The cell factory ppt

89
THE CELL Chapter 7

Transcript of The cell factory ppt

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THE CELL

Chapter 7

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Microscopy

Micrographs

Photograph of the view through a microscope

Light Microscopes

Electron Microscopes

Scanning EM

To look at the surface of cells/specimen

3-D images

Transmission EM

To look at internal structures of cells/specimen

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Robert Hook (1665)

Englishman

cork

“cells”

Compound

microscope

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

(1660’S)

(LAY vun

Hook)

Holland

Single lens

microscope

Pond water

“animalcules”

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Cell Theory

3 parts and key people

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Cells

Basic units of life

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Matthias Schleiden (1838)

German botanist

Plant cells

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Theodor Schwann (1839)

German biologist

Animal cells

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Rudolf Virchow (1855)

German physician

New cells could only

come from the division

of existing cells

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Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or

more cells

Cells are the basic units of structure and

function in living things

New Cells are produced from existing

cells

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Lots of different shapes

and sizes of cells

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Microscopes

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Sizes

The body is made of 100 trillion cell (1014)

Extremely small…The human eye can see

.01 cm, a human cell is 5x smaller

5 to 50 micrometers…µm

How big is a micrometer?

1m=100cm=1,000,000 micrometers

1 micrometer=.000001m

Basically you can’t see it

Remember: KHDmDCM..micro..nano..pico

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Chaos chaos

Largest protozoan

You can see without microscope

1000 micrometers

How many meters is this? .001 m

How many centimeters is this? 0.1 cm

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2 things in every cell…

Surrounded by a barrier, cell membrane

At some point in their life they contain….

DNA

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What is a Nucleus?

Plural: nuclei

Large, membrane enclosed

structure that contains the

cell’s genetic material in the

form of DNA

What is a membrane?

A thin layer of material that

serves as a covering or lining

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2 categories for cells… Prokaryotes (pro-care-ee-

ohts)

No nucleus

Cell’s genetic material is not contained in the nucleus…found in NUCLEOID:

Region in cytoplasm where DNA is found

Less complicated that eukaryotes

Some have internal membranes

Do NOT have membrane bound organelles

Carry out every activity associated with living things…which are…

Eukaryotes (you-care-ee-othts)

Contain nucleus in which the

genetic material is separated from

the rest of the cell

Contains dozens of structures and

internal membranes

High Variety

Single celled or multi-cellular

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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Eukaryotic cell

structure

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The Cell factory

Organelles

Highly specialized structures within the cell

Little organs

2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell

Nucleus

The “brain”

DNA

Cytoplasm

Portion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane

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2 types of Eukaryotic cells

Plant cells

Animal cells

What are the differences? (write them down!!!)

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Nucleus

Brain of the cell

Office of the factory

Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and

with it the coded instructions for making

PROTEINS and other important

molecules

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Nuclear envelope

Surrounds nucleus

Made of 2 membranes

Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores

How do we get messages, instructions and

blueprints out of the office?

Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by

using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and

other molecules

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Inside the nucleus we

see…

Contain a granular material called…

CHROMATIN

Chromatin= DNA + protein

Usually spread out in nucleus

During cell division, chromatin clumps

together or condenses…we call this….

CHROMOSOMES

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In the nucleus…

Contain a granular material called…

CHROMATIN

Chromatin= DNA + protein

Usually spread out in nucleus

During cell division, chromatin clumps

together or condenses…we call this….

CHROMOSOMES

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Chromosomes

Threadlike structures that contain genetic

information that is passed on from one

generation to the next

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Nucleolus

Small dense region inside the nucleus

Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…

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Ribosomes

Most important function of cell is… Making proteins

Proteins regulate a zillion different things

Like…

Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes

Ribosomes are small particles of protein & RNA (what’s RNA?)

They follow instructions from the nucleus to make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office

Scattered throughout the cell

They are like little factories

If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how many ribosomes are you going to have?

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Endoplasmic reticulum

(ER)

Internal membrane system

The site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell

2 types

Smooth ER

Rough ER

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Rough ER

Involved in protein making (synthesis)

So what are we going to see on it?

ribosomes

Once a protein is made, it leaves the ribosome and goes into the Rough ER

The rough ER then modifies the protein

All proteins that are exported by the cell are made on the RER

Membrane proteins are made on the RER too

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Smooth ER

NO ribosomes on it

Looks smooth

Contains collections of ENZYMES that have

specialized tasks

What do enzymes do?

Tasks include:

Synthesis of membrane lipids

Detoxification of drugs

Liver cells

Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a

lot of?

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Golgi Apparatus

Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi

Once proteins are done being “modified” in the

RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus

Looks like a stack of pancakes

Function: modify, sort, and package proteins

and other materials from the ER for STORAGE

or SECRETION outside the cell

Proteins are “shipped” to final destination

They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP

Finishing touches on proteins before they leave

factory

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Lysosomes

(Lie-so-soh-mz)

The factory’s clean-up crew

It’s an Organelle filled with enzymes

Function: Digestion (break down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell

Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness

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What do you think happens if

lysosomes malfunction?

A bunch of “junk” build up in the

cell…why?

Is this good?

Many human diseases result from

malfunction of lysosome

Tay-Sachs disease

DNA does not make the enzyme

hexoaminidase A that breaks down

lipids in nerve cells

Build up of lipids in nerve cells

causes those cells to stop working

Noticeable 3-6 months after birth,

child lives to be about 4-5 years old

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Vacuoles

The factory’s storage place

Only in certain cells

Sac-like organelles

Function: stores material such as water,

salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Plant cells have a single, large central

vacuole

Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to

support heavy structures

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Single-celled organisms and

some animals also have

vacuoles…

Paramecium

Contractile vacuole

Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water

out…this maintains what?

homeostasis

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What is the one thing

all living things need

to eat, breath,

reproduce, move and

much more?

ENERGY!!!!

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Two ways cells get

energy…

From food molecules

From the sun

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Mithochondria

Convert chemical energy stored in food

into compounds that are more convienent

for the cell to use

Has 2 membranes

Inner membrane

Outer membrane

In Animal AND Plant cells

Nearly all come from the ovum

You get your mitochondria from your mom!

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Chloroplasts

Plant and some Bacteria cells only ( NOT in animal cells)

Capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Like solar power for plants

2 membranes

Inside: large stacks of other membranes that contain chlorophyll

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Organelle DNA

Chloroplasts and

mitochondria contain their

own genetic info

In form of small, circular

DNA molecules

mDNA

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Lynn Margulis

American biologist

Chloroplasts and

mitochondria are

descendents of

prokaryotes

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She said…

Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the

day had a symbiotic relationship with the

ancient eukaryotes

What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)

The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes

There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to

make energy (ATP)

Mitochondria

There were prokaryotes that used

photosynthesis to get energy

Chloroplasts

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Idea that

mitochondria and

chloroplasts evolved

from prokaryotes

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Cytoskeleton

Supporting structure and

transportation system

Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move

2 main type of filaments

Microtubules

Microfilaments

(Intermediate filaments is a 3rd type)

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Microfilaments

Threadlike structures

Made of protein called ACTIN

Extensive networks

Tough, flexible framework

Help cells move

Assembly and disassembly helps cells

move (like amoebas)

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Microtubules

Hollow structures

Made of proteins called TUBULINS

Maintain cell’s shape

Important in cell division

Make mitotic spindle (separates

chromosomes)

Help build projections from cell surface…

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Cilia and Flagella

Plural: cilium and flagellum

Cilia: hundreds of extension of the cell membrane that move like

the oars of a boat

Flagella: one or two long extensions off the cell that move in a

whip like fashion

Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquid

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Centrioles

Only animal cells

Made of protein

TUBULIN

What else is made of

tubulin?

Near nucleus

Help organize cell

division

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Antwon van Leeuwenhook

Robert Hook

Cell

bacteria

Cell Theory

Electron microscope

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Organelles

Cytoplasm

Nuclear envelope

Chromatin

Nucleus

nucleolus

Ribosome

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Chromosome

Vacuole

Osmosis

Endocytosis

exocytosis

Proteins

DNA

RNA

Microscope

Micrograph

Magnifier

Lens

Contractile vacuole

Central Vacuole

Centrioles

Centrosomes

Nuclear pores

Nuclear-plasm

Stomata

ATP synthase

Chlorophyll

Cell membrane

Cell Wall

Cellulose

Phospholipids

Thylakoid

Cristae

Matrix

Inner membrane

Outer memebrane

Golgi apparatus

Micrometer

Millimeter

Picameter

Lysosome

Vacuole

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Cytoskeleton

Centriole

Mictrotubule

Microfilament

Theodor Schwann

Matthias Schleiden

Rudolph Virchow

Lynn Margulis

Endosymbiotic Theory

Cilia

Flagella

Photosynthesis

Pseudopodia

Aquaporin

Transmembrane protein

Facilitated diffusion

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