The Human Brain

Brain center of our body massive soft spongy mottled nervous pinkish-gray (in color)

Cerebral Cortex or the new brain differentiates man from lower forms of animals. human intellect behavior and thoughts

Parts , Areas and Roles of the Human Brain

Cerebrum sensing thinking learning emotion consciousness voluntary movement

Corpus Callosum bridge of fibers passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Thalamus relay center for cortex distributes incoming/outgoing impulses

Hypothalamus responsible for regulating basic biological needs hunger thirst temperature control etc.

Hippocampus part of the Limbic System learning memory

Pituitary Gland Master Gland regulates endocrine glands/system

Amygdala part of the Limbic System emotion and aggression

Midbrain divides hindbrain and forebrain sensory motor auditory vision

Pons bridge between lower and higher level of the nervous system. sleep and arousal state

Medulla or Oblongata regulating the largely unconscious functions breathing heartbeat blood circulation

Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating System/Center) group of fibers that carry stimulation related to sleep and arousal state via brain stem.

Cerebellum fine muscle movement and balance

Brainstem body coordination and/or movement

Spinal Cord transmitts information between brain and rest of body handles simple reflexes.

Layers of the Brain

Cental Core old brain common to all vertebrates controls basic functions breathing eating sleeping Old brain because its evolutionary underpinnings can be structures in nonhuman species. includes brain stem, medulla oblongata. a narrow structure that controls breathing heartbeat blood circulation upright position major nerve tracts coming up from the spinal cord passes through: right side(brain) left side(body) left side(brain) right side(body) Cerebellum is attached to the rear of the brainstem, slightly above the medulla oblongata, is a convulated shape.

Limbic System is the middle layer of the brain. It is from closely interconnected with the amygdale, hippocampus, hypothalamus ect. It involves in emotion, drive, motivation and memory. It controls some of the instinctive activities that regulated by the hypothalamus. feeding attacking fleeing from danger and mating They seem to allow humans to suppress instinctive responses. make individuals better able to adapt their behavior flexibility in response to the changing environment.

Three central interconnected cerebral structures

Amygdala plays an important role in emotion, anger and aggression. Stimulation of the amygdala commonly results in fear. rapid palpitations fearful hallucination frightening flashbacks in memory two other effects of lesions to the amygdala visual agnosia inability to recognize objects hypersexuality Septum is involved in anger and fear.

Hippocampus plays an essential role in memory formation can recall existing memories but unable to form new ones. New informations such as situations, people and places remain forever new. Korsakoffs Syndrome (loss of memory function). This loss is believed to be associated with deterioration of the hippocampus. This syndrome can result from excessive alcohol use. disruption in the hippocampus appears to result in deficits in declarative memory.

Reticular Activating System (RAS) also extends into ther hindbrain. Both RAS and the thalamus are essential to have an awareness or control over existence. brain stem connects the forebrain to the spinal cord. comprises the hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain and hindbrain. Periaqueductal gray (PAG) is in the brain stem. This region is the key for certain kinds of adaptative behaviors.

Cerebrum is the topmost layer of the brain and the bulbous cap covering the limbic system almost accounted for 2/3 of the total mass of the human brain, is the reason that differentiates man from lower animals. highly developed in human beings is the seat of higher cognitive functioning. cerebral cortex outer layer (latin for bark or shell) Grey matter brain appears gray because it has a huge of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers. composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites and an internal white core composed of axons that connects areas of the 2 hemispheres and other parts of the brain. two nearly symmetrical halves cerebral hemisphere, each mediate different cognitive and emotional activities divided into right and left hemisphere. cerebral cortex has a series of depressions and ridges describing as convolutions of the brain. convolutions accelerate the portion of the brain, thereby forming it possible for the brain to maintain billions of neurons. the cortex of each hemisphere looks like a groove, central fissure/sulcus or fissure of Rolando divides vertically the cortex in each hemisphere. lateral fissure or fissure of Sylvius divides horizontally the cortex in each hemisphere. fissures hold trillions of neurons

Lobes of the Brain

Frontal Lobe located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning , motor skills, higher level cognition and expressive language. at the back of it, near the central sulcus, lies the motor cortex recieves information from various lobes and utilizes this information to carry out movements. damage to the frontal lobe can lead to changes in sexual habits, socialization and attention as well as increased risk-taking.

Parietal Lobe located in the middle section of the brain and is associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. is essential to the processing of the bodys senses. damage to the parietal lobe can result in problems with verbal memory, an impaired ability to control eye gaze and problems with language.

Temporal Lobe located to the bottom section of the brain. the location of the primary auditory cortex which is important for interpreting sounds and language we hear. hippocampus is also located in this lobe, which is why this portion of the brain is also heavily associated with the formation of memories. damage to the temporal lobe can lead to problems with memory, speech perception and language skills.

Occipital Lobe located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. primary visual cortex, which receives and interprets information from the retinas if the eyes, is located in it. damage to this lobe can cause visual problems such as difficulty recognizing objects, an inability to identify colors and trouble recognizing words.

tine , pakigamit na lang ng mga photos na to. kung saan cla nakalagay na topic dun mo din cla isama sa slide. salamat , i love you