The biodiversity of a coral reef -...

12
1 The biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate The Earth Has Many Different Climates Weather Temperature, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover Hours to days Climate Area’s general pattern of atmospheric conditions over decades and longer Polar (ice) Subarctic (snow) Cool temperate Highland Warm ocean current River Warm temperate Dry Tropical Major upwelling zones Cold ocean current Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Cold deserts Cold deserts 60°N Evergreen coniferous forest Evergreen coniferous forest The highest solar energy input is at the equator. Hot desert Hot desert Northeast trades 30°N Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Westerlies Westerlies Air cools and descends at lower latitudes. Tropical deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Warm air rises and moves toward the poles. Solar energy Equator 0° Tropical rain forest Tropical rain forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Southeast trades Hot desert Hot desert 30°S Westerlies Westerlies 60°S Cold deserts Cold deserts Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Air cools and descends at lower latitudes. Polar cap Polar cap Polar cap Polar cap Global Air Circulation Cool, dry air Condensation and precipitation Heat released radiates to space LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE Falls, is compressed, warms Rises, expands, cools Warm, dry air Hot, wet air Flows toward low pressure, picks up moisture and heat HIGH PRESSURE Moist surface warmed by sun LOW PRESSURE

Transcript of The biodiversity of a coral reef -...

Page 1: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

1

The biodiversity of a coral reef

Three Major Climate Zones

Tropical

Polar

Temperate

The Earth Has Many Different Climates

• Weather • Temperature, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover• Hours to days

• Climate• Area’s general pattern of atmospheric conditions over decades and longer

Polar (ice) Subarctic (snow) Cool temperate Highland Warm ocean current River

Warm temperate Dry Tropical Major upwelling zones Cold ocean current

ArcticCircle

Tropic ofCancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

AntarcticCircle

Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones

Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain

Cold desertsCold deserts60°N

Evergreen coniferous forestEvergreen coniferous forestThe highest solar 

energy input is at the equator.

Hot desertHot desertNortheast trades

30°NTemperate deciduous forest and grasslandTemperate deciduous forest and grassland

WesterliesWesterlies

Air cools and descends at lower latitudes.

Tropical deciduous forestTropical deciduous forest Warm air rises and moves toward the poles.

Solar energyEquator 0° Tropical rain forestTropical rain forest

Tropical deciduous forestTropical deciduous forest

Southeast trades Hot desertHot desert

30°SWesterliesWesterlies

60°SCold desertsCold deserts

Temperate deciduous forest and grasslandTemperate deciduous forest and grassland

Air cools and descends at lower latitudes.

Polar capPolar cap

Polar capPolar cap

Global Air Circulation

Cool, dry air

Condensation and 

precipitation

Heat released radiates to space

LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE

Falls, is compressed, warms

Rises, expands, 

cools

Warm, dry air

Hot, wet airFlows toward low 

pressure, picks up moisture and heat

HIGH PRESSURE Moist surface warmed by sun

LOW PRESSURE

Page 2: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

2

Connected Deep and Shallow Ocean Currents The Earth Has Many Different Climates

• El Niño‐Southern Oscillation• Every few years• Prevailing winds in tropical Pacific Ocean change direction

• Affects much of earth’s weather for 1‐2 years

• Link between air circulation, ocean currents, and biomes

Normal and El Niño Conditions Impact of  El Nino‐Southern Oscillation

Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere

• Greenhouse gases• H2O• CO2

• CH4

• N2O

• Natural greenhouse effect• Gases keep earth habitable

• Human‐enhanced global warming

Flow of Energy to and from the Earth

Page 3: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

3

Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates

• Rain shadow effect• Most precipitation falls on the windward side of mountain ranges

• Deserts leeward (背風)

• Cities create microclimates

Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.

On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture.

On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture, causing rain shadow effect.

Rain Shadow Effect

Tropic of Cancer

High mountainsEquator

Polar iceArctic tundra (cold grassland)Temperate grassland Tropic of 

CapricornTropical grassland (savanna)Chaparral

Coniferous forestTemperate deciduous forestTemperate rain forestTropical rain forestTropical dry forestDesert

The Earth’s Major Biomes

Elevation Mountain ice and snow

Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)

Coniferous Forest

Deciduous ForestLatitude (south to north)

Tropical Forest 

Tropical Forest

Deciduous Forest

Coniferous Forest

Tundra(herbs, lichens, mosses)

Polar ice and snow

Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and Biomes

Natural Capital: Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors Global Plant Biodiversity

Page 4: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

4

Climate Graphs of Three Types of Deserts Temperate Desert Ecosystem in North America

Wildflowers Bloom after Rain in Arizona Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Grasslands

Temperate Tall‐Grass Prairie Ecosystem in North America Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse Temperate Grassland

Page 5: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

5

Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Forests Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem

Niche Stratification in a Tropical Rain Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem in North America

Evergreen Coniferous Forest Ecosystem in North America Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State

Page 6: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

6

Mount Rainier National Park in Washington StateNatural Capital Degradation

Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial EcosystemsDeserts Grasslands Forests Mountains

Large desert cities Conversion to cropland

Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development

Agriculture

Destruction of soil and underground habitat by off‐road vehicles

Timber and mineral extractionRelease of CO2 to 

atmosphere from burning grassland

Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations

Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs

Soil salinization from irrigation

Increasing tourismOvergrazing by livestockDepletion of 

groundwaterDamage from off‐road vehicles

Air pollution blowing in from urban areas and power plants

Oil production and off‐road vehicles in arctic tundra

Soil damage from off‐road vehiclesLand disturbance and 

pollution from mineral extraction

Pollution of forest streams Water supplies threatened by 

glacial melting

Three Big Ideas1. Differences in climate, based mostly on long‐term 

differences in average temperature and precipitation, largely determine the types and locations of the earth’s deserts, grasslands, and forests.

2. The earth’s terrestrial systems provide important ecological and economic services.

Three Big Ideas3. Human activities are degrading and disrupting 

many of the ecological and economic services provided by the earth’s terrestrial ecosystems. 

A Healthy Coral Reef in the Red Sea Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water

• Aquatic life zones• Saltwater life zones (marine life zones)

• Oceans and Coastlands and shorelines• Coral reefs

• Brackish water• Estuaries• Mangrove forests

• Freshwater life zones• Lakes• Rivers and streams• Inland wetlands (including swamps and marshes)

Page 7: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

7

Ocean hemisphere Land–ocean hemisphere

The Ocean Planet Aquatic Systems

Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water

• Plankton: free floating• Phytoplankton

• Primary producers for most aquatic food webs• Zooplankton

• Primary and secondary consumers• Single‐celled to large invertebrates like jellyfish

• Ultraplankton • Tiny photosynthetic bacteria

Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water

• Nekton • Strong swimmers: fish, turtles, whales

• Benthos• Bottom dwellers: oysters, sea stars, clams, lobsters, crabs

• Decomposers• Mostly bacteria

Four Types of Aquatic Life Forms Natural Capital

Marine Ecosystems

Ecological Services Economic Services

Climate moderation Food

CO2 absorption Animal and pet feed

PharmaceuticalsNutrient cycling

Harbors and transportation routes

Waste treatment

Reduced storm impact (mangroves, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Recreation

Coastal habitats for humans

Habitats and nursery areas

Employment

Genetic resources and biodiversity

Oil and natural gas

Minerals

Scientific information Building materials

Page 8: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

8

High tideLow tide

Coastal Zone Open SeaDepth in metersSea level

50Estuarine Zone

Euphotic Zone

100

Photosynthesis

Continental shelf200

500Bathyal Zone

1,000

Twilight

1,500

Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline .

Abyssal Zone 2,000

3,000

4,000

Darkn

ess

5,000

10,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Water temperature (°C)

0

View of an Estuary from Space

Coastal Marsh Ecosystem See Grass Bed Organisms

Mangrove Forest in Australia Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive

• Important ecological and economic services• Coastal aquatic systems maintain water quality by filtering

• Toxic pollutants• Excess plant nutrients• Sediments

• Absorb other pollutants • Provide food, timber, fuelwood, and habitats• Reduce storm damage and coast erosion

Page 9: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

9

Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms

• Intertidal zone• Rocky shores• Sandy shores: beaches

• Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes

• Importance of sand dunes

Rocky Shore BeachRocky Shore BeachSea starSea star

Hermit crabHermit crabShore crabShore crab

High tideHigh tide

PeriwinklePeriwinkle

Sea urchinSea urchinMusselMussel

AnemoneAnemone

Low tideLow tide

SculpinSculpin

BarnaclesBarnaclesKelpKelpSea lettuceSea lettuce

Monterey flatwormMonterey flatwormNudibranchNudibranch

Living between the Tides

Barrier BeachBarrier BeachBeach fleaBeach flea

Peanut wormPeanut wormTiger beetleTiger beetle

Blue crabBlue crabDwarf oliveDwarf olive

ClamClam

High tideHigh tide

SandpiperSandpiperSilversidesSilversides Low tideLow tide Mole 

shrimpMole shrimp

Ghost shrimpGhost shrimp

White sand macoma

White sand macoma

Sand dollarSand dollar

Moon snailMoon snail

Living between the Tides Coral Reefs Are Amazing Centers of Biodiversity

• Marine equivalent of tropical rain forests

• Habitats for one‐fourth of all marine species

Gray reef sharkGray reef shark

Sea nettleSea nettle

Green sea turtle

Green sea turtle

Blue tangBlue tangFairy bassletFairy basslet

Parrot fishParrot fishBrittle starBrittle star Sergeant 

majorSergeant majorHard coralsHard corals AlgaeAlgae

Banded coral shrimp

Banded coral shrimp

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

Symbiotic algae

Symbiotic algae

ConeyConey

ZooplanktonZooplankton Blackcap bassletBlackcap basslet

SpongesSponges

Moray eelMoray eel

BacteriaBacteria

Producer to primary consumer

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher‐level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems

• Major threats to marine systems • Coastal development• Overfishing• Use of fishing trawlers • Point source pollution (點源污染)

• Runoff of nonpoint source pollution (非點源污染)

• Habitat destruction• Introduction of invasive species• Climate change from human activities• Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries

Page 10: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

10

Natural Capital DegradationMajor Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems 

and Coral Reefs

Marine Ecosystems Coral Reefs

Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development

Ocean warming

Over one‐fifth of mangrove forests lost to agriculture, development, and shrimp farms since 1980

Soil erosionRising ocean acidity

Beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea levels

BleachingAlgae growth from fertilizer runoff

Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging (疏浚) and trawler fishing

Increased UV exposureRising sea levels

At least 20% of coral reefs severely damagedand 25–33% more threatened

Damage from anchorsDamage from fishing and diving

Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble

• Largest estuary in the US; polluted since 1960

• Human population increased

• Point and nonpoint sources raised pollution

• Phosphate and nitrate levels too high

• Excess sediments from runoff and decreased vegetation

Chesapeake Bay Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble

• Oysters, a keystone species, greatly reduced

• 1983: Chesapeake Bay Program• Integrated coastal management with local, state, federal (聯邦) governments and citizens’ groups

• 2008 update:• 25 years and $6 billion• Program met only 21% of goals• Water quality “very poor”

Natural Capital

Freshwater Systems

Ecological Services Economic Services

Climate moderation Food

Nutrient cyclingDrinking water

Waste treatmentIrrigation water

Flood control

Groundwater recharge

Hydroelectricity

Habitats for many species

Transportation corridors

Genetic resources and biodiversity Recreation

Scientific information Employment

Painted turtle Blue‐winged teal

Green frog

Muskrat

Pond snail

Littoral zone Plankton

Diving beetle Northern pike

Yellow perchBloodworms

Page 11: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

11

Some Lakes Have More Nutrients Than Others

• Oligotrophic lakes• Low levels of nutrients and low NPP• Very clear water 

• Eutrophic lakes• High levels of nutrients and high NPP• Murky (混濁) water with high turbidity

• Mesotrophic lakes• Eutrophication of lakes from human input of nutrients

The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on a Lake

eutrophication

Lake GlacierHeadwatersRain and snow

RapidsWaterfall

TributaryFlood plain Oxbow lake

Salt marshDelta

Deposited sediment

Source ZoneOcean

Transition Zone

SedimentWater

Floodplain Zone

Three Zones in the Downhill Flow of Water New Orleans, Louisiana Flooded by Hurricane Katrina

August 29, 2005

Projection of New Orleans if the Sea Level Rises 1 Meter Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital (有生命力的) Sponges

• Marshes

• Swamps

• Prairie potholes (壺洞)

• Floodplains

• Arctic tundra in summer

Page 12: The biodiversity of a coral reef - nbt2.nhu.edu.twnbt2.nhu.edu.tw/files/personal_subject/16_cfda9b2f.pdfThe biodiversity of a coral reef Three Major Climate Zones Tropical Polar Temperate

12

Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital (有生命力的) Sponges

• Provide free ecological and economic services• Filter and degrade toxic wastes• Reduce flooding and erosion• Help to replenish streams and recharge groundwater aquifers

• Biodiversity• Food and timber• Recreation areas

Three Big Ideas

1. Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost three‐fourths of the earth’s surface, and oceans dominate the planet.

2. The earth’s aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services.

3. Human activities threaten biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by aquatic systems.