Bolter y Grusin. inmediatez, hipermeditación, remeditación.pdf
The Bolter (1904), Charles M. Russell.
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Transcript of The Bolter (1904), Charles M. Russell.
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The Bolter (1904), Charles M. Russell.
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Growth in the West,1860–1900
Miners, ranchers, cowhands, and farmers help settle the West and conflict with Native Americans.
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
Native Americans Fight to Survive
Life in the West
Farming and Populism
Growth in the West,1860–1900
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Miners, ranchers, and cowhands settle in the West seeking economic opportunities.
Section 1
Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
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Geography and Population of the West
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Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
• Frontier—unsettled, sparsely settled area, Native Americans occupy
1SECTION
• Despite Native American occupants, U.S. claims ownership, Great Plains
• Few whites settle in Great Plains, follow miners into California
• Great Plains—region from Missouri River to the Rockies
• Trains carry natural resources of the West to the East
• Bring white settlers to West, helps end Native American way of life
Map
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Mining in the West
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1SECTION
• Miners rush to gold, silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota
• Strikes draw people from Eastern, Western U.S., other parts of world
• Boomtowns—towns that have fast economic population growth
• Mining companies use equipment to dig deep, strip land
• Mining boom over by 1890s, many boomtowns become ghost towns
• Mining work dangerous, causes deadly cave-ins, lung problems
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1SECTION
• Before 1860, small cattle herds in West, ranchers sell cattle locally
• Cowhands take cattle drives—long drives—to cow towns along railways
• Ranchers, livestock dealers make large profits
The Rise of the Cattle Industry
• Follow specific trails, first is Chisholm Trail—San Antonio to Abilene
• Railroads make transport of cattle to Eastern cities possible
Map
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Vaqueros and Cowhands
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1SECTION
• First cowhands, or vaqueros (Spanish word), come from Mexico
• Help Spanish, Mexican ranchers, teach American cowhands to rope, ride
• Many cowhands are former soldiers, Mexicans, African Americans
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The “Wild West”
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1SECTION
• Cow towns have no local government, law officers
• Some women become outlaws, Belle Starr, horse thief
• Some Union, Confederate veterans bitter about war, become outlaws
• Have gambling, “con men” are common
• Vigilantes—people who take law into their own hands
• Try to protect citizens, catch criminals, punish them without trial
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End of the Long Drives
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1SECTION
• Cattle industry booms for about 20 years
• By 1886, several developments bring boom to an end:- price of beef drops sharply- farmers, sheep herders use barbed wire, end
open range- many cattle die in harsh winter of 1886–1887
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The Native Americans of the Great Plains fight to maintain their way of life assettlers pour onto their lands.
Section 2
Native Americans Fight to Survive
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Native American Life on the Plains
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2SECTION
• Before Europeans arrive, Plains tribes live in villages along rivers
• Plains tribes use buffalo for food, use skins for shelter, clothing
• Hunters ride far from their village seeking buffalo
Native Americans Fight to Survive
• Learn to ride horses brought by Spanish (early 1540s)
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A Clash of Cultures
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• U.S. government promises huge area in West for Native Americans
• First Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851):- many but not all Plains tribes sign- allow U.S. government to buy back some Native
American land- sets boundaries for tribal lands
• White settlers pressure U.S. government for more land in West
Interactive
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Some Cheyenne, Sioux resist treaty, fight settlers, soldiers, miners
• Second Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux (1868):- Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho sign- gives tribes land in Black Hills of South Dakota
• Plains tribes react, raid white settlements
• U.S. troops kill Cheyenne men, women, children—Sand Creek Massacre
continued A Clash of Cultures
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Battle of the Little Bighorn
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2SECTION
• Seeking gold, miners ignore Fort Laramie treaty, rush onto Sioux land
• Unite under Sioux chiefs; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse
• Many Sioux warriors flee reservation during winter of 1875–1876
• Tribal leaders reject government offer to buy back land
• Reservation—land set aside for Native AmericansImage
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• U.S. 7th cavalry sets out to return Sioux to reservation
• Custer, men wiped out, U.S. steps up military action against tribes
• Fights thousands of Sioux, Cheyenne at Battle of Little Bighorn
• Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer commands cavalry
• Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull’s followers surrender, return to reservation
continued Battle of the Little Bighorn
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Resistance in the Northwest and Southwest
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2SECTION
• U.S. government forces Nez Perce to sell land, move to Idaho
• Apache forced to settle on Arizona reservation, Geronimo refuses
• In Southwest, Navajo, Apache fight against being moved to reservations
• Chief Joseph refuses, leads followers toward Canada, caught, surrenders
• Navajo surrender to U.S. troops, take “Long Walk” to reservation
• Leads Apaches on raids of settlers’ homes, surrenders (1886), prison
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A Way of Life Ends
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2SECTION
• Plains tribes depend on dwindling buffalo for survival
• Wovoka’s vision quickly spreads among Plains peoples
• Some Plains tribes turn to Paiute prophet, Wovoka, for hope
• Hired hunters kill millions of buffalo for sport, railroads, factories
• Preaches whites will be removed, tribes will freely hunt buffalo
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Wovoka’s followers flee reservations, U.S. troops track them down
• U.S. troops massacre 300 Native Americans—Wounded Knee Massacre
• Wovoka’s followers start to surrender to troops, someone fires a shot
• Ends Native American armed resistance in the West
continued A Way of Life Ends
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The Dawes Act Fails
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2SECTION
• White reformers call for better treatment of Native Americans:- feel assimilation is only way for Native
Americans to survive• Dawes Act (1887):
- encourages Native Americans to reject traditions, become farmers
- divides reservations into plots of land- sends Native American children to schools, learn
white culture
•Dawes Act does little to help Native Americans
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Section 3
Life in the WestDiverse groups of people help to shape both the reality and the myth of the West.
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Women in the West
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3SECTION
• Homestead—piece of land and the house on it
• Some women run dance halls, boarding houses
• On a homestead, women rarely see neighbors, do cooking, first aid
Life in the West
• In most Western territories, women own property, control own money
• Women often work as teachers, servants, do sewing, laundry
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• Wyoming Territory gives women the vote (1869)
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The Rise of Western Cities
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3SECTION
• Railroad brings rapid growth to Denver, Omaha, Portland, other cities
• Denver quickly becomes capital of Colorado Territory (1867)
• Gold, silver strikes cause cities to grow rapidly in the West
Chart
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Mexicanos in the Southwest
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3SECTION
• Railroads spur increase of white settlers in Southwest (1880s, 1890s)
• Mexicanos—southwesterners of Spanish descent who come from Mexico
• For centuries, Southwest is home to Mexicanos
• Hispanic society survives only in New Mexico Territory
• Mexicanos lose economic, political power, land to white settlers
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The Myth of the Old West
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• Western myth continues with novels, plays, movies:- often show whites as heroes- usually show Native Americans as villains- ignore African Americans
• Sometimes hero was a real person, plots are fictitious, exaggerated
• “Dime novels” portray West as heroic place filled with adventures
• William “Buffalo Bill” Cody brings Wild West show to the world
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The Real West
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3SECTION
• African Americans serve in U.S. Army, known as “buffalo soldiers”
• Native Americans, African Americans help with cattle ranching
• First cowhands are Mexican vaqueros
• Chinese immigrants help greatly in building railroads
• Native American attacks often caused by broken treaties
• U.S. government contributes greatly to white settlement
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Section 4
Farming and PopulismA wave of farmers move to the Plains in the 1800s and face many economicproblems.
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U.S. Government Encourages Settlement
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4SECTION
• U.S. government passes Homestead Act (1862):- offers free land to anyone who will live on,
improve it for 5 years
• Many migrate to Kansas, call themselves Exodusters
• Reconstruction ends, African Americans face discrimination in South
Farming and Populism
• U.S. sells land to railroads, railroads resell much land to settlers
• Many Europeans immigrate to the West
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Life on the Farming Frontier
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4SECTION
• Farmers on the plains build homes out of blocks of sod
• Inventions like steel plow, reaper help farmers face challenges
• Farmers are called sodbusters, dig deep wells, face harsh weather
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The Problems of Farmers
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• As farmers grow more food, prices for crops drop (1870s)
• Form cooperatives—organizations owned, run by members:- buy grain elevators- sell crops directly to merchants- allow farmers to keep more profits
• Farmers form Grange—group meets social needs of farm families
• Farmers have to pay more for machinery, railroad rates
• U.S. states regulate freight rates, storage charges
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The Rise of Populism
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4SECTION
• Farm groups form Populist Party, or People’s Party (1890)
• Inflation would increase crop prices, help farmers pay back loans
• Opponents want U.S. to keep gold standard to keep prices down
• Gold standard—U.S. backs every dollar with certain amount of gold
• Populist presidential candidate loses but has a good showing (1892)
• Want U.S. to adopt free silver policy to increase inflation
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The Election of 1896
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• Nation suffers through depression, the Panic of 1893
• Populists back Democrat William Jennings Bryan for president
• Farmers in South, West vote overwhelmingly for Bryan
• Industrialists, bankers, business leaders vote for William McKinley
• Money issues matter more to voters
• McKinley wins presidential election by half million votes
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The Closing of the Frontier
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• Indian Territory, last remaining open land
• Indian Territory becomes Oklahoma Territory (1890), frontier ends
• Frederick Jackson Turner writes that end of frontier marks end of era
• Today many historians disagree, think U.S. remains land of opportunity
• Oklahoma land rush, settlers claim land that Native Americans once had
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