The Cardiovascular System
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Transcript of The Cardiovascular System
Myocardial Thickness and FunctionThickness of myocardium varies according to the function of the chamber
Conducting System
Autorhythmic cells – self excitableReduced permeability of K+, but no change in permeability to Na+.
Na+ continues to diffuse in.
Unstable resting potential – continuously depolarizes, drifting slowly toward threshold. (pacemaker potential)
Cardiac Rhythm and Rate
Normal heart rate: 60-100 beats/min
Avg. heart beat at rest: 70-72 beats/min
Sinus tachycardia: > 100 beats/min
Sinus bradycardia: < 60 beats/min
Cardiac Rhythm and RateArrhythmias: abnormal rhythm resulting from a defect in the
heart conduction system.
Fibrillation: rapid and irregular contractions. Can be atrial or ventricular.
Defibrillation: electrical shock to depolarize myocardium.
Ectopic Focus: a region of the heart, other than the conducting system, that causes and abnormal depolarization.
Junctional rhythm: AV node becomes pacemaker
Heart block: an arrhythmia that occurs when electrical pathway between the atria and ventricle is blocked.
Stroke Volume (SV)
EDV = Amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole
ESV = Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction
Stroke volume = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
SV = EDV - ESV
SV depends on amount of stretch produced by venous return.
Averages about 70 ml/beat
Anything that influences heart rate or blood volume influences venous return and therefore SV
Volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume
HR = beats per minute
SV = volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
CO = HR x SV
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
– Degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts– Greater preload increases the force of contraction– Frank-Starling law of the heart – the more the
heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
• Preload proportional to end-diastolic volume (EDV)
– 2 factors determine EDV1. Duration of ventricular diastole2. Venous return – volume of blood returning to right
ventricle
Factors Affecting SVPreload
– Strength of contraction at any given preload– Positive inotropic agents increase contractility
• Often promote Ca2+ inflow during cardiac action potential
• Increases stroke volume
• Epinephrine, norepinephrine, digitalis
– Negative inotropic agents decrease contractility• Anoxia, acidosis, some anesthetics, and increased K+ in
interstitial fluid
ContractilityFactors Affecting SV
– Pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open
– Increase in afterload causes stroke volume to decrease
• Blood remains in ventricle at the end of systole
– Hypertension and atherosclerosis increase afterload
Afterload
Factors Affecting SV