The Bloody Facts

The Bloody FactsThe Bloody FactsA Presentation All About BloodA Presentation All About Blood

Brief Composition of BloodBrief Composition of Blood What is blood made up of?What is blood made up of? Adult human has about Adult human has about 4–6 liters 4–6 liters of blood.of blood.

Several types of cells floating in fluid called Several types of cells floating in fluid called plasmaplasma..

Red blood cellsRed blood cells contain contain hemoglobinhemoglobin, oxygen-, oxygen-binding protein. Red blood cells transport binding protein. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues.the body tissues.

The white blood cellsThe white blood cells fight infection. fight infection.

The plateletsThe platelets help blood to clot. help blood to clot.

The plasmaThe plasma contains salts and various kinds contains salts and various kinds of proteins.of proteins.

Blood Tissue SlideBlood Tissue Slide

Oxygen TransportOxygen Transport

Four globin chains (two alpha chains and two beta Four globin chains (two alpha chains and two beta chains) chains)

Each globin chain contains small, Each globin chain contains small, hemeheme group. In group. In center of each heme is an iron (Fe) atom. Black dots on center of each heme is an iron (Fe) atom. Black dots on

two beta chains (green and yellow) show location of two beta chains (green and yellow) show location of the HbS (sickle-cell) mutation.the HbS (sickle-cell) mutation.

Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia

Hemoglobin Mutants: Hemoglobin Mutants: Missense, Nonsense, and FrameshiftMissense, Nonsense, and Frameshift

Blood Groups, Typing, Blood Groups, Typing, TransfusionsTransfusions

Experiments with blood transfusions carried Experiments with blood transfusions carried out for hundreds of years and many patients out for hundreds of years and many patients died from died from blood poisoningblood poisoning..

In 1901, Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered In 1901, Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups.human blood groups.

Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction occurring was an immunological reaction occurring when the receiver has when the receiver has antibodiesantibodies against against the donor blood cells.the donor blood cells.

Landsteiner's work made it possible to Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood types and paved the way for determine blood types and paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. blood transfusions to be carried out safely.

For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.

Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.

Charles DrewCharles Drew born on June 3, 1904 in Washington, D.C.born on June 3, 1904 in Washington, D.C. He wrote a dissertation on "He wrote a dissertation on "Banked BloodBanked Blood" in which he " in which he

described a technique he developed for the long-term described a technique he developed for the long-term

preservation of blood plasma.preservation of blood plasma. Prior to his discovery, blood could not be stored for more than Prior to his discovery, blood could not be stored for more than

two days two days because of the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. because of the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Drew had discovered that by separating the Drew had discovered that by separating the plasmaplasma (the liquid part of (the liquid part of

blood) from theblood) from the whole blood whole blood (in which the red blood cells exist) and then (in which the red blood cells exist) and then refrigerating them separately, they could be combined up to a refrigerating them separately, they could be combined up to a weekweek later later for a blood transfusion. for a blood transfusion.

He also discovered that while everyone has a certain type of blood (A, B, He also discovered that while everyone has a certain type of blood (A, B, AB, or O) and thus are prevented from receiving a full blood transfusion AB, or O) and thus are prevented from receiving a full blood transfusion from someone with different blood, everyone has the from someone with different blood, everyone has the same type of same type of plasmaplasma. .

Thus, in certain cases where a whole blood transfusion is not necessary, it Thus, in certain cases where a whole blood transfusion is not necessary, it was sufficient to give a plasma transfusion which could be administered to was sufficient to give a plasma transfusion which could be administered to anyone, regardless of their blood type. (WOW!)anyone, regardless of their blood type. (WOW!)

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_drew.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_drew.html

Separation of Blood via Drew’s Separation of Blood via Drew’s processprocess

Drew became the first African-American to receive a Drew became the first African-American to receive a Doctor of Medical Science degree from Columbia Doctor of Medical Science degree from Columbia and was now gaining a reputation worldwide. and was now gaining a reputation worldwide.

As World War II was breaking out in Europe, Drew As World War II was breaking out in Europe, Drew was named the Supervisor of the Blood Transfusion was named the Supervisor of the Blood Transfusion Association for New York City and oversaw its efforts Association for New York City and oversaw its efforts towards providing plasma to the British Blood Bank. towards providing plasma to the British Blood Bank.

He was later named a project director for the He was later named a project director for the American Red Cross but soon resigned his post after American Red Cross but soon resigned his post after the United States War Department issued a the United States War Department issued a directive that blood taken from White donors should directive that blood taken from White donors should be segregated from that of Black donors.be segregated from that of Black donors.

Charles Drew died on April 1, 1950 in Burlington NC Charles Drew died on April 1, 1950 in Burlington NC when the automobile he was driving went out of when the automobile he was driving went out of control and turned over. Drew suffered extensive control and turned over. Drew suffered extensive massive injuries but contrary to popular legend was massive injuries but contrary to popular legend was not denied a blood transfusion by an all-White not denied a blood transfusion by an all-White hospital - he indeed received a transfusion but was hospital - he indeed received a transfusion but was beyond the help of the experienced physicians beyond the help of the experienced physicians attending to him. His family later wrote letters to attending to him. His family later wrote letters to those physicians thanking them for the care they those physicians thanking them for the care they provided.provided.

Over the years, Drew has been considered one of Over the years, Drew has been considered one of the most honored and respected figures in the the most honored and respected figures in the medical field and his development of medical field and his development of the blood the blood plasma bank plasma bank has given a second chance of live to has given a second chance of live to millions.millions.

“We love you, Charles Drew!”

“Charles Drew blood.”

What are Blood Types?What are Blood Types?Differences in human blood due to presence or absence of carbohydrate molecules called antigens and antibodies on the cell’s surface. Antigens located on surface of RBC and antibodies are in blood plasma.

A and B are co-dominant.O blood is recessive to A and B.Positive Blood is dominant to Negative.

Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules which are inherited

One allele from mother and one from the fatherLocated on Chromosome 9

ABO blood groupsABO blood groupsAB0 blood grouping systemAB0 blood grouping systemAccording to the AB0 blood typing system there According to the AB0 blood typing system there

are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null). or 0 (null).

Blood group ABlood group A

A antigens and anti-B antibodiesA antigens and anti-B antibodies Blood group BBlood group B

B antigens and anti-A antibodiesB antigens and anti-A antibodies Blood group ABBlood group AB

Both A and B antigens, neither anti-A nor anti-B Both A and B antigens, neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodiesantibodies

Blood group 0Blood group 0

Neither A nor B antigens, both anti-A and anti-B Neither A nor B antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodiesantibodies

Rh FactorRh Factor If people have the antigen they are called If people have the antigen they are called

Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-.

A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies). (as one can have A or B antibodies).

But a person with Rh- blood can But a person with Rh- blood can developdevelop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. production of Rh antibodies.

A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any from a person with Rh- blood without any problems. problems. – 85% of all people are Rh+85% of all people are Rh+– 15% of all people are Rh-15% of all people are Rh-

BLOOD PHENO-

TYPE

POSSIBLE GENOTYPES

ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES Reaction with

ANTI-A

(+ or -)*

Reaction with

ANTI-B

(+ or -)*

CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM?

CAN DONATE

BLOOD TO?

A

B

AB

O

BLOOD PHENO-

TYPE

POSSIBLE GENOTYPES


ANTI-A

(+ or -)*

Reaction with

ANTI-B

(+ or -)*


CAN DONATE

BLOOD TO?

A

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B

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BLOOD PHENO-

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ANTI-B

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A

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BLOOD PHENO-

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ANTI-B

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A

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ANTI-B

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BLOOD PHENO-

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Blood Blood TypingTyping

Take two drops of blood and treat them Take two drops of blood and treat them with antigen reagent.with antigen reagent.

Put Put anti-Aanti-A antibodies on one drop. antibodies on one drop.

Put Put anti-Banti-B antibodies on the second drop. antibodies on the second drop.

If first drop agglutinates, then the person If first drop agglutinates, then the person has the A antigen and likely has has the A antigen and likely has A blood A blood – If it does not then they could have B or If it does not then they could have B or

O blood.O blood.

If the second drop agglutinates, then the If the second drop agglutinates, then the person has the B antigen also thus AB person has the B antigen also thus AB bloodblood– If it did not clot for A and only B then If it did not clot for A and only B then

they have they have B bloodB blood..

If neither drop agglutinates, they have no If neither drop agglutinates, they have no antigens and thus antigens and thus O bloodO blood..

Why is agglutination bad?Why is agglutination bad?

What is happening when the blood clumps or What is happening when the blood clumps or agglutinates?agglutinates?

Agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels Agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes contain hemoglobin which becomes toxictoxic when outside the cell. This can have when outside the cell. This can have fatalfatal consequences for the patient.consequences for the patient.

Blood TransfusionsBlood Transfusions Blood transfusions – who can receive blood Blood transfusions – who can receive blood

fromfromwhom?whom?

People with blood group 0 are called "universal People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers." "universal receivers."

The transfusion will work if a person who is going to The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens.antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to receive blood has But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the red blood cells in the donated blooddonated blood will clump. will clump.

Who can give to whom?Who can give to whom?

Blood typing GameBlood typing Game

http://nobelprize.org/medicine/http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landsteiner/index.htmleducational/landsteiner/index.html

Frequencies of Blood TypesFrequencies of Blood Types

Are all blood types equal?Are all blood types equal? Some evidence that blood groups confer Some evidence that blood groups confer

protection or susceptibility to a wide range of protection or susceptibility to a wide range of human diseases. Groups A and AB are more human diseases. Groups A and AB are more susceptible to smallpox.susceptible to smallpox.

group A is associated with stomach cancer group A is associated with stomach cancer while group O has an increased likelihood of while group O has an increased likelihood of developing duodenal ulcers and more likely to developing duodenal ulcers and more likely to be killed by the plague but resistant to flukes be killed by the plague but resistant to flukes and worms.and worms.

Blood group A more adapted to agrarian diet.Blood group A more adapted to agrarian diet. Blood group B more adapted to high altitude; Blood group B more adapted to high altitude;

greater fertility in women.greater fertility in women.

Evolution?Evolution?

THE ABO STUDIES of the APESTHE ABO STUDIES of the APESChimpanzees Chimpanzees - have the blood types A and - have the blood types A and minimal O, but never B.minimal O, but never B.

GorillasGorillas - have the blood types B and minimal - have the blood types B and minimal O, but never A.O, but never A.

There is NO blood type AB in chimps or gorillas.There is NO blood type AB in chimps or gorillas.

But man has both A and B AND blood type AB But man has both A and B AND blood type AB as well as very much O.as well as very much O.

Blood Type Diet?Blood Type Diet? Eat Right For Your TypeEat Right For Your Type by Peter D’Adamo, ND, - people with by Peter D’Adamo, ND, - people with

different blood types respond differently to specific foods. different blood types respond differently to specific foods. Rooted in evolutionary theory – observation - different blood Rooted in evolutionary theory – observation - different blood

types emerged as environmental conditions and eating types emerged as environmental conditions and eating styles changed. styles changed.

Between 50,000 BC and 25,000 BC, all humans shared Blood Between 50,000 BC and 25,000 BC, all humans shared Blood Type O. (Skilled hunters who thrived on a meat-based diet). Type O. (Skilled hunters who thrived on a meat-based diet).

Type A blood type emerged between 25,000 BC and 15,000 Type A blood type emerged between 25,000 BC and 15,000 BC, an adaptation to more agrarian lifestyle. Climatic BC, an adaptation to more agrarian lifestyle. Climatic changes in Himalayan mountains led to appearance of Type changes in Himalayan mountains led to appearance of Type B; the blending of Type A and Type B blood types in modern B; the blending of Type A and Type B blood types in modern civilization resulted in appearance of the Type AB blood type.civilization resulted in appearance of the Type AB blood type.

Dr. D’Adamo believes that key to optimal health is to eat as Dr. D’Adamo believes that key to optimal health is to eat as our ancestors with the same blood type ate. D’Adamo our ancestors with the same blood type ate. D’Adamo recommends that people with Type O blood eat diet rich in recommends that people with Type O blood eat diet rich in meatmeat and people with Type A blood follow a grain-based, low-and people with Type A blood follow a grain-based, low-fat, vegetarian diet.fat, vegetarian diet.

BibliographyBibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood

http://health.howstuffworks.com/blood.htm

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Human_Bio/problem_sets/blood_types/Intro.html

http://www.dadamo.com/

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm

http://www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers%2Fimmunology%2Fans_034.html

The Bloody Facts

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