The Body’s Defenses Chapter 43. Nonspecific Defenses Animals need way to protect against disease....
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Transcript of The Body’s Defenses Chapter 43. Nonspecific Defenses Animals need way to protect against disease....
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The Body’s Defenses
Chapter 43
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Nonspecific Defenses
• Animals need way to protect against disease.
• 3 lines of defense; 2 nonspecific (don’t distinguish) 1 is specific.
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• 1st nonspecific disease - external (skin).
• 2nd internal (phagocytes)• 3rd immune system.• Microbe must get past 1st line
(mucous and skin) to get to 2nd line (inflammatory response).
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http://www.humanillnesses.com/images/hdc_0001_0001_0_img0010.jpg
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• Skin intact, act as barrier. Little bit of opening can allow pathogens to enter.
• All mucous membranes act as barriers.
• Mucous membranes secrete enzymes to fight off intruders.
• Cilia in respiratory tract help move trapped organisms out of system up trachea.
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http://pediatrics.med.unc.edu/div/infectdi/pcd/images/cilia.jpg
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• Tears contain lysozyme - enzyme that digests peptidoglycan cell walls of some bacteria.
• Acid in stomach acts as protection.
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http://www.xenophilia.com/zb/zb0017/acidreflux.jpg
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• If microbe gets past defenses, moves to 2nd line of defense - depends on phagocytosis - ingestion of invading organisms by certain types of white cells.
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• Variety of proteins function in nonspecific defense by attacking microbes directly or impeding reproduction.
• Complement proteins - work together to create pore through bacterial membrane - causes cell to burst.
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• Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) WBCs that non-specifically seek out, ingest infectious invaders through phagocytosis.
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• Defense against infection - organisms that live in body.
• Microorganisms found in human body (digestive tract), like E. coli.
• Advantages to humans for having organisms in body.
• Compete with other infectious organisms for space.
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/Gram_Stain/Gram_stain_images/E._coli&yogurt_P1232898.JPG
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• Taking antibiotics kills bad bacteria, also kills bacteria found in body naturally.
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Specific immunity
• Body also has specific immune responses - occurs when body is invaded by specific organisms, uses B and T cells (white blood cells) to recognize and destroy foreign invaders.
• B and T cells - lymphocytes.
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http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/virology/WestNile/akira'2.jpg
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Self from non-self
• B and T cells tested to see if self-destruct while still developing.
• Potential problems removed leaving those who react to foreign invaders, not themselves.
• Prevents body from attacking itself and only attack foreign invaders.
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• Lymphocytes exhibit specificity - respond to specific antigens (foreign materials).
• B or T cell responds to specific antigen from pathogen.
• B cell response - humoral response; T cell - cellular response.
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• B cells respond to antigen by making antibodies - proteins (immunoglobulins) that recognize and bind to specific antigens.
• Antibodies relatively same in structure; 1 end - constant region, other end - variable region (part that differs)
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http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/antibody/graphics/antibody.gif
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• 5 different classes of antibodies that perform different immune functions.
• IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG, and IgD (determined by constant region).
• IgM 1st one expressed during infection; found on the surface of B cells (along with IgD).
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• IgG - largest class in body.• IgE - involved in allergic
reactions.• IgA secreted from body linings
like mucous membranes.
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• Antibodies must recognize huge range of potential antigens found in pathogens (bacteria, viruses) but not recognize proteins produced by organism.
• Antibodies - complex proteins assembled from multiple polypeptides joined by disulfide bridges between light and heavy chains.
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• Variable regions of antibodies bind antigens including portions of both light and heavy chains that fold together in complete antibody molecule.
• During development of B cell, immunoglobulin goes through specific recombination of genes; allows for limitless possible options; each B cell has unique expression.
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 43.15
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• Cells have same genomic information, not true in B cells.
• B cells that have immunoglobulins that recognize proteins produced by self are destroyed so that they won’t attack body.
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http://www.aecom.yu.edu/aif/gallery/sem/b-cell-buds-virus_c2005AECO.gif
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• Bacterial infection occurs, B cells that bind to bacterial antigens will replicate - produce 2 types of B cells: plasma cells and memory cells.
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http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/histo/images/p27c.jpg
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• Plasma cells - antibody production factories which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies into blood until after they die.
• Antibody cleared after couple of days.
• Short lived but powerful responses.
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http://gsm.utmck.edu/amyloid/images/plasmacells.jpg
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• Memory cells do not express antibodies, stay in circulation for years with immunoglobulin expression for that bacteria on surface.
• If same (or related) pathogen invades again, memory cells recognize it and provide rapid response, replicating and producing new plasma cells.
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• Memory cells responsible for effectiveness of vaccines.
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• T cells play different role in specific response - 2 different types of T cells.
• Cytotoxic T cells kill cells infected by pathogen that T cell recognizes.
• Helper T cells coordinate immune response of other cells against specific antigens.
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• T cells produce wide range of proteins with antigen specificity - not secreted.
• Expressed by T cell receptors found in membrane of T cells.
• Recognizes antigen on surface of other cells in specific context, not antigens in solution.
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http://www.haverford.edu/biology/Punt/T%20cells%20in%20blood.jpg
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• Antigen stimulation - T cell receptor must be presented to cell as part of complex of proteins - major histocompatibility complex (MPH) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA) - found in plasma membrane of cells.
• 2 types of MHC involved in T cell response, MHC Class I and MHC Class II.
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 43.9
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• MHC I present on surface of all cells; MHC II a present on immune cells (macrophages, B cells, T cells).
• MHC present antigen from inside cell at cell surface - T cells can recognize it.
• T cell receptor of cytotoxic T cell must recognize antigen presented in MHC I on surface of infected cell.
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• If this happens, cytotoxic T cell will replicate.
• Future interactions of cytotoxic T cells with infected cell will cause cytotoxic T cell to kill infected cell.
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• T cells involved in response of B cells to antigen.
• Helper T cells needed for B cells to respond to antigen.
• Macrophages will digest antigen and present it in MHC Class II at cell surface.
• Helper T cells with T cell receptors that recognize antigen will be stimulated.
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• Replicate and stimulate B cells that respond to antigen to replicated into plasma cells.
• Many cytokines (proteins or peptides that stimulate other lymphocytes) secreted by helper T cells to communicate with other cells to coordinate immune system.
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• MHC variable in humans and need to match between donor and recipient in an organ transplant.
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• Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is responsible for stimulating rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants.
• Minimize rejection, attempts are made to match MCH of tissue donor and recipient as closely as possible.
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• Prior to transplant, recipient is typically treated with irradiation to eliminate recipient’s immune system, leaving little chance of graft rejection.
• Donated marrow, containing lymphocytes, may react against recipient, producing graft versus host reaction, unless well matched.
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• Person must still take drugs to help not reject transplant that leave them open to disease and cancers.
• Bone marrow transplants - graft itself, rather than host, source of potential immune rejection.
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Immunity in health and disease
• Active immunity (chicken pox) result of individual’s immune system already exposed to disease - can be acquired naturally or by vaccination.
• Vaccinated person who encounters actual pathogen will have same quick secondary response based on memory cells as person who had disease.
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• Immunity can be transferred passively.
• IgG antibodies passed via placenta, IgA antibodies passed in breastmilk.
• Passive immunity occurs when animal passes (through injection) their immunity to another.
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Abnormal immune function
• Abnormal immune function can result in anything from allergies to autoimmune disease.
• Allergies are abnormal reaction to allergens (environmental antigens).
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• Most common allergies - antibodies of IgE class.
• Hay fever occurs when plasma cells secrete IgE specific for pollen allergens.
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• Widespread, more dangerous -anaphylactic shock, life-threatening reaction to injected or ingested allergens.
• Anaphylactic shock results when widespread mast cell degranulation triggers dilation of peripheral blood vessels, causes precipitous drop in blood pressure.
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• Sometimes body loses tolerance for itself, starts attack on itself - causes autoimmune disease (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis)
• SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) - function of both humoral and cell-mediated immune defense compromised.
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AIDS
• 1981 - AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) became well-known.
• HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) - retrovirus that causes AIDS.
• Mortality for AIDS - 100% - one of the most lethal pathogens.
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• Once inside cell, HIV RNA reverse-transcribed - product DNA integrated into host genome.
• Significant loss in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
• Decline in helper T cells primarily caused by direct mortality from HIV infection.
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