The CARBO-AGE project: The CARBO-AGE project: aims, structure and first aims, structure and first

results.results.M. MencucciniM. Mencuccini11, , M. BorghettiM. Borghetti22, J. Grace, J. Grace11, P. Hari, P. Hari33, P. Jarvis, P. Jarvis11, A. , A.

LindrothLindroth44, D. Lousteau, D. Lousteau55

11 Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Mayfield Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JU Edinburgh (UK)Road, EH9 3JU Edinburgh (UK)22 Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale – Universita’ della Basilicata, Via Nazario Sauro 85, 85100 Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale – Universita’ della Basilicata, Via Nazario Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza (Italy).Potenza (Italy).33 Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.44 Institutionen för Naturgeografi, Lunds Universitet, Paradisgatan 5c, 22100 Lund (Sweden). Institutionen för Naturgeografi, Lunds Universitet, Paradisgatan 5c, 22100 Lund (Sweden).55 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite’ de Recherches Forestieres de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite’ de Recherches Forestieres de Bordeaux, Domaine de l’Hermitage, Route d’Arcachon, 33611 Gazinet (France).Domaine de l’Hermitage, Route d’Arcachon, 33611 Gazinet (France).

Contribution of Forests and Forestry Mitigation of Greenhouse Effects

COST E21, Budapest, Hungary, 25-28 April 2001

CarboEurope CarboEurope A cluster of projects to understand and A cluster of projects to understand and quantify the carbon balance of Europequantify the carbon balance of Europe

Funded by EU DG Funded by EU DG Research: Research: VVthth Framework Programme Framework ProgrammeKey Action: Global Change, Key Action: Global Change, Climate and BiodiversityClimate and Biodiversity

http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/public/carboeurhttp://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/public/carboeur

CARBO-AGE partnersCARBO-AGE partners

1. University of Edinburgh (UK)1. University of Edinburgh (UK)(Grace, Mencuccini, Jarvis & Moncrieff)(Grace, Mencuccini, Jarvis & Moncrieff)

2. Universita della Basilicata (Italy)2. Universita della Basilicata (Italy)(Borghetti & Magnani)(Borghetti & Magnani)

3. University of Helsinki (Finland)3. University of Helsinki (Finland)(Hari, Berninger, Ilvesniemi, Makeka, Nikinma, Nissinen, (Hari, Berninger, Ilvesniemi, Makeka, Nikinma, Nissinen, Vesala)Vesala)

4. Lund University (Sweden)4. Lund University (Sweden)(Lindroth, Grelle & Lankreijer)(Lindroth, Grelle & Lankreijer)

5. INRA-Centre de Bordeaux (France)5. INRA-Centre de Bordeaux (France)(Loustau, Trichet, Berbigier, Dewar, Bert, Danjon & Arrouays)(Loustau, Trichet, Berbigier, Dewar, Bert, Danjon & Arrouays)

Location ofLocation of CARBO- CARBO-AGEAGE

chronosequenceschronosequences

:

Scottish chronosequence

Species Sitka spruce;

Soils

Age: 0 to 40 years;

Climatic zone

Level of NPP : very high.

: temperate;: surface water gleys;

Italian chronosequences

Species: Maritime pine; Turkey oak.

Soils podsolised marine sands;Level of NPP : low to medium.

Age: 0 to 60 and 0 to 20 years

Climatic zone : Mediterranean;:

Finnish chronosequence

Species: Scots pine;

Soils podsols;Level of NPP : medium to low.

Age: 0 to 100 years

Climatic zone : Boreal;: Species: Scots pine/Norway spruce;

: glacial till;

Swedish chronosequenceAge: 0 to 100 years;

Climatic zone : southern boreal;SoilsLevel of NPP : medium.

French chronosequence

Species: Maritime pine;: Atlantic maritime;

Soils spodic sands;Level of NPP : medium to high.

Age: 0 to 60 years

Climatic zone:

More More chronosequenceschronosequencesIn FORCASTIn FORCAST

CARBO-AGE: CARBO-AGE: Age-related dynamics of carbon Age-related dynamics of carbon exchange in European forestsexchange in European forests

What are the aims of the project?What are the aims of the project?

1.1. To To understand carbon budgets over theunderstand carbon budgets over the whole life whole life cycle cycle of forestof forestss

2.2. To To includincludee periodic periodic disturbancesdisturbances as a result of as a result of management practicesmanagement practices, e.g., clearfelling., e.g., clearfelling.

Why is the project innovative?Why is the project innovative?

1.1. C-flux studies of forests have mostlyC-flux studies of forests have mostly focussfocussed on middle-aged standsed on middle-aged stands

2.2. C-stock inventories have often neglected C-stock inventories have often neglected the soil.the soil.

Major selection Major selection criteria criteria for the for the

chronosequenceschronosequences• Homogeneity in:Homogeneity in:

a)   Underlying geological formationa)   Underlying geological formation

b)  Climateb)  Climate

c)   Soil typec)   Soil type

d)  History of d)  History of managementmanagement

• Surface area of ~50 ha for each age Surface area of ~50 ha for each age classclass

• Flat topography (although not Flat topography (although not necessarily level)necessarily level)

• Access to mains powerAccess to mains power

9 10 11 12 1 2 3 49 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12

: Start of project : Duration : Deliverables : Links between deliverables

CARBO-AGE PROJECT 1999-2002

Age-related dynamics of carbon exchange in European forests.

1999

1 2 3 4

WP 3: Soil respiration.

WP 4: Modelling of the NEP and NPP dynamics.

WP 5: Post-Kyoto scenarios (ex Art. 3.3 and 3.4).

WP 6: Briefing notes. News reports.

5 6 7 85 6 7 8

WORKPACKAGES AND DELIVERABLES 9 10 11 125 6 7 8

2000 2001 2002

WP 1: Changes in carbon stocks over time.

WP 2: Carbon fluxes over time.

CARBO-AGECARBO-AGEWork-package 1Work-package 1: : Carbon stocks over Carbon stocks over timetime

2D Graph 4

Time (years)

0 20 40 60 80

Ca

rbo

n s

toc

ks

(tC

ha-

1 ye

ar-

1 )

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Plot 1

DeliverableDeliverable: data base of C-storage in five: data base of C-storage in fivechronosequences throughout Europechronosequences throughout Europe

Carbon balance Carbon balance acrossacross a chronosequencea chronosequence

Eddy CovarianceEddy Covariance• COCO22 and H and H22O O

concentration fluctuationsconcentration fluctuations• wind speed and directionwind speed and direction

AG

BG

RhRr

Rw

Rf

NEE

DAG

Pf

Ar

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Measure fluxes Measure fluxes within within chronosequences, chronosequences, using eddy using eddy covariance in the covariance in the ‘paired tower’ ‘paired tower’ approach.approach.

Workpackage 2: Ecosystem carbon fluxes over timeWorkpackage 2: Ecosystem carbon fluxes over time

DeliverableDeliverable: :

Half-hourly flux data, extending the Half-hourly flux data, extending the CARBOEUROFLUX data base, and CARBOEUROFLUX data base, and enabling testing of models of the enabling testing of models of the stand life-cycle.stand life-cycle.

CARBO-AGECARBO-AGE

•Measure and model Measure and model the the soil soil CCOO22 fluxes fluxes alongalong the age the age sequences.sequences.

•Separate Separate heterotrophic and heterotrophic and autotrophic autotrophic respiration.respiration.

Workpackage 3: Soil respiration over timeWorkpackage 3: Soil respiration over time

DeliverableDeliverable: : Fluxes of carbon from the soil, as a function of Fluxes of carbon from the soil, as a function of environmental variables; an archive of COenvironmental variables; an archive of CO22 and and SOM for isotopic analysis.SOM for isotopic analysis.

CARBO-AGECARBO-AGE

Workpackage 4: Modelling age-related changesWorkpackage 4: Modelling age-related changes in NPP and NEPin NPP and NEP

•Test existing NPP/NEP models in long-term (100 year)Test existing NPP/NEP models in long-term (100 year)periods; improve them.periods; improve them.

•Use models to define optimal rotational/management Use models to define optimal rotational/management of the forest for carbon fixationof the forest for carbon fixation

DeliverablesDeliverables: Reliable NPP/NEP models, tables and: Reliable NPP/NEP models, tables andrecommendations for practitioners.recommendations for practitioners.

CARBO-AGECARBO-AGE

Workpackage 5Workpackage 5: : Post-Kyoto scenarios and regionalPost-Kyoto scenarios and regionalscale predictionsscale predictions

Develop (model) products for the internet, Develop (model) products for the internet, to estimate changes in carbon sequestrationto estimate changes in carbon sequestrationresulting from changes in age structure resulting from changes in age structure (response to harvesting) and afforestation.(response to harvesting) and afforestation.

DeliverableDeliverable: an internet-based forest carbon simulator: an internet-based forest carbon simulatorwith data base.with data base.

CARBO-AGECARBO-AGE

WorkpackageWorkpackage 6: Communication with media and 6: Communication with media and policy-makerspolicy-makers

Periodic Briefing Notes to media and stakeholdersPeriodic Briefing Notes to media and stakeholdersMeetings and workshops on carbon budgetsMeetings and workshops on carbon budgetsTraining courses for consultancy companies Training courses for consultancy companies and other stakeholdersand other stakeholders

New Accompanying Measure:New Accompanying Measure:CARBOEUROPE:CARBOEUROPE:Coordination and dissemination Coordination and dissemination of carbon research in light of the of carbon research in light of the implementation of the Kyoto implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in Europe.Protocol in Europe.

CARBO-AGECARBO-AGE

Major results since March Major results since March 20002000

• Created research facilities at all sites Created research facilities at all sites (eddy flux towers, automatic soil CO(eddy flux towers, automatic soil CO22 efflux system, met stations)efflux system, met stations)

• Characterised the sites (soil profiles, Characterised the sites (soil profiles, ground vegetation, forest history and ground vegetation, forest history and management)management)

• Basic stand measurements (diameter, Basic stand measurements (diameter, height, density, leaf area index)height, density, leaf area index)

• First-year resultsFirst-year results

(Hyytiala, (Hyytiala, Finland)Finland)

Diurnal courses of CODiurnal courses of CO22 exchange in clearfells and exchange in clearfells and

mature standsmature stands

(Harwood, (Harwood, UK)UK)

Daily averages of CODaily averages of CO22 flux from the clearfell flux from the clearfell

at Bilos (France)at Bilos (France)

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

avr-00 juin-00 juil-00 août-00 sept-00 oct-00 nov-00 déc-00 janv-01

Date

Fc

(m

ol

m-2

s-1

)

Carbon and water fluxes in the stands of age 1 and 9 (after Carbon and water fluxes in the stands of age 1 and 9 (after coppicing) at Rocca (Italy) (27 September – 26 October coppicing) at Rocca (Italy) (27 September – 26 October 2000).2000).____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Age 1Age 1 Age 9Age 9____________________________________________________________________________________________________H (diurnal time), W mH (diurnal time), W m-2-2 56.756.7 5656E (diurnal time), W mE (diurnal time), W m-2-2 47.347.3 59.759.7FFCC (diurnal time), mmol m (diurnal time), mmol m-2 -2 ss-1-1 -0.33-0.33 -4.58-4.58FFCC (daily integrated), g C m (daily integrated), g C m-2 -2 dayday-1-1 1.541.54 -1.53-1.53

CaCan wen we close the budget?close the budget?

AGAG

AG

BG

RhRr

Rw

Rf

NEE

DAG

Pf

Ar

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Dex