The Beauty of Stained Glass

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The Beauty and Physics of Stained Glass A Brief Tutorial for the Adult Hobbyist Click here to proceed Updated September 2011

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Page 1: The Beauty of Stained Glass

The Beauty and Physics of Stained Glass

A Brief Tutorial for the Adult Hobbyist

Click here to proceed

Updated September 2011

Page 2: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Welcome, future glaziers!

Stained glass has been a source of inspiration and reflection for centuries.

This short tutorial will provide some information to help you appreciate your new hobby.

The next screen will show you what you can expect to learn in the next 10 minutes!

The stained glass window, left, is in the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, France.

Click here to proceed

Page 3: The Beauty of Stained Glass

The menu bar to the left contains all the topics to be covered. You may progress at your own pace through this presentation.

•There is a short video to see how glass is made. •Then you will learn about how light plays a major role in the beauty and physics of your projects.•There are four types of glass to consider as you work.•Finally, you will need to decide whether to use copper foil or lead came to put your project together.

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PHOTO GALLERY BACK

PROGRESS(how far you have

advanced)ADVANCE EXIT

The navigation menu bar at the bottom of the screen allows you to move through the tutorial. For each action highlighted below, click the corresponding icon in the navigation menu bar.

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Page 5: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Viewing the quiz, resources, glossary and photo gallery are options you may pursue if you have more time.

We hope that this tutorial will inspire you to look for a class or workshop in your local area so you may begin glasswork.

The art of stained glass has changed so much recently, due to advances in how glass is made. The physics of glass and types of glass offer you so many options to create art!

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Page 6: The Beauty of Stained Glass

At the end of this tutorial, you will have learned….

Three main ingredients used to make glass

Three qualities or physical properties of glass

Four types of stained glass

Whether to use foil or came in your projects

You may take a short quiz to see how well you have mastered the content!

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Page 7: The Beauty of Stained Glass

At the end of this tutorial, you will have learned….

• Three main ingredients used to make glass

• Three qualities or physical properties of glass

• Four types of stained glass• Whether to use foil or came in

your projects

How Glass is made

Pictured above is a chunk of obsidian.

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Page 8: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Glass is made of silica (sand), sodium carbonate (soda ash), and calcium carbonate (limestone). In its natural form, glass occurs as obsidian rock.

Nature first made glass when lightning struck sand. The superheated sand melted and reformed as it cooled (annealed) into obsidian.

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Page 9: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Click on the camera to watch this short video about how glass is made.

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28024-some-assembly-required-how-glass-is-made-video.htm

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Page 10: The Beauty of Stained Glass

After being mixed at 3000 degrees Fahrenheit, the sand, soda ash, and limestone mixture is now liquid and is floated on a pool of molten tin.

The glass cools into a reasonably smooth consistency. Gases and impurities escape in the heat.

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Page 11: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Cooling glass can be molded or pressed to obtain different textures in the glass.

See how the clear glass in this photo has texture.

There are at least five different textures in this project.

These are all made by different manufacturing techniques.

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Page 12: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Most glass is machine drawn, meaning it is manufactured in huge sheets as you saw in the video clip. Different techniques can be used to achieve different coloration and texture.

As glass is being made, metal oxides are added to provide color. The coloration in this piece varies from the top to the bottom and is a result of iridescence.

Pressed glass has textural patterns pressed into the glass as it cools. Notice how this glass in the background has a pressed pattern that is reminiscent of an old tin ceiling.

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Page 13: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Glass can be pressed, as we have seen. It can also blown.

See how the circles of glass in this photo appear to have centers and concentric rings.

That was where the glass was connected to the hollow tube used to blow the glass into shape.

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Page 14: The Beauty of Stained Glass

The Physics of Glass

Light Refraction

Light passes through the glass and is refracted in different ways based on the

refractive properties of the glass.

Light enters the prism

A rainbow of colors exits the

prism

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Page 15: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Light Refraction

The beauty of stained glass comes from its refractive qualities….opacity, translucency or transparency.

Some stained glass looks better when lit from behind, but can appear dark when light hits it from the front.

Other pieces appear luminous when light comes from the front.

Tip: A combination of transparent, opaque and translucent glasses in one project adds visual interest and depth.

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Page 16: The Beauty of Stained Glass

We tend to think of rich jewel tones when we think of stained glass – pure color when the light shines through!

This photo is an excellent example of single color glass with no texture – just that rich, pure color that is transparent and lets light shine through.

This would leave a beautiful pattern of color on any surface where the light is cast!

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Page 17: The Beauty of Stained Glass

A modern trend is to have streaky glass with gradations of color, as this orange glass has.

Parts of this orange glass look milky, meaning it is opaque and light will not go through well.

Parts of this glass are translucent, which mean some light goes through.

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Page 18: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Types of Glass….

Different manufacturers produce unique versions of stained glass for the hobbyist. In general, though, the types of stained glass are categorized by the coloration and manufacturing process used to make the glass. Most glass is machine-drawn rather than blown, and the coloration varies from transparent to opaque.

Next, we will look at these four types of glass.

1. Cathedral2. Opalescent3. Wispy4. Fractured/Streamer

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Page 19: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Cathedral Glass:Transparent, single color glass, which may have texture or be smooth. Note the glass bubbles in this example. They make this glass look “seedy” (i.e. seeds dispersed) and may present difficulty in cutting a straight line.

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Page 20: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Opalescent Glass:

Flourine is added to clear glass to give it a milky appearance

Additional colors may be added as well.

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Page 21: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Wispy Glass

A blend of translucent and opaque glass that usually results in a swirly, wispy appearance. The variations in color may impact how you cut your glass for your project.

It also seems that some wispy glass is particularly fragile and breaks easily.

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Page 22: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Fractured/Streamer–

Fractures are small shards of glass bubbles that have been broken, while streamers are long strands of colored glass. These are pressed into machine-drawn glass as it cools to form unique patterns.

• This glass will also be difficult to work with.

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Page 23: The Beauty of Stained Glass

A word to the wise…The coloration and texture of your stained glass present some challenges to the novice. It may be difficult to cut straight lines in fractured or seedy glass. Also, in wispy glass, the coloration in one area of the sheet may not have the best refractive quality you want for the piece.

Cutting stained glass is not as easy as cutting paper or fabric.

Start with inexpensive glass and practice your cutting techniques before purchasing expensive glass!

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Page 24: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Look at the way these pieces were joined. Notice that there are some holes between

pieces of glass.

Joining Pieces of Stained Glass

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Page 25: The Beauty of Stained Glass

This piece was put together using the copper foil

technique.

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Page 26: The Beauty of Stained Glass

This piece was put together using the copper foil

technique.

Each piece was edged with copper foil

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Page 27: The Beauty of Stained Glass

This piece was put together using the copper foil

technique.

Each piece was edged with copper foil

Pinned into place

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Page 28: The Beauty of Stained Glass

This piece was put together using the copper foil

technique.

Each piece was edged with copper foil

Pinned into place

Then doused with flux

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Page 29: The Beauty of Stained Glass

This piece was put together using the copper foil

technique.

Each piece was edged with copper foil

Pinned into place

Then doused with flux

And soldered together on both sides

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Page 30: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Notice how this project is fitted into a wood frame, so that the copper-foil-wrapped pieces don’t move around while soldering.

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Page 31: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Notice how the joins in this piece

are thicker and darker than those in the copper foil

projects.

This project was pieced together

using lead came.

Came is a traditional way of joining pieces of

stained glass.

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Page 32: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Came comes in two forms – “H” channel and “U” channel. These names come from the shape of the profile of each type of came.

The “H” channel is used to connect interior pieces of glass while the “U” channel is used to finish the exterior edges of the project.

Either type of came can be flat or have a rounded finish.

Came is most frequently made of lead, but zinc is also used as well.

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Page 33: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Here is a profile of the came.

Notice that the glass pieces fill in the top and bottom parts of the “H”.

That is why “H” channel is used for the interior joints.

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Page 34: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Foil is the predominant method these days.

It requires much practice to apply foil evenly around each piece of glass.

Additionally, you will want to practice soldering, which can be difficult to master.

Came is more forgiving and easier to use, but there are concerns about the lead.

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Page 35: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Came is best used in flat projects, such as windows. Copper foil is great in flat projects as well as structural projects, such as lamps.

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Page 36: The Beauty of Stained Glass

You have now completed the four modules of this tutorial.

You learned about how glass is made and how light

impacts the beauty of your project. You learned that

there are four basic types of glass, and that either came

or copper foil can be used to join the pieces of your

project.

QUIZ TIME!There will be four quiz

questions in the screens that follow.

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Page 37: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Question 1.What are the three main ingredients used in making glass?

The answer will be revealed in the next screen…

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Question 1.What are the three main ingredients used in making glass?

Answer:Silica (in the form of sand), soda ash and limestone

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Question 2.What are the three refractive qualities of stained glass?

The answer will be revealed in the next screen…

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Page 40: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Question 2.What are the three refractive qualities of stained glass?

Answer:Opacity, Transparency and Translucence

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Page 41: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Question 3.What are the four types of stained glass?

The answer will be revealed in the next screen…

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Page 42: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Question 3.What are the four types of stained glass?

Answer:Cathedral, Wispy, Opalescent, and Fractures/Streamers

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Page 43: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Question 4.When making a window, what type of join should be used?

The answer will be revealed in the next screen…

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Page 44: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Question 4.When making a window, what type of join should be used?

Answer:Either method; foil is best when making a 3-D project

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Page 45: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Congratulations! You have completed the “beauty and physics of stained glass” tutorial.

If you have time, continue on to view additional resources to help you as you begin your new hobby.

Also, visit the photo gallery for some ideas on projects you might like!

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Page 46: The Beauty of Stained Glass

This is a link to the video about how glass is made. It was produced by the Discovery Channel – you probably recognized some of the TV hosts who appeared in this clip!http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28024-some-assembly-required-how-glass-is-made-video.htm

This is the homepage for the Stained Glass Association of America. Check out their newsletter and annual conferences.http://stainedglass.org/

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Page 47: The Beauty of Stained Glass

This link takes you to the page where the four types of glass are described. Be sure to surf to other related pages when visiting this one!http://www.ehow.com/facts_5004230_types-stained-glass.html

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Page 48: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Go here to see definitions of more types of glass sold to stained glass artists. This site is a commercial site for selling stained glass projects.http://pw1.netcom.com/~mmglass/types.html#flas

Here are links to pages with free stock photos which I used in this presentation:http://www.shutterstock.com/http://www.dreamstime.com/

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Page 49: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Anneal – to make stronger by heating and then cooling

Flux – a chemical cleaning agent used when soldering to help metals flow

Glazier - centuries ago, an artisan who made glass was a glazier. In modern times, a glazier is a construction worker who specializes in repairing glass

Glossary

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Page 50: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Iridescence– the quality of changing hue depending on the angle at which the object is viewed

Luminous– the quality of being lit up

Opalescence - exhibiting a milky iridescence like that of an opal

Glossary

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Page 51: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Refraction - the bending of light rays as they pass through a substance

Solder– metal alloys, usually tin and lead, used to join fusible parts

Glossary

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Page 60: The Beauty of Stained Glass

Thank you for visiting this tutorial!Enjoy the Beauty and Physics of Stained Glass.

Please close the door gently on your way out, so you don’t break the decorative glass!

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