The Case for Comparative Quantitative Measures of Culture by John Bing

TheCaseforCompara-veQuan-ta-veMeasuresofCulture

TheManyDimensionsofGeertHofstede

JohnWBing,FounderandChair,ITAPInterna7onal

TheAnthropologySpotlightLectureSeries:ApplyingAnthropologytoRealWorldProblems

1©2017ITAPInterna7onal,Inc.AllRightsReserved.

Individual•  Personal History•  Family Background •  Personality

Environmental•  Economic Factors•  Market Issues •  Social Factors

Na-onalCulture•  Education•  National Values •  Fundamental Beliefs

Organiza-onalClimate

•  Corporate Culture•  Organizational Structure •  Global Reach

SOURCE:Fromvariouspublishedar2clesauthoredbyJohnW.BingEd.D©JohnBing2000-2010

AboutCulture-CultureinContext

©2017ITAPInterna7onal,Inc.AllRightsReserved.

KNOWN

A C

PUBLICSELFWhatyouandothersknowaboutyou

UNKNOWNSELFWhatyoudonotknow

aboutyourselfthatothersknow.

OTHERS/OtherCultures

B D

NOTKNOWNPRIVATESELF

Whatyouknowthatothersdonotknow.

UNKNOWNTOALL

SELF/YourOwnCulture

KNOWN NOTKNOWN

3

JohariWindow


Inscience,serendipity—theunexpectedfindingofsomethingonewasnotlookingforyetwhosesignificanceonerecognizes—isahighlywelcomeandrecognizedformofcunningwhenwrestlingwithuncertainty.--HelgaNowotny,TheCunningofUncertainty

4

TheCunningofUncertainty


...normaldistribu7on/na7onalaveragescores

A B

62

C


AboutCulture-CultureinContext

Awordaboutculturalstereotypes

GeertHofstede,ProfessorEmeritusofOrganiza7onalAnthropologyandInterna7onalManagementatUniversityofMaastrichtintheNetherlands.•  Hebecameafounderofcompara7veinterculturalresearch,throughthepublica7onof"Culture'sConsequences".

•  Hisbook"CulturesandOrganiza7ons:SoawareoftheMind"(3rdedi7onco-authoredwithGertJanHofstedeandMichaelMinkov)hasappearedin17Europeanand4Asianlanguages.

•  GeertHofstedeisoneofthemostcitedauthorsinthesocialsciences.•  HeisDoctorHonorisCausaoftenEuropeanuniversi7es,HonoraryProfessorattwoChineseuniversi7es,HonoraryFellowofInterna7onalAssocia7onforCross-CulturalPsychology,andFellowofAcademyofManagementandAcademyofInterna7onalBusinessintheUSA.

•  InMay2008,WallStreetJournalrankedhimamongtheTop20“mostinfluen7albusinessthinkers”.

•  InSeptember2011QueenBeatrix(Netherlands)conferreduponhimthe7tleofKnightintheOrderoftheDutchLion.


AboutGeertHofstede

“…interculturalcompetencestartswithawareness…recogni7onthatonecarriesapar7cularmentalsoawarebecauseofthewayonewasbroughtup,thatotherswhogrewupinadifferentenvironmentcarrydifferentmentalsoawareforequallygoodreasons.”--GeertHofstede


InterculturalCompetence

RobertKaplan,CulturalThoughtPaHernsinInterculturalEduca2on

©2017ITAPInterna7onal,Inc.AllRightsReserved. Page10

•  Individualism(IndividualorGroupOrienta-on)-thedegreetowhichac7onistakenforthebenefitoftheindividualorthebenefitofthegroup

•  PowerDistance(HierarchicalorPar-cipa-veOrienta-on)-theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulexpectandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally

•  Certainty(NeedforCertaintyorToleranceforAmbiguity)-theextenttowhichpeoplepreferrules,regula7onsandcontrols,orarecomfortablewithambiguity

•  Achievement(AchievementorQualityofLifeOrienta-on)-thedegreetowhichwefocusongoalachievementandwork,orqualityoflifeandcaringforothers

•  TimeOrienta-on(Long-orShort-termOrienta-on)-thefosteringofvirtuesthatpromotealong-term(perseveranceandthria)orshort-term7mehorizon(preservingpresentbenefits)

•  Indulgence(IndulgenceorRestraint)-thetendencytoallowrela7velyfreegra7fica7onortheconvic7onthatsuchgra7fica7onneedstobecurbed

Hofstede’sDimensions

Evolu-onoftheCultureintheWorkplaceQues-onnaire™

•  Hofstede’sCulture’sConsequences:Describingaresearch-based,quan7ta7veapproachtounderstandingculturaldifferences

•  The24-itemques7onnaire:aPaper/Pencilapproachtolearningaboutculturaldifferences

•  Anonlineapplica7onof60ques7onswithadatabaseof15,000responsesfrom60countries


AdvantagesofEachOrienta-onIndividualOrienta-onSelf-reliance

GroupOrienta-onInterdependence

HierarchicalOrienta-onDiscipline

Par-cipa-veOrienta-onAcceptanceofResponsibility

NeedforCertaintyPrecision

ToleranceforAmbiguityInnova7on

AchievementOrienta-onEfficiency

QualityofLifeOrienta-onCustomOutputs&PersonalService

Long-TermOrienta-onDevelopingNewMarketOpportuni7es

Short-TermOrienta-onFastAdapta7on

Individualism

PowerDistance

Certainty

Achievement

TimeOrienta-on

12

IndulgenceOrienta-onAsenseofwell-being

RestraintOrienta-onWork-ethic

Indulgence


USA UK Japan Arab Ctrs. Participant Mexico COUNTRY

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Deg

ree

of

Ind

ivid

ua

lism

Sample Question: Decisions made by individuals are usually of a higher quality than decisions made by groups.

PREFERENCES FOR INDIVIDUALISM Individual Style Versus Group Style


The Influence of Age on National Culture Y=below40;O=40+

©2017 ITAP International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

Country Similar Different Different

US(UKsimilar) IND/C/ACH PD(16points) LTO(17points)

Y=60;O=44 Y=53;O=36

Philippines IND/PD/ACH C(12point) LTO(25points)

Y=71;O=59 Y=50;O=25

Germany IND/C/ACH/LTO PD(10points)

Y=46;O=36

SouthKorea IND/PD/ACH/LTO C(13points)

Y=68;O=55

India C/ACH/LTO IND(16points) PD(17points)

Y=37;O=53 Y=78;O=52

China IND/PD/C/ACH LTO(17points)

Y=91*;O=76 *Highestinthesample



US C/ACH/LTO IND(10points) PD(19points)

L=64;H=74 L=56;H=37

Philippines PD/C/ACH/LTO IND(11points)

L=39;H=50

Germany IND/C/ACH/LTO PD(21points)

L=55;H=34

SouthKorea Allsimilar

India C/ACH/LTO IND(11points) PD(26points)

L=36;H=47 L=85;H=59

China IND/C/ACH/LTO PD(12points)

L=82;H=70

The Influence of Education on National Culture


L = elementary, secondary and vocational; H = college and above

The Influence of Gender on National Culture



US Allsimilar

Philippines Allsimilar

Germany C/ACH/LTO IND(15points) PD(23points)

F=96;M=81 F=25;M=48

SouthKorea C/ACH IND(29points) PD(13points)

F=63;M=34 F=59;M=72

LTO(21points)

F=62;M=83

India Allsimilar

China Allsimilar

F = Female; M = Male

NewYorkCityOfficeScores

MumbaiOfficeScores


17

ThroughThickandThin

•  ThickDescrip7ons:Firstusedbyanthropologistsdescribinggroups*(Qualita7veApproaches)

•  ThinDescrip7ons:Using“bigdata”todiscovercorrela7onsanddifferences*(Quan7ta7veapproaches)

•  Bothareneededforafullunderstandingofculturalsimilari7es,differences,andcontexts,andtoapplyinganthropologytorealworldproblems*HelgaNowotny,TheCunningofUncertainty


The Case for Comparative Quantitative Measures of Culture by John Bing

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