The Biological Bases of Behavior€¦ · Controls fight or flight function ... nigra, pituitary...

Copyright copy Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 3ndash1

Chapter 3

The Biological Bases of

Behavior


Biological Psychology

bull The study of the cells and organs of the

body and the physical and chemical

changes involved in behavior and

mental processes

bull What is the relationship between onersquos

body and onersquos mind


The Complex Relationship

Between Our Brain and Our Behavior

Biological

ProcessesEnvironment

Figure 31

Three Functions of the Nervous System


Cells of the Nervous System

bull Neurons Specialized cells that rapidly

respond to signals and quickly send

signals of their own

bull Glial cells Cells that help hold neurons

together and help neurons

communicate with one another


Figure 32 The Neuron

2) What Cells Make Up the Nervous

Systembull Cell Body- contains nucleus

which provides energy for the

neuron (C)

bull Dendrites- receive messages

from other neurons (B)

bull Axon- carry information away

from the cell body (D)

bull Axon Terminals- transmit signals

to the dendrites (E)

bull Myelin Sheath- A substance that

speeds up the firing of the neuron

(F)

bull Nodes of Ranvier- Name for the

small gaps on the neuron that

have no myelin covering (A)


Axon

bull Function Carries signals way from the

cell body

bull Type of Signal Carried The action

potential an all-or-nothing

electrochemical signal that shoots down

the axon to vesicles at the tip of the

axon releasing neurotransmitters


Dendrite

bull Function Detects and carries signals

to the cell body

bull Type of Signal Carried The

postsynaptic potential which is an

electrochemical signal moving toward

the cell body


Synapse

bull Function Provides an area for the

transfer of signals between neurons

usually between axon and dendrite

bull Type of Signal Carried Chemicals that

cross the synapse and reach receptors

on another cell

Neural transmission

bull httpscienceeducationnihgovsupple

mentsnih2addictionactivitieslesson2_

neurotransmissionhtm



cocainehtm



Receptors

bull Function Proteins on the cell

membrane that receive chemical signals

bull Type of Signal Carried Recognizes

certain neurotransmitters thus allowing

it to begin a postsynaptic potential in

the dendrite


Neurotransmitter

bull Function A chemical released by one

cell that binds to the receptors on

another cell

bull Type of Signal Carried A chemical

message telling the next cell to fire or

not to fire its own action potential

Communication Between

Neuronsbull An action potential triggers the release of neuotransmitters

ndash Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help neighboring neurons talk to each other

ndash These chemicals float from the synaptic vessel of one neuron and are taken up by the Neurotransmitter receptors in neighboring neuron

ndash Synapse - small space between neurons

bull Plasticity - repeated release of neurotransmitters can cause permanent change to the neurons


The Action Potential

bull Stimulation causes cell membrane to

open briefly

bull Positively charged sodium ions flow in

bull Very brief shift in electrical charge that

travels along axon

bull Action potential-which is a short-

lived change in electric charge inside

the neuron

All or none ldquolawrdquo

bull neuron either fires and generates an

action potential or doesnrsquot

bull Stronger stimuli do not send stronger

impulses-gt send impulses at a faster

rate--- OR involve more neurons

bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33

The Beginning of an Action Potential


Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron

Postsynaptic activity


Termination of Neurosynaptic

Transmission

bull Reuptake

bull Enzymatic degradation


Small Molecule Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitter Normal Function

Disorder Associated with Malfunctioning

Acetycholine Movement memory

Alzheimerrsquos disease

Norepinephrine Sleep learning mood

Depression

Serotonin Mood appetite aggression

Depression

Dopamine Movement reward

Parkinsonrsquos disease schizophrenia

GABA Movement Huntingtonrsquos disease epilepsy

Glutamate Memory Neuron loss after stroke


Agonists and Antagonists

bull Agonist ndash mimics neurotransmitter

action

bull Antagonist ndash opposes action of a

neurotransmitter

bull 9 that have been carefully studied

bull Letrsquos talk about a few on the next slide

Alcohol example

bull Alcohol increases the activity of

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) a

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

bull Alcohol decreases the activity of

glutamate major excitatory

neurotransmitter

bull = substantial reduction in neural firing

within the brain


4) How Is the Nervous System

Organized

1) Central Nervous System ndash Neurons in the

brain and spinal cord

2) Peripheral Nervous System ndash Neurons in

the rest of the body

a) Somatic Nervous System- all the

neurons that take in sensory information

(touch and pain) from the body and

deliver it to the spinal cord and brain

b) Autonomic Nervous System

i Sympathtic Nervous System-

Controls fight or flight function

ii Parasympathetic Nervous System-

Controls digestive and other

organ function


Somatic Nervous System

bull Sends sensory information to central

nervous system for processing

bull Sends messages from central nervous

system to muscles to direct motion


Autonomic Nervous System

bull Controls activities that are generally

autonomous or independent of onersquos control

bull Two subsystems

ndash Sympathetic Nervous System Mobilizes the

body for action in face of stress

bull ldquoFight or flightrdquo response

ndash Parasympathetic Nervous System Regulates

the bodyrsquos functions to conserve energy


httpfacultywashingtoneduchudler

autohtml

bull Parasympathetic

bull Involved in states of

calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal


Figure 35 Organization of the human nervous system This overview of the human nervous system shows the relationships

of its various parts and systems The brain is traditionally divided into three regions the hindbrain the midbrain and the

forebrain The reticular formation runs through both the midbrain and the hindbrain on its way up and down the brainstem

These and other parts of the brain are discussed in detail later in the chapter The peripheral nervous system is made up of the

somatic nervous system which controls voluntary muscles and sensory receptors and the autonomic nervous system which

controls the involuntary activities of smooth muscles blood vessels and glands

Figure 35

5) Structures of the Brain

Brain Stem

Pons reticular formation

cerebellum

Midbrain

Thalamus hypothalamus

hippocampus substantia

nigra pituitary gland

Cerebral Cortex

Visual auditory motor

sensory

Brainstem

bull Functionndash regulates basic life functions

bull Locationndash connects brain to the rest of the body via the spinal cord

bull Parts of Brainstemndash Reticular formation- regulates sleepwake cycle

bull Main source of the neurotransmitter Serotonin-important for mood and activity levels

ndash Pons-bull Main source of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine- important

for arousal and attention

ndash Medulla- regulates heartbeat breathing swallowing and coughing

Cerebellum

bull Function

ndash Controls motor movement and balance

ndash Helpful in learning things that involve

movement (eg walking or skiing)

bull Location

ndash Sits at the back of the brain and is

connected to the brain stem


The Midbrain

bull Controls certain types of automatic behaviors

that integrate simple movements with sensory

input

bull Substantia nigra and the striatum are

involved in the smooth initiation

of movement

bull (Amygdala hippocampus hypothalamus -gt

also Limbic system

Figure 314

Major Structures of the Forebrain


The Limbic System

Saul Kassin Psychology Copyright copy 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company Reprinted by permission

Neocortex

bull Location - Top wrinkly part

of the brain

bull Different Parts

ndash Frontal Lobe (front of brain) -

higher intellectual thinking

bull Brocarsquos area- speech production

bull Prefrontal cortex- working memory

morality mood

ndash Occipital Lobe (back of brain)-

vision

ndash Temporal Lobe (sides of brain)-

hearing language learning and

memory

bull Wenickersquos area- language

comprehension

Neocortex Cont

ndash Parietal Lobe (top of brain)-

perception of touch

bull Somatosensory strip-

contains neurons that

register the sensation of

touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres


Right BrainLeft Brain Cerebral Specialization

bull Each hemisphere specialized for

handling certain types of cognitive

tasks better than others

bull Left hemisphere ndash verbal processing

language speech reading writing

bull Right hemisphere ndash nonverbal

processing spatial musical visual

recognition


The Cerebrum Two Hemispheres Four Lobes

bull Cerebral Hemispheres ndash two specialized halves connected by the corpus collosum

bull Four Lobesndash Occipital ndash vision

ndash Parietal ndash somatosensory

ndash Temporal ndash auditory

ndash Frontal ndash movement executive control systems


Figure 314 The cerebral cortex in humans The cerebral cortex consists of right and left halves called cerebral

hemispheres This diagram provides a view of the right hemisphere Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four

lobes (which are highlighted in the bottom inset) the occipital lobe the parietal lobe the temporal lobe and the

frontal lobe Each lobe has areas that handle particular functions such as visual processing The functions of the

prefrontal cortex are something of a mystery but they appear to include working memory and relational reasoning

Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function

ndash Communicates information

from one side of the brain to

the other

bull Location

ndash Connects the two brain

hemispheres

6) Building the Brain How We

Develop

bull During the 3rd week of

prenatal development

the outer layer of the

embryo (called the

ectoderm) folds in on

itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Biological Psychology

bull The study of the cells and organs of the

body and the physical and chemical

changes involved in behavior and

mental processes

bull What is the relationship between onersquos

body and onersquos mind




Biological


Figure 31















neuron (C)









(F)





Axon


cell body







Dendrite


to the cell body




the cell body


Synapse






on another cell

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back




Biological


Figure 31















neuron (C)









(F)





Axon


cell body







Dendrite


to the cell body




the cell body


Synapse






on another cell

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Figure 31















neuron (C)









(F)





Axon


cell body







Dendrite


to the cell body




the cell body


Synapse






on another cell

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back














neuron (C)









(F)





Axon


cell body







Dendrite


to the cell body




the cell body


Synapse






on another cell

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Axon


cell body







Dendrite


to the cell body




the cell body


Synapse






on another cell

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Dendrite


to the cell body




the cell body


Synapse






on another cell

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Synapse






on another cell

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Neural transmission






cocainehtm



Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Receptors






the dendrite


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Neurotransmitter



another cell













open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back










open briefly



travels along axon



the neuron







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back







bull



Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Figure 35

Communication

Between

Neurons


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Figure 33



Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Impulse

Presynaptic neuron

Vesicle

Transmitters

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Postsynaptic

neuron




Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back



Transmission

bull Reuptake









Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back








Depression


Depression








action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back




action


neurotransmitter



Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Alcohol example






neurotransmitter


within the brain



Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Organized














organ function











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back











bull Two subsystems








autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back



autohtml



calm

bull Sympathetic


Arousal








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back








Figure 35


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Brain Stem


cerebellum

Midbrain




Cerebral Cortex


sensory

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Brainstem








Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Cerebellum

bull Function




bull Location




The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


The Midbrain



input



of movement


also Limbic system

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Figure 314



The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


The Limbic System


Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Neocortex


of the brain






morality mood


vision



memory


comprehension

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Neocortex Cont


perception of touch




touch


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Figure 318

The Brainrsquos

Left and Right

Hemispheres










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back










recognition














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back














Figure 314

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back

Corpus Callosum

bull Function



the other

bull Location


hemispheres


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Develop




embryo (called the


itself to form the

neural tube


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


Figure 315

Alzheimerrsquos

Disease

and Brain

Atrophy


go back


go back

The Biological Bases of Behavior€¦ · Controls fight or flight function ... nigra, pituitary...

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Transcript of The Biological Bases of Behavior€¦ · Controls fight or flight function ... nigra, pituitary...