webbook.me.go.krwebbook.me.go.kr/DLi-File/NIER/06/013/5511427.pdf · 2015-11-03 · Æ ] WG1 : Trace elements WG2 : Total nitrogen and nitrogen compounds WG3

Analysis of chemical trace contaminants in foods ... · Research Joint Unit GENIAL “Ingénierie Procédés Aliments” (INRA, ... 1 ppt Major compounds Minor compounds Trace compounds

Analysis of chemical trace contaminants in foods ... · Research Joint Unit GENIAL “Ingénierie Procédés Aliments” (INRA, ... 1 ppt Major compounds Minor compounds Trace compounds