The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to...
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![Page 1: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Biology of Ecosystems
"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to
everything else in the universe." John Muir
![Page 2: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What would happen if all the lions on an African savanna were killed or removed? Flora and Fauna?
![Page 3: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ecosystem -- all the different organisms that live in a certain area (the biotic), along with the abiotic factors.
![Page 4: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Often times these systems do not have clear boundaries.
![Page 5: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Organisms and Species -- An organism is an individual living thing. A species is a group of organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring and share common genes. For Example: Mr. Black-Organism, Homo Sapiens-Species; Fido-Organism, Canine Domesticus-Species.
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Population - is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place. (Humans living in New Castle)
![Page 7: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Community- a group of interacting populations of different species.Examples: pond community, desert community, forest community, etc.
![Page 8: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Niche - an organism’s way of life. All of its relationships with its environment.
Environment consists of what?
•All living things (biotic)
•All nonliving things (abiotic)
![Page 10: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Habitat - the actual place that an animal lives.
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What is the difference between a Habitat and a Niche?
What is the job of a lion?
•Control the population of prey
What is the job of a gazelle?
•Food source for predators
•Control the plant growth on the savanna
![Page 12: The Biology of Ecosystems "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe." John Muir.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e105503460f94afc245/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Does a lion serve a purpose for its prey?
Refining gene traits.
•Faster prey will survive
•Those with better camouflage will avoid becoming prey
•Those who don’t need to move around much more often
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Ecological Interactions
How Species Interact With Each other
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I. Predation - when one organism kills and eats another organism Predator does the eating. Prey is eaten.
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Natural Selection- only animals that are the fastest, strongest and healthiest are able to live on and reproduce. Thereby increasing desirable gene traits in their offspring
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II. Competition - occurs when two or more organisms of the same or different species attempt to use the same limited resources. List examples:
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sunlight, scavengers, exotic species, vines (kudzu), Pandas. Can happen even if they never come into contact: (Pollinators and nocturnal and daytime feeders.)
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III. Parasitism - the relationship when organisms live in or on another organism without immediately killing the organism. (Gee-- I wonder Why?)
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A Host - the organism that the parasite gets its nourishment from.
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Most organisms are negatively affected by parasites. They may be weakened by parasitic relationships hence making them more vulnerable to predators. List Examples:
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IV. Mutualism - is a cooperative partnership between two species in which both benefit.
List Examples:
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Our intestines have millions of bacterium living inside. They help us digest food and produce Vitamin K that aids in blood clotting. We provide living arrangements and food .......they help us digest food.
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V. Commensalism - is a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
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Remoras are fish that attach themselves to sharks and eat the scraps food that float around a shark when it is eating. The Remora benefits and the shark is neither harmed of helped.
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Why is it advantageous for a parasite to not kill its host? How could you show a suspected case of mutualism is not commenselism?
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Adapting to the Environment
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Adapting to the environment occurs in three ways
• I. Evolution through Natural Selection
• II. Co-evolution
• III. Extinction
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I. Evolution by Natural Selection:
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1. All organisms have the ability to produce more offspring than can possibly survive. Ex.: Fish and frogs lay millions of eggs. Most do not survive or there would be millions of fish and frog offspring from one individual.
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2. The environment contains things that kill organisms. The environment is often hostile: hot/cold dry/flooded. Predators are common - competition limits resources. Darwin called this a “struggle for existence”
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3. Individuals vary in their traits. They may differ in size color, speed, resistance to disease and many other traits. This may be an inherited factor to influence natural selection.
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4. Some inherited traits may give individuals an advantage in coping with environmental challenges. This allows them to survive longer and produce more offspring. They are naturally selected for survival
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5. More species with advantageous traits have more offspring; each new generation has more offspring with the advantageous traits than the previous generation. Gradually, over many generations, that species evolves by natural selection…
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This is a form of adaptation - an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival.
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II. Co-evolution
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When two species evolve in response to each other. Predator/ Prey relationships often spur this type of co-evolution.
Why?
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Plants and herbivores - plants cannot move hence they develop toxic responses. Over time the herbivore develops a resistance to the toxicity.
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Crabs and snails: The stronger the claws get on a crab, the harder the shell gets on the snail.
Why?
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III. Extinction
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The species simply ceases to exist.
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Evolution is the change over time and adaptation is the trait that is changed