THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS Melissa Henriksen, PhD Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor Biological...
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Transcript of THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS Melissa Henriksen, PhD Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor Biological...
![Page 1: THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS Melissa Henriksen, PhD Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor Biological Sciences.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c317e1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS
Melissa Henriksen, PhD
Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor
Biological Sciences
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The Biology of All Cells
DNA mRNA Proteintranscription translation
5’cap
3’polyA tail
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Gene Expression
DNA mRNA Proteintranscription translation
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Different Cell Types
Same DNA Different Gene Expression
pancreatic bone neurons ES
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The Biology of Stem Cells
• Embryonic Stem Cells• The Concept of Potency• Adult Stem Cells• Advances in Stem Cell Science
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Human Embryogenesis
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Embryonic Stem Cells & IVF
Stem Cell Research
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Commitment in Embryogenesis
• Cell Commitment• Cells make “Decisions”• “Decisions” determine
cell’s fate• Thought to be irreversible
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The Blastocyst
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Culturing Embryonic Stem Cells
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What is a Stem Cell?
Two identical daughters Self-renewal Differentiate
Somatic Cell Stem Cell
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PotencyThe range of commitment options available to a cell
• Totipotent
• Pluripotent
• Multipotent
• Oligopotent
• Unipotent
Potency
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Potency
Pluripotent Multipotent
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Adult Stem Cell Differentiation
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Adult Stem Cell Plasticity
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Amniotic Fluid-derived Stem Cells
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PotencyThe range of commitment options available to a cell
• Totipotent
• Pluripotent
• Multipotent
• Oligopotent
• Unipotent
Potency
Embryonic
Adult
Amniotic
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
DOLLY
1997
“Decisions”not irreversible
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SCNT & Animals
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SCNT & Humans
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SCNT & Humans
?
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SCNT & Cancer Cells
start with cancer cell
Breast cancerLeukemia
LymphomaMelanoma
Pluripotent Stem Cells
MelanomaTetraploid Complementation
E9.5
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Advances in Stem Cell Science
• Avoid ethical issues• Egg donation• Matched stem cells• Develop cell-based
disease models• Understand the
science
• Parthenogenesis • 8-cell Blastomere • Altered Nuclear
Transfer• Molecular
Reprogramming
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Parthenogenesis
• Asexual Reproduction• Normal in Reptiles; Not seen
in Mammals• Trick human eggs to
undergo in the lab• Immunologically matched to
egg donor• “Universal Donor?”• Not Viable• No “Potential Human Being”
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8-cell Blastomere
• PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
• 1 of 8 cells removed• ACT cultured embryonic
stem cell line from one cell
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Altered Nuclear Transfer
• Idea suggested by President’s Council on Bioethics
• Apply a genetic trick in the somatic cell nucleus
• Blastocyst generated is not viable• No “Potential Human Being” • Proof-of-Principle demonstrated in mice by
scientists at MIT’s Whitehead Institute
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Molecular Reprogramming
Potency
Goal: Manipulate a somatic cell’s potency
• Totipotent
• Pluripotent
• Multipotent
• Oligopotent
• Unipotent
somatic cell
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Molecular Reprogramming
• Cell Fusion
• Cell Extract
• Cell Explantation
• Add Four Factors
pluripotent
pluripotent
+ 4 Factors
pluripotent
x pluripotent
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Bibliography
• AFS• SCNT
– Cancer cells
• ANT• Blastomere• Parthenogenesis• Molecular Reprogramming
– Cell Fusion– Cell Extract– Cell Explantation– Defined Factors