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The Brain: Our Three Pound Universe
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Transcript of The Brain: Our Three Pound Universe
The Brain: Our Three Pound Universe
The Biological Basis of Behavior: Unit II I. The Three Brains A.
Hindbrain part of the brain at the rear base of the skull, involved
in the basic processes of life 1. Oldest part 2. Responsible for
automatic and survival functions 3. Three parts Medulla Pons
Cerebellum B. Midbrain small part of the brain above the pons that
relays sensoryinformation upward (vision & hearing). Reticular
activating system C. Forebrain the most highly developed part of
the brain responsible for the most complex aspects of behavior and
mental life. 1. Covers the brains central core 2. 4 parts Thalamus
Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex Corpus callosum Temporal (side, behind
ears)
Brain Lobes (Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex in divided into
4 lobes.) Occipital (back) Temporal (side, behind ears) Wernickes
Area Brocas Area Parietal (top and rear) Frontal (behind forehead)
Limbic System Inner edge of cerebrum Learning and memory
Emotion
Hunger Sex aggression Major parts of the brain and their
functions
Forebrain Thalamus-relay station for sensory stimulation Relays
messages from sense organs to cortex for interpretation
Hypothalamus-vital functions, regulates body temp., storage of
nutrients, motivation,and emotion Hunger, thirst, sexual behavior,
caring for offspring, and aggression Cerebrum- 70% of brains weight
Receives sensory info. and transmits motor info. Cerebral
cortex-wrinkled surface, part that thinks Memory, language,
emotions, complex motor functions, perception, etc. Corpus
callosum-connects two brain hemispheres of cerebral cortex Major
parts of the brain and their functions (contd.)
Midbrain Reticular Activating System-stretches from hindbrain
through midbrain, to lower part of forebrain Coordinates basic
movements with sensory info. Attention Sleep Arousal (heart
rates/blood pressure) Alcohol lowers activity Major parts of the
brain and their functions (contd.)
Hindbrain Medulla-heart rate and breathing, blood pressure, vital
life functions Pons-coordinates left & right sides of body,
body movement, attention, sleep alertness, facial expressions
Cerebellum-balance and coordination, fine motor movements Affected
by alcohol (DUI test) Brain Lobes (sensory & motor areas)
Occipital (back) Primary visual area Temporal (side, behind ears)
Hearing/auditory area Wernickes Area Language function, puts
together sounds & sights Damage-difficulty understanding
written/spoken lang. Can speak quickly & easily but speech
often makes no sense Brocas Area Language function/speech
production Damage-can comprehend written/spoken lang. but
difficulty speaking Damage to areas causes aphasia Trouble
understanding, producing language Brain Lobes (condt.) Parietal
(top and rear)
Skin senses (integrates sensory systems) touch, temperature,
pressure Frontal (behind forehead) Motor skills, executive center
Problem solving, making plans & decisions, core of working
memory, speech, learning, thinking II. The Cerebral Hemispheres:
Left and Right
A. corpus callosum a connection of nerve bundles that carry
messages between our two brain hemispheres B. each hemisphere
controls the opposite side of the body C. laterization
specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres (L&R) for
particular functions
70% of lefties are left hemisphere dominant for language Left
Hem.-usually handles verbal processing, language, speech, reading,
& writing Right Hem.-usually handles nonverbal processing,
spatial, musical, and visual Primary sensory & motor areas are
symmetrical. III. Split Brain Patients Study
Split Brain Patients- those who due to severe epilepsy, have their
corpus callosum cut. Epilepsy-seizures due to neuron misfires that
can spread from hem. to hem. Roger Sperry-won Nobel Prize in
physiology/medicine. Testing the Divided Brain Accidents Phineas
Gage Story 3.5 ft. iron rod
Personality changed after the accident. What does this tell us?
That different parts of the brain control different aspects of who
we are. Damaged his frontal lobes Neuroimaging Techniques
1. Computerized axial tomography (CAT Scan) X-rays beam around the
head (3D view) Pinpoints injuries and brain deterioration 2.
Position Emission Topography (PET Scan)
Can see which areas of the brain are activated when performing
tasks A radioactive solution is injected into the body Shows
activity vs snapshot 3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Can see structures in detail, hard to see areas Magnetic fields and
radio waves More powerful than CAT scan, slice images
4.Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Measures electrical activity of brain using small electrodes pasted
to you scalp The rhymical patterns produced are brain waves Chapter
3 Main Points (quiz review)
Divisions of the Nervous System Parts/functions of neuron
Parts/functions of brain Endocrine glands and hormones
Heredity/genes/chromosomes Nature vs. Nurture