The Brain and Cranial Nerves. The Brain –Introduction –Development of brain Embryology...
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Transcript of The Brain and Cranial Nerves. The Brain –Introduction –Development of brain Embryology...
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The Brain and The Brain and Cranial NervesCranial Nerves
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The BrainThe Brain– IntroductionIntroduction– Development of brainDevelopment of brain
EmbryologyEmbryology
– Anatomy of brainAnatomy of brain Parts and functionsParts and functions
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The BrainThe Brain
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Introduction to the BrainIntroduction to the Brain– Weighs about 3 lbs. in adultsWeighs about 3 lbs. in adults– StructuresStructures
Divided into 3 general areasDivided into 3 general areas
– FunctionsFunctions Controls the bare necessities of lifeControls the bare necessities of life Location for primal drives and emotionsLocation for primal drives and emotions Intellectual thought, imagination, perception, Intellectual thought, imagination, perception,
interpretation, etc.interpretation, etc.
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Human DevelopmentHuman Development– First two weeks – neural tube forms First two weeks – neural tube forms – 44thth week - anterior end of the neural tube forms week - anterior end of the neural tube forms
thethe forebrainforebrain midbrainmidbrain hindbrainhindbrain
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Embryology – 3-4 WeeksEmbryology – 3-4 Weeks
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Embryology – 4 WeeksEmbryology – 4 Weeks
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Embryology – 5 WeeksEmbryology – 5 Weeks
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Embryology – 11 WeeksEmbryology – 11 Weeks
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A Child’s BrainA Child’s Brain
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Adult BrainAdult Brain– Forebrain Forebrain
CerebrumCerebrum Thalamus & hypothalamus Thalamus & hypothalamus
– Midbrain Midbrain – Hindbrain Hindbrain
Cerebellum & ponsCerebellum & pons Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
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Adult BrainAdult Brain
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Protections and CoveringsProtections and Coverings– Cranial bones – strong supportCranial bones – strong support– Cranial meninges – shock absorbersCranial meninges – shock absorbers
Dura mater Dura mater ArachnoidArachnoid Pia materPia mater
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The Cranial MeningesThe Cranial Meninges
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The Ventricles of the BrainThe Ventricles of the Brain– Hollow areas within the brainHollow areas within the brain
Connect to spinal canal and space around the brainConnect to spinal canal and space around the brain
– Cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain, Cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain, down through the ventricles, and into the spinal down through the ventricles, and into the spinal cord.cord.
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Ventricles of the BrainVentricles of the Brain
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Ventricles of the BrainVentricles of the Brain
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Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid– CompositionComposition
Clear, colorless, wateryClear, colorless, watery Contains proteins, glucose, urea, saltsContains proteins, glucose, urea, salts Contains white blood cellsContains white blood cells
– FunctionsFunctions ““Floats” the brainFloats” the brain Medium of transportMedium of transport
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Circulation of Circulation of Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid
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Problems Associated with Problems Associated with CSFCSF
– HydrocephalusHydrocephalus– MeningitisMeningitis– HeadachesHeadaches
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HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
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Blood-Brain BarrierBlood-Brain Barrier– A function of glial cells A function of glial cells
Secrete chemicals that maintain the BBBSecrete chemicals that maintain the BBB Absorb materials from bloodAbsorb materials from blood Extract materials from brainExtract materials from brain
– Cells of capillaries form tight junctionsCells of capillaries form tight junctions– Differential rates of passage of certain materialsDifferential rates of passage of certain materials
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Blood-Brain BarrierBlood-Brain Barrier
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The Parts of the The Parts of the BrainBrainForebrainForebrain
Cerebrum, Cerebrum, Hypothalamus, ThalamusHypothalamus, Thalamus
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Cerebrum – Gray & White Cerebrum – Gray & White MatterMatter
– Outer layer – cerebral cortexOuter layer – cerebral cortex Gray matterGray matter
– Inner portionInner portion White matterWhite matter Masses of gray matter – cerebral nucleiMasses of gray matter – cerebral nuclei
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Cerebrum – Gray & White Cerebrum – Gray & White MatterMatter
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Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex– Gyri are separated by grooves (sulci)Gyri are separated by grooves (sulci)
Fissures – deeper groovesFissures – deeper grooves
– Divided into cerebral hemispheresDivided into cerebral hemispheres
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Gyri & SulciGyri & Sulci
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Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex– Divided into lobesDivided into lobes– Well mappedWell mapped
Decision-making, planning, personalityDecision-making, planning, personality Primary motor cortexPrimary motor cortex Primary sensory cortexPrimary sensory cortex
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Cerebral LobesCerebral Lobes
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HomunculusHomunculus
Primary Motor Cortex Primary Sensory Cortex
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Cerebral NucleiCerebral Nuclei– Collections of cell bodies (gray matter)Collections of cell bodies (gray matter)– Mostly control the movement of skeletal Mostly control the movement of skeletal
musclesmuscles
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Cerebral NucleiCerebral Nuclei
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Limbic SystemLimbic System– Functional unit (not anatomical)Functional unit (not anatomical)– Emotional part of the brainEmotional part of the brain
Feelings of fear, loss, love, rage, etc.Feelings of fear, loss, love, rage, etc.
– Includes parts of several anatomical structuresIncludes parts of several anatomical structures CerebrumCerebrum HypothalamusHypothalamus ThalamusThalamus
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Limbic SystemLimbic System
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HypothalamusHypothalamus– Initiates primal drives Initiates primal drives
Hunger, thirst, sex, rage, etc. Hunger, thirst, sex, rage, etc. Controls autonomic nervous systemControls autonomic nervous system
– ““fight or flight” sympathetic response.fight or flight” sympathetic response.
– Controls pituitary gland (“master gland” of Controls pituitary gland (“master gland” of endocrine system)endocrine system) Infundibulum (“funnel”) funnels secretions to the Infundibulum (“funnel”) funnels secretions to the
pituitary glandpituitary gland
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HypothalamusHypothalamus– Location – under thalamusLocation – under thalamus– StructureStructure
Clusters of nerve cell bodiesClusters of nerve cell bodies– Autonomic centersAutonomic centers
InfundibulumInfundibulum
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HypothalamusHypothalamus
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ThalamusThalamus– Functions as a relay station between the body Functions as a relay station between the body
and the cerebral cortexand the cerebral cortex Inform us of our emotional stateInform us of our emotional state Relay information concerned with motor Relay information concerned with motor
requirements & actionsrequirements & actions Integrate visual and auditory reflexesIntegrate visual and auditory reflexes
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The ThalamusThe Thalamus
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ThalamusThalamus
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EpithalamusEpithalamus– LocationLocation
Above thalamusAbove thalamus
– Contains the pineal bodyContains the pineal body Secretes melatoninSecretes melatonin
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MidbrainMidbrain
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Midbrain Midbrain – Relay stationRelay station– Tracts of motor and sensory neuronsTracts of motor and sensory neurons– Contains nucleiContains nuclei
Substantia nigra secretes dopamineSubstantia nigra secretes dopamine– Modifies muscle tone & motor activityModifies muscle tone & motor activity– Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease
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MidbrainMidbrain
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HindbrainHindbrainCerebellum, Pons, & Cerebellum, Pons, & Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata
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CerebellumCerebellum– 22ndnd largest structure of the brain largest structure of the brain– Divided into 2 lateral hemispheresDivided into 2 lateral hemispheres– Cortex – gyri & sulciCortex – gyri & sulci
Gray matterGray matter
– InteriorInterior White matterWhite matter
– Cerebellar nuclei – deep within white matter Cerebellar nuclei – deep within white matter Gray matterGray matter
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CerebellumCerebellum– Functions – controls subconscious movements Functions – controls subconscious movements
in skeletal musclein skeletal muscle CoordinationCoordination PosturePosture BalanceBalance
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Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla OblongataOblongata
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PonsPons– Pons = “bridge”Pons = “bridge”
Connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of Connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain with each otherthe brain with each other
Consists mostly of white fibersConsists mostly of white fibers
– FunctionsFunctions Controls respiration rate (with medulla)Controls respiration rate (with medulla)
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Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata– Continuation of spinal cordContinuation of spinal cord– FunctionsFunctions
Maintains wakefulness and alertnessMaintains wakefulness and alertness Contains reflex centersContains reflex centers
– Cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory rythmicity Cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory rythmicity centercenter
– Other nonvital centers Other nonvital centers
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Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata
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Cranial NervesCranial Nerves
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Introduction to Cranial Introduction to Cranial NervesNerves
– 12 pairs12 pairs– Leave the skull through foraminaLeave the skull through foramina– TypesTypes
MixedMixed SensorySensory MotorMotor
– Part of the somatic nervous systemPart of the somatic nervous system– Innervate organs in head, neck and upper Innervate organs in head, neck and upper
thoraxthorax
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The Cranial NervesThe Cranial Nerves