Cambridge University Press978-1-107-09558-8 — The Cambridge Social History of Modern IrelandEdited by Eugenio F. Biagini , Mary E. Daly FrontmatterMore Information

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The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland

Covering three centuries of unprecedented demographic and economic changes, this text-

book is an authoritative and comprehensive view of the shaping of Irish society at home

and abroad from the famine of 1740 to the present day. he irst major work on the history

of modern Ireland to adopt a social history perspective, it focuses on the experiences and

agency of Irish men, women and children, Catholics and Protestants, in the north, south

and the diaspora. An international team of leading scholars surveys key changes in popu-

lation, the economy, occupations, property ownership, class and migration as well as con-

sidering the interaction of the individual and the state through welfare, education, crime

and policing. Drawing on a wide range of disciplinary approaches and consistently setting

Irish developments in a wider European and global context, this is an invaluable resource

for courses on modern Irish history and Irish studies.

eugenio f. biagini is Fellow of Sidney Sussex College Cambridge and Professor of Modern and Contemporary History, University of Cambridge.

mary e. daly is President of the Royal Irish Academy and Professor Emerita of Modern History, University College Dublin.

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-09558-8 — The Cambridge Social History of Modern IrelandEdited by Eugenio F. Biagini , Mary E. Daly FrontmatterMore Information

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The Cambridge Social History of

Modern Ireland

EDITED BY

Eugenio F. Biagini University of Cambridge

and

Mary E. Daly University College Dublin

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-09558-8 — The Cambridge Social History of Modern IrelandEdited by Eugenio F. Biagini , Mary E. Daly FrontmatterMore Information

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Biagini, Eugenio F., editor of compilation. | Daly, Mary E., editor of compilation.Title: he Cambridge social history of modern Ireland / [edited by] Eugenio Biagini (University of Cambridge), Mary Daly (University College Dublin).Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2017.Identiiers: LCCN 2016049339| ISBN 9781107095588 (hardback) | ISBN 9781107479401 (paperback)Subjects: LCSH: Ireland – Social conditions. | Ireland – Economic conditions. | Ireland – Population – History. | Social change – Ireland – History.Classiication: LCC HN400.3.A8 C35 2017 | DDC 306.09415–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016049339

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Contents

List of Figures viii List of Maps x

List of Tables xi List of Contributors xii

Editors’ Introduction 1

PART I Geography, Occupations and Social Classes 5

1. Irish Demography since 1740 7

john fitzgerald

2. Occupation, Poverty and Social Class in pre-Famine Ireland, 1740–1850 25

peter m. solar

3. Famines and Famine Relief, 1740–2000 38

mary e. daly

4. Languages and Identities 53

gearóid ó tuathaigh

5. Catholic Ireland, 1740–2016 68

colin barr and daithí ó corráin

6. Protestants 88

andrew r. holmes and eugenio f. biagini

7. Town and City 112

david dickson

8. The Farmers since 1850 129

paul rouse

9. The Irish Working Class and the Role of the State, 1850–2016 145

henry patterson

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vi • c on t e n t s

10. The Big House 161

terence dooley

11. The Changing Role of the Middle Classes in Twentieth-Century Ireland 177

joseph ruane and jennifer todd

PART II People, Culture and Communities 193

12. Consumption and Living Conditions, 1750–2016 195

andy bielenberg and john o’hagan

13. Housing in Ireland, 1740–2016 212

ellen rowley

14. Food in Ireland since 1740 233

juliana adelman

15. Literacy and Education 244

ciaran o’neill

16. Health and Welfare, 1750–2000 261

catherine cox

17. Old Age, Death and Mourning 282

patricia lysaght

18. Celebrations and the Rituals of Life 297

diarmuid ó giolláin

19. Gender Roles in Ireland since 1740 312

lindsey earner-byrne and diane urquhart

20. Childhood since 1740 327

sarah-anne buckley and susannah riordan

21. Marriage, Sexuality and the Law in Ireland 344

maria luddy

22. Crime and Punishment 363

mark finnane and ian o’donnell

23. Associational Life, Leisure and Identity since 1740 383

william murphy

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c on t e n t s • vii

PART III Emigration, Immigration and the Wider Irish World 403

24. Irish Emigrations in a Comparative Perspective 405

kevin kenny

25. The Diaspora in Comparative and Multi-generational Perspective 423

bronwen walter

26. Minorities 439

eugenio f. biagini

27. Political Violence and the Irish Diaspora 459

caoimhe nic dháibhéid

28. The Irish in Australia and New Zealand 478

angela mccarthy

29. Irish America 497

timothy meagher

30. The Irish in Britain 515

roger swift and sean campbell

31. Missionary Empires and the Worlds They Made 534

sarah roddy

32. Cultural Transmission, Irish Associational Culture and the

‘Marching’ Tradition 551

d. a. j. macpherson

33. Migration and Integration since 1991 566

irial glynn

Epilogue: Remembering and Forgetting in Modern Irish History 586

guy beiner and eunan o’halpin

Appendix: Mapping Ireland’s Changing Demography, 1834–2002 604

niall cunningham and ian gregory

Index 621

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1.1 Irish population, 1700–2014 12

1.2 Survival rates of birth cohorts, Republic of Ireland, nineteenth century 13

1.3 Survival rates of birth cohorts, Northern Ireland, nineteenth century 13

1.4 Survival rates of birth cohorts, Republic of Ireland, twentieth century 14

1.5 Birth rate, per thousand 18

3.1 Ruins of famine village, Achill Head, by Robert French (1841–1917) 49

5.1 Archbishop Byrne blessing the foundation stone of an extension

of the Whitefriar Street School 76

5.2 Priest speaking to farmer by gate, n.d. but c . 1910 79

5.3 Industrial tribute to Our Lady in Tonge & Taggart factory,

Dublin, c. 1954 81

6.1 Methodist open air meeting, c. 1885 95

6.2 William Young, Methodist colporteur, Co. Cork 96

6.3 Shooting party, Clonbrook House, end of the nineteenth century 98

6.4 Peter Doherty, colporteur in Skibbereen, and a couple interested

in acquiring New Testaments and Methodist tracts 99

6.5 Rossnowlagh Parade, Co. Sligo, 2013 102

6.6 Eamon De Valera at the opening of a Protestant school in

Booterstown, 1957 104

7.1 Belfast, view from the air, 1939 125

8.1 Farmer with three donkeys 130

8.2 ‘Donegal natives’ 131

9.1 ‘Pig strike’, Waterford, 1901 146

9.2 York Street Mill, Belfast, girls ornamenting white linen goods 150

10.1 h e magnii cent dining hall at Glin Castle, Co. Limerick 163

10.2 Derrylahan House, Co. Of aly (then King’s County), burned

in July 1921 by the IRA 167

10.3 Tudenham, Co. Westmeath, a spectacular Irish country house ruin 169

10.4 Enniscoe House, Crossmolina, Co. Mayo 175

13.1 Roadside cottage, Glencolumbkill, Co. Donegal, nineteenth century 214

13.2 Flat interior, Iveagh Trust housing, Bull Alley, 1899–1906 218

1.1 Irish population, 1700–2014 12

Figures

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l i s t of f igu r e s • ix

13.3 Tenement room interior, darkest Dublin, 1913 221

13.4 Street view of Dublin Artisan Dwelling Company estate,

Stoneybatter, Dublin, 1901–8 222

13.5 Marrowbone Lane lat scheme, Dublin, 1938–41 225

13.6 Protest against evictions, York Street, Dublin, 1964 227

13.7 Speculative apartment building, Dublin City centre, 1990s 229

13.8 Ghost estate housing, Co. Tipperary 231

15.1 Sunday school, 1899 246

15.2 Irish-speaking children, girls’ school, Connemara 247

16.1 Disinfectors at work 269

16.2 Dublin sanitary oicers, late nineteenth century 270

16.3 Destroy House Flies poster 275

19.1 Carding and wool spinning in Donegal 315

22.1 Unlawful killing: infanticide and other homicide rates, 1841–1901 366

22.2 David O’Shea ater his arrest for the murder of Ellen O’Sullivan,

13 June 1931 368

22.3 Royal Irish Constabulary, 1897 369

23.1 Waterford Bicycle Club, 1901 391

23.2 Boy Scouts and children parading, Strabane, 1911 397

24.1 Emigrants leaving Queenstown for New York, 1874 411

24.2 Emigrants on board he Empress of Britain, en route

to North America, late nineteenth century 413

24.3 New York City’s ‘Orange and Green’ riot of 12 July 1871 418

24.4 Portrait of the radical newspaper editor, Patrick Ford 421

26.1 Jewish wedding group, Waterford, 1901 444

26.2 Scout group, Adelaide Road synagogue, 1959 446

26.3 Travellers at caravan doorway, Buttevant, Co. Cork, 1954 451

28.1 Women’s, men’s and junior lodges at an Orange parade in

Christchurch, New Zealand, 1950s 488

28.2 Bridget N., ‘an Irish woman by birth, which may

account for her quick temper’ 493

33.1 Asylum applications in Ireland, 1992–2014 569

33.2 New work permits issued in Ireland, 1999–2014 571

33.3 Immigrants in Ireland by nationality, 2011 573

33.4 Immigration to Ireland, 1991–2014 574

33.5 Percentage of labour market unemployed by nationality, 2006–14 581

33.6 Emigration by nationality, 2009–14 583

34.1 Ancient Order of Hibernians Pipe Band, c. 1930 592

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i County map of Ireland xiv

1 Ireland’s administrative units: counties and provinces 604

2 Ireland’s administrative units: baronies 605

3 Ireland’s administrative units: urban and rural districts 606

4 Catholic, Church of Ireland and Presbyterian populations, 1834 607

5 Catholic, Church of Ireland and Presbyterian populations, 1861–1911 608

6 Illiteracy in English, 1841–61 609

7 Catholic, Church of Ireland and Presbyterian population, barony level, 1861 610

8 Female and male emigration, county level, 1881 611

9 Catholic, Church of Ireland and Presbyterian population, urban and rural

district level, 1911 612

10 Religion in 1926 613

11 Religion, census years, 1911–2001 614

12 Population employed in agriculture, 1926–2002 615

13 Population employed in manufacturing, 1926–2002 616

14 Catholics as a percentage of the population at urban and rural district level, 2001 617

15 Gastner-Newman population density cartograms, 1911–2002 618

16 Population change at urban and rural district level, 1911–61 and 1961–2001/2 619

17 Population change at urban and rural district level, 1911–2001/2 620

Maps

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1.1 Estimate of population in the eighteenth century 9

1.2 Derivation of excess deaths due to the Great Famine 11

1.3 Life expectancy at birth (years) 15

1.4 Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 births) 16

1.5 Maternal death rates (per 100,000 births) 17

1.6 Republic of Ireland – fertility behaviour 20

1.7 Northern Ireland – fertility behaviour 22

1.8 Net emigration (thousands) 23

2.1 European urbanisation, 1700–1850 (share of total population) 26

4.1 Irish-speaking population, 1851–1901 59

22.1 Rates of recorded crime in Free State/Republic of Ireland 377

22.2 Imprisonment in Free State/Republic of Ireland 378

28.1 Irish-born (including those from Northern Ireland)

in Australia as percentage of total population and

non-Australian born population, 1891–1981 479

28.2 Irish-born in Australia, 1947–71 480

28.3 Irish-born (including those from Northern Ireland) in

New Zealand as percentage of total population and non-New

Zealand born population, 1858–1971 481

28.4 Irish-born in New Zealand, 1936–71 481

28.5 Comparisons between the Orange Order and Hibernians 489

1.1 Estimate of population in the eighteenth century 9

Tables

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Juliana Adelman, Lecturer in History, Dublin City University

Colin Barr, Senior Lecturer in Modern British, Irish and British Imperial History,

University of Aberdeen

Guy Beiner, Lecturer in Modern History, Ben Gurion University of the Negev

Eugenio F. Biagini, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History in the University

of Cambridge and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College Cambridge

Andy Bielenberg, Senior Lecturer in History, University College Cork

Sarah-Anne Buckley, Lecturer in History, National University of Ireland Galway

Sean Campbell, Reader in Media and Culture, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge

Catherine Cox, Lecturer in History, University College Dublin

Niall Cunningham, Lecturer in Human Geography, Durham University

Mary E. Daly, Professor Emerita of Modern History at University College Dublin and

President of the Royal Irish Academy

David Dickson, Professor of Modern History at the Centre for Irish, Scottish and

Comparative Studies of Trinity College Dublin

Terence Dooley, Professor of Modern History, Maynooth University, National

University of Ireland

Lindsey Earner-Byrne, Lecturer in History, University College Dublin

Mark Finnane, Professor of History, Grii th University

John FitzGerald, Adjunct Professor in Economics, Trinity College Dublin, formerly

Research Professor, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin

Irial Glynn, Lecturer in Modern History, Universiteit Leiden

Ian Gregory, Professor of Digital Humanities, Lancaster University

Andrew Holmes, Lecturer in Modern Irish History, Queen’s University Belfast

Kevin Kenny, Professor of Modern History, Boston College

Maria Luddy, Professor of Modern Irish History, University of Warwick

Patricia Lysaght, Professor Emerita in Irish Folklore, University College Dublin

Angela McCarthy, Professor of Scottish and Irish History and Associate Director of

the Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies, University of Otago

D. A. J. MacPherson, Lecturer in History, University of the Highlands and Islands

Tim Meagher, Associate Professor of Modern History and University Archivist,

Catholic University of America in Washington

Contributors

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l i s t of c on t r i bu t or s • xiii

William Murphy, Lecturer in the School of History and Geography, Dublin City

University

Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid, Senior Lecturer in Modern History, Sheield University

Daithí Ó Corráin, Lecturer in Modern Irish History, Dublin City University

Ian O’Donnell, Professor of Criminology, University College Dublin

Diarmuid Ó Giolláin, Professor of Irish Language and Literature, Concurrent

Professor of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame

John O’Hagan, Professor of Economics, Trinity College Dublin

Eunan O’Halpin, Bank of Ireland Professor of Contemporary History, Trinity College

Dublin

Ciaran O’Neill, Ussher Assistant Professor in Nineteenth-Century History, Trinity

College Dublin

Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh, Professor Emeritus in History, National University of Ireland

Galway

Henry Patterson, Emeritus Professor of Irish Politics, University of Ulster

Susannah Riordan, Lecturer in History, University College Dublin

Sarah Roddy, Lecturer in Modern Irish History, University of Manchester

Ellen Rowley, School of Architecture, University College Dublin and Tenement

Museum Dublin Project, Dublin City Council

Joseph Ruane, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University College Cork

Paul Rouse, Lecturer in History, University College Dublin

Peter Solar, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Vesalius College, Brussels

Roger Swit, Emeritus Professor of Victorian Studies, University of Chester

Jennifer Todd, Professor of Politics, University College Dublin

Diane Urquhart, Reader in Modern Irish History, Institute of Irish Studies, University

of Liverpool

Bronwen Walter, Professor Emerita of Irish Diaspora Studies, Anglia Ruskin

University, Cambridge

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County map of Ireland