The Beginning First Scholarly Journal:1665 Peer review begins: 1669 1 Tom Farrell CARL Conference...
-
Upload
lester-park -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of The Beginning First Scholarly Journal:1665 Peer review begins: 1669 1 Tom Farrell CARL Conference...
The Beginning
• First Scholarly Journal:1665
• Peer review begins: 1669
1Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Scholarly communicationAcademics, scholars and
researchers sharing and publishing their research findings so that they
are available to the wider academic community and beyond.
2Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Scholarly communication
The creation, transformation, dissemination and preservation of knowledge related to teaching, research and scholarly endeavors.
3Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Serial Crisis:Journal prices are increasing
• 227% increase from 1986 to 2002 - an average of 13%
• Cost of living increase 1986 to 2002: 51% - an average of 3%
• Increases from 2002-2006: 38%
• Currently, increases are continuing at this rate
4Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Serial Crisis:Journal prices by subject
5Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Serials Crisis:Publishers’ profits
• Since the 20s, academic publishers’ profits averaged around 4%
• Profits in 2002: over 30%
• Profits in 2007: Over 25%
6Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Serials Crisis:Mergers and journal proliferation
• The academic publishing industry has gone from many small publishers to dozens, and now to a handful of important players
LexisNexis, Martindale Hubbell, Butterworth, Harcourt, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Cahners, JAI Press, Chilton, CIS, Academic Press, BioMed Net, Engineering Information, Pergamon Press, Beilstein, Cell Press, Mosby, Churchill Livingstone, Saunders, Elsevier Science
= Reed Elsevier
•The top 9 publishers brought in almost 43% of the revenue in 2007
7Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
• Increase in serials expenditures from 1986 to 2003 for ARL libraries was 260%; monographs increased by 66% during that time
• Average number of serials purchased:1986: 15,9192003: 18,142
• Cornell: 930 Elsevier titles - 2% of the serials titles to which Cornell subscribes, but over 20% of the total serials expenditures
Serials Crisis:Library Expenditures
8Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
• Electronic site licenses for universities are priced at about 6 times as much per page for the 10 most-cited commercial journals (all of which are now owned by Elsevier) as for the 10 most-cited non-profit journals.Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 16, Number 4 —Fall 2002—Pages 227–238
Serials Crisis:Publishers’ profits
9Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
• Monographs purchases increase little (if at all)
• Humanities and Social Science serials are cut to enable the purchase of higher-priced science journals
• The move to electronic subscriptions threatens the permanence of information, if access ends with cancelation
Serials Crisis:The results
10Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Open Access
Serials crisis + internet =(among other things)
The Open Access Movement
11Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Open AccessThroughout the 80s and 90s scholars were beginning to publish and archive their work in openly accessible ways
- Postmodern Culture - Johns Hopkins University Press, University of California, Irvine, University of Virginia
- Psycoloquy -sponsored by the American Psychological Association (APA)
- arXiv.org - Cornell University
- BioMed Central - U.K.-based publishing house
- PubMed Central - U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
12Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Open AccessLibrarians became seriously involved in the
movement with the creation of SPARC in 1997
13Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Open AccessThe movement became international in the
early years of the new millennium:• Budapest Open Access Initiative,
February 2002:"An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make "An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good." possible an unprecedented public good."
• Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing June 2003:“We believe that open access will be an essential component of We believe that open access will be an essential component of scientific publishing in the future and that works reporting the scientific publishing in the future and that works reporting the results of current scientific research should be as openly results of current scientific research should be as openly accessible and freely useable as possible.accessible and freely useable as possible.””
• Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, October 2003:Our mission of disseminating knowledge is only half complete if the information is not made widely and readily available to society...we have drafted the Berlin Declaration to promote the Internet as a functional instrument for a global scientific knowledge base... 14Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
• 73 percent of all articles and 100 percent of the papers published in the four leading economics journals
• 37 to 45 percent of the content of three leading journals, Science, Nature and the New England Journal of Medicine
Open Access:What’s freely available
15Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
New models of publishing:Open Access Journals
Self- Archiving:Institutional and Subject-
based repositories
Open Access:two componentstwo components
16Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Open Access Journals:What’s available
TextTextAlmost 3300 peer-reviewed journals are listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals—compared to 2000 in 2006—
and over 200 of the titles are tracked for impact by Thomson-ISI
17Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
• All journals are Open Access:- - PLoS- PubMed Central
• Research articles are Open Access, but some content is subscription/fee based: - BioMed Central
• Hybrid model – some articles free (if paid for by author):- Elsevier Sponsored Articles- Cambridge Open Option- Stanford’s Highwire Press
Open Access Journals:Publishing models
18Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Open Access:Self Archiving• Pre-prints and post-prints deposited in an institutional Pre-prints and post-prints deposited in an institutional
repository or open archiverepository or open archive
• About 91% of peer-reviewed journals allow authors to About 91% of peer-reviewed journals allow authors to self-archive preprint and/or postprint versions of their self-archive preprint and/or postprint versions of their paperspapers
19Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Open Access:Self Archiving
• Repositories are complex, with storage, workflow, Repositories are complex, with storage, workflow, preservation, and management considerationspreservation, and management considerations
Current repositories listed by repository directories:OpenDOAR.org: 1100+; Openarchive.org: 779; OAIster.org: 939
20Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Global Impact: Aggregators
21Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Global Impact: Aggregators
22Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Global Impact: Aggregators
23Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Global Impact: Aggregators
24Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Author concernsConfusion and uncertainty about intellectual
property issues
Scholarly credit and how the material in IRs would be used
The perception of Open Access content being of low quality
A lack of mandatory policies for depositing manuscripts
25Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Intellectual property
• Author Rights
• New models of copyright
• Publishers policies26Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Citation Impact
27Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Citation Impact
• Open Access articles get more cites than their non-OA Counterparts
• As more OA Journals are selection for citation indexing, more are rising to high factor levels of their fields:
BMC Bioinformatics, BMC Cell Biology,BMC Genomics, BMC Molecular Biology, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,PLoS Biology, Critical Care, Breast Cancer Research, Arthritis Research & Therapy
• Two recent econometric studies of economists' salaries estimated that on average, controlling for age and number of articles published, doubling one's number of citations increases one's salary by 7-14%.Baser, O. & Pena, E. The return of publications for academic faculty. Econ. Bull. 1(1), 1-13 (2003)
Citation Impact
29Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Citation Impact• The additional readership:
- Won’t come from large, research-oriented USA universities - they already subscribe to all of the moderately-priced society journals and to many high-priced commercial journals
- It will come from researchers and teachers at small institutions, third world institutions, and from scholars and intellectuals who are not employed at academic institutions or other major research establishments.
30Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
• 81% of authors would willingly comply with a mandate from their employer or research funder to deposit copies of their articles in a repository. 13% would comply reluctantly; 5% would not comply with such a mandate.Swan, Alma and Brown, Sheridan (2005) Open access self-archiving: An author study. Technical Report, Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), UK FE and HE funding councils . Technical Report.
Mandates
31Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Mandates
• As of April 7, 2008, all articles arising from NIH funds must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication.
• On February 12, 2008, the Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted to give the University a worldwide license to make each faculty member's scholarly articles available.
• There are currently 12 university or departmental mandates adopted worldwide and 11 funder mandates, plus one multi-institutional mandate and six funder mandates proposed. Fischer, K. (2007). So Close, Yet Still so Far? Transitions. November 16th, 2007
32Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Which kind of journal is more costly?
Librarians: Non-profits 0%
About same 4%For-profits 96%
Physics Department chairs: Non-profits 8%
About same 38%For-profits 53%
Bergstrom. (2004). The Peculiar Market for Academic Journals. Second Nordic Conference on Scholarly Communication in Lund, Sweden.
Cost per page Cost per cite
for-profit non-profit for-profit non-profitPhysics 0.63 0.19 0.38 0.05
33Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Serials Crisis revisited
1675:Peer Reviewintroduced
1665:First scholarlyjournal published(Philosophical Transactionsof the Royal Society)
1969:ARPAnet
(Internet begins)
1990s:Serials crisis
1991:arXiv atLos Alamos
2000s:Open Accessmovement
2001:Australian NationalUniversity E-PrintRepository
2002:CDL launcheseScholarshipRepository
1999:CaliforniaDigitalLibrary 2002:
DSpace
2001:ePrints
2003:SPARC IR Checklist& Resource guide
2003:Fedora
2004:DigitalCommons
1991:World Wide Web
begins
Timeline of Scholarly Communcation:Institutional Repositories
34Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
Timeline of Scholarly Communcation:Open Access Publishing
Pre-2000:Much localizedactivity _Peter Suber'sOA Timeline
1971:ProjectGutenberg
1997:Research Papersin Economics;PubMed
1998:SPARCcreatedby ARL
1999:OpenArchivesInitiative(OAI)
2000:PubMedfull text
2001:BudapestOpen AccessInitiative
Text
2003:UN declaration on Open Access
2003:Berlin Declarationon Open Accessto Knowledgein the Sciencesand Humanities
2003:PLoSBiology
2004:NOAA accessto public-fundedweather, water,climate data 2008:
Harvardmovesto OA
2004:Elsevierallowsopen access
2004:National Libraryof Canada -Open Access to Doctoral Theses
2005:Wellcome TrustOpen Access mandate
2005:NIH Public Access Policy
2004:OECD Declarationon Access toResearch fromPublic Funding
2006 European Commission Reporton OA
2005:Russell GroupendorsesOpen Access
2007:NIH OAbecomes law
35Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008