The Cardiovascular System: The Cardiovascular System: Structure Function and Structure Function and

Measurement Measurement

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Organs of the Cardiovascular Organs of the Cardiovascular System System

HeartHeart

Blood vesselsBlood vessels– ArteriesArteries

ArteriolesArterioles

CapillariesCapillaries– VeinsVeins

VenulesVenules

The Heart The Heart Muscular organ the size of a Muscular organ the size of a fistfist

Four chambers – L/R Four chambers – L/R Ventricles L/R AtriaVentricles L/R Atria

Endocardium- lines the Endocardium- lines the heart chambersheart chambers

Myocardium- muscle layerMyocardium- muscle layer

Pericardium- membranous Pericardium- membranous outer coveringouter covering

AtriaAtria

Right Atrium (RA)- Right Atrium (RA)- right upper chamber- right upper chamber- receives blood from receives blood from body- deoxygenated body- deoxygenated bloodblood

Left atrium (LA)- left Left atrium (LA)- left upper heart.- receives upper heart.- receives oxygenated blood oxygenated blood from lungs and sends from lungs and sends it to the left ventricleit to the left ventricle

VentriclesVentricles

Right ventricle- (RV)- Right ventricle- (RV)- right lower chamber- right lower chamber- receives blood from right receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the atrium and sends it to the lungs through pulmonary lungs through pulmonary arteryartery

Left Ventricle (LV)- lower Left Ventricle (LV)- lower left chamber- receives left chamber- receives blood from left atrium and blood from left atrium and sends it through the aorta sends it through the aorta to the body.to the body.

AortaAorta: The main : The main trunk of the trunk of the systemic arteries, systemic arteries, carrying blood from carrying blood from the left side of the the left side of the heart to the arteries heart to the arteries of all limbs and of all limbs and organs. organs.

Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Artery carries blood to carries blood to lungslungs

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Aorta

pulmonary artery

Tricuspid valveTricuspid valve controls blood controls blood flow between the flow between the right atrium and right atrium and ventricleventricle

Mitral valveMitral valve controls blood controls blood movement movement between the left between the left atrium and atrium and ventricleventricle

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Mitral Valve

Pulmonary valvePulmonary valve controls blood controls blood movement from movement from right ventricle into right ventricle into pulmonary artery pulmonary artery

The The aortic valveaortic valve controls blood flow controls blood flow from the left from the left ventricle to the ventricle to the aortaaorta

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonary valve

Mitral Valve

Aortic valve

ArteriesArteriesArteries- tubes that Arteries- tubes that carry blood away from carry blood away from the heart. the heart. Muscular elastic wallsMuscular elastic wallsForm arterioles which Form arterioles which form capillariesform capillariesCarry blood and oxygen Carry blood and oxygen to the body cellsto the body cells

Coronary ArteriesCoronary ArteriesSupply blood to the Supply blood to the heart muscle.heart muscle.

The heart needs a The heart needs a large amount of large amount of blood and 5-7% of blood and 5-7% of blood flows blood flows through the through the coronary arteries.coronary arteries.

VeinsVeinsVeins- tubes that carry Veins- tubes that carry blood toward the heartblood toward the heart

Thinner muscular wallsThinner muscular walls

Carry blood back to Carry blood back to heartheart

Cuplike valves to help Cuplike valves to help move bloodmove blood

CapillariesCapillariesCapillaries- tubes that Capillaries- tubes that connect arteries and connect arteries and veinsveinsWalls only one cell Walls only one cell thickthickSite for exchange of Site for exchange of nutrients and oxygen nutrients and oxygen from blood cells and from blood cells and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and wastes to the bloodwastes to the blood

BloodBlood

The body contains 4 to The body contains 4 to 6 quarts6 quarts

Contains Plasma: Contains Plasma: antibodies, nutrients, antibodies, nutrients, gases, waste productsgases, waste products

Produced in bone Produced in bone marrowmarrow

White and red blood White and red blood cells cells

Measuring Cardiac FunctionMeasuring Cardiac Function

Blood PressureBlood Pressure

ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram

Stress TestStress Test

AngiographyAngiography

Blood PressureBlood PressureMeasure of fluid Measure of fluid pressure within pressure within systemsystem

Systolic Pressure: Systolic Pressure: Pressure generated Pressure generated by contractionby contraction

Diastolic Pressure: Diastolic Pressure: Pressure achieved Pressure achieved between between contractions. contractions.

SBP reflects the amount of SBP reflects the amount of work thework the heart is performingheart is performing

DBP indicates the amount of DBP indicates the amount of peripheral resistance peripheral resistance encounteredencountered

Arterial pressure increases Arterial pressure increases with age,with age, D DBP more than SBPBP more than SBP

With aging, major blood With aging, major blood vesselsvessels increase in rigidityincrease in rigidity

ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogramMeasure of the Measure of the electrical activity of electrical activity of the heartthe heart

Stress TestStress TestECG during ECG during exerciseexercise

AngiographyAngiography

Cardiac catheterizationCardiac catheterization

Inject dye into heartInject dye into heart

X-ray to examine blockagesX-ray to examine blockages