The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models
72
REVIEW Open Access The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models Valeria Kolosova 1* , Ingvar Svanberg 2 , Raivo Kalle 3 , Lisa Strecker 4 , Ayşe Mine Gençler Özkan 5 , Andrea Pieroni 6 , Kevin Cianfaglione 7 , Zsolt Molnár 8 , Nora Papp 9 , Łukasz Łuczaj 10 , Dessislava Dimitrova 11 , Daiva Šeškauskaitė 12 , Jonathan Roper 13 , Avni Hajdari 14 and Renata Sõukand 3 Abstract Ethnolinguistic studies are important for understanding an ethnic group’s ideas on the world, expressed in its language. Comparing corresponding aspects of such knowledge might help clarify problems of origin for certain concepts and words, e.g. whether they form common heritage, have an independent origin, are borrowings, or calques. The current study was conducted on the material in Slavonic, Baltic, Germanic, Romance, Finno-Ugrian, Turkic and Albanian languages. The bear was chosen as being a large, dangerous animal, important in traditional culture, whose name is widely reflected in folk plant names. The phytonyms for comparison were mostly obtained from dictionaries and other publications, and supplemented with data from databases, the co-authors’ field data, and archival sources (dialect and folklore materials). More than 1200 phytonym use records (combinations of a local name and a meaning) for 364 plant and fungal taxa were recorded to help find out the reasoning behind bear-nomination in various languages, as well as differences and similarities between the patterns among them. Among the most common taxa with bear-related phytonyms were Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Heracleum sphondylium L., Acanthus mollis L., and Allium ursinum L., with Latin loan translation contributing a high proportion of the phytonyms. Some plants have many and various bear-related phytonyms, while others have only one or two bear names. Features like form and/or surface generated the richest pool of names, while such features as colour seemed to provoke rather few associations with bears. The unevenness of bear phytonyms in the chosen languages was not related to the size of the language nor the present occurence of the Brown Bear in the region. However, this may, at least to certain extent, be related to the amount of the historical ethnolinguistic research done on the selected languages. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Ethnolinguistics, Traditional knowledge, Phytonyms, Brown bear Ursus arctos, Motivation, Latin calques Background Many plant names have an animal element as a part of them. Animal names in folk (and scientific) plant names are common in many languages in Europe, as well as out- side Europe. The prefix bear- is very common in many languages in the Eurasian area, which reflects the bear’ s importance in the folk tradition. Phytonyms (that is plant names) with animal names as components have been discussed by many ethnobota- nists, folklorists, and linguists. Already a pioneering plant name researcher T. Thiselton-Dyer [1] observed that bear was a common animal element in many plant names, giving bear’ s foot, bear-berry, bear’ s bilberry, bear’ s-garlic, bears-breech, and bear’ s-wort as examples. The word bear could denote the size, the coarseness, and frequently the worthlessness or spuriousness of the plant. H. Kreiter [2] gave an account of French vernacu- lar names of plants derived from animal names. H. Marzell published a dissertation on animals in German plant names [3]. Croatian and general Slavonic material was analysed in works by N. Vajs [4] and S. Dubrovina [5], respectively. I. Hauenschield provided an important contribution with her studies on the use of animals in Turkic plant names [6]. She noted that the bear is an * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tuchkov pereulok 9, Saint-Petersburg 199053, Russia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0132-9
Transcript of The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0132-9
REVIEW Open Access
The bear in Eurasian plant names:motivations and models
Valeria Kolosova1*, Ingvar Svanberg2, Raivo Kalle3, Lisa Strecker4, Ayşe Mine Gençler Özkan5, Andrea Pieroni6,Kevin Cianfaglione7, Zsolt Molnár8, Nora Papp9, Łukasz Łuczaj10, Dessislava Dimitrova11, Daiva Šeškauskaitė12,Jonathan Roper13, Avni Hajdari14 and Renata Sõukand3Abstract
Ethnolinguistic studies are important for understanding an ethnic group’s ideas on the world, expressed in itslanguage. Comparing corresponding aspects of such knowledge might help clarify problems of origin for certainconcepts and words, e.g. whether they form common heritage, have an independent origin, are borrowings, orcalques. The current study was conducted on the material in Slavonic, Baltic, Germanic, Romance, Finno-Ugrian,Turkic and Albanian languages. The bear was chosen as being a large, dangerous animal, important in traditionalculture, whose name is widely reflected in folk plant names. The phytonyms for comparison were mostly obtainedfrom dictionaries and other publications, and supplemented with data from databases, the co-authors’ field data,and archival sources (dialect and folklore materials). More than 1200 phytonym use records (combinations of alocal name and a meaning) for 364 plant and fungal taxa were recorded to help find out the reasoning behindbear-nomination in various languages, as well as differences and similarities between the patterns among them.Among the most common taxa with bear-related phytonyms were Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Heracleumsphondylium L., Acanthus mollis L., and Allium ursinum L., with Latin loan translation contributing a high proportionof the phytonyms. Some plants have many and various bear-related phytonyms, while others have only one or twobear names. Features like form and/or surface generated the richest pool of names, while such features as colourseemed to provoke rather few associations with bears. The unevenness of bear phytonyms in the chosenlanguages was not related to the size of the language nor the present occurence of the Brown Bear in the region.However, this may, at least to certain extent, be related to the amount of the historical ethnolinguistic researchdone on the selected languages.
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Ethnolinguistics, Traditional knowledge, Phytonyms, Brown bear Ursus arctos, Motivation,Latin calques
BackgroundMany plant names have an animal element as a part ofthem. Animal names in folk (and scientific) plant namesare common in many languages in Europe, as well as out-side Europe. The prefix bear- is very common in manylanguages in the Eurasian area, which reflects the bear’simportance in the folk tradition.Phytonyms (that is plant names) with animal names as
components have been discussed by many ethnobota-nists, folklorists, and linguists. Already a pioneering
* Correspondence: [email protected] for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tuchkovpereulok 9, Saint-Petersburg 199053, RussiaFull list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This articInternational License (http://creativecommonsreproduction in any medium, provided you gthe Creative Commons license, and indicate if(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/ze
plant name researcher T. Thiselton-Dyer [1] observedthat bear was a common animal element in many plantnames, giving bear’s foot, bear-berry, bear’s bilberry,bear’s-garlic, bears-breech, and bear’s-wort as examples.The word bear could denote the size, the coarseness,and frequently the worthlessness or spuriousness of theplant. H. Kreiter [2] gave an account of French vernacu-lar names of plants derived from animal names. H.Marzell published a dissertation on animals in Germanplant names [3]. Croatian and general Slavonic materialwas analysed in works by N. Vajs [4] and S. Dubrovina[5], respectively. I. Hauenschield provided an importantcontribution with her studies on the use of animals inTurkic plant names [6]. She noted that the bear is an
le is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andive appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tochanges were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiverro/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 2 of 72
important animal in Turkish folklore and also has a veryprominent place among Turkic plant names, generallyconnected with forest and mountain flora. Hungarianplant names were researched by Rácz [7], who consid-ered dog’s, wolf ’s, pig’s names among the most commonones among those with an animal element. Komi phyto-nyms were discussed by Rakin [8]. Most of these worksanalyse many plant names in detail, but somewhat se-lectively, and without statistics.Specific animals were discussed in numerous articles.
For example, the Dutch ethnobotanist T. van Asseldonkexamined the use of ‘pig’ in plant names in French,German, Dutch, and Flemish [9]; T. B. Haber – on dogsand other canines in British and American English [10].Some authors tried to find explanations of naming intraditional culture [11]; such an approach is typical inethnolinguistics. Still, most researchers limited them-selves to comparing plants’ organs with these or thosebody parts of animals, as well as pointing out some oftheir features – that is, their properties and characteris-tics. So, van Asseldonk mentioned the toxicity of some‘pig’-herbs and the fact that some of them are eaten bypigs [9]; Haber included worthless, inferior, harmful, andnot cultivated plants to the list of ‘dog’ plants, addingthose serving as dog’s medicine, curing dog bites, andbeneficial to dogs [10]. In a work based on Slavonicplant name data, V. Kolosova [12] discerned sixteen mo-tivations (plant features which were the reason behindthe naming) for animal names, a plant’s shape, surface,colour, size, habitat, status, and a plant being animal’sfood or medicine among them. N. Vajs in her article [4]attempted to set up correspondences between the ap-pearance of plants and an animal body part forming thebasis of nomination (Fig. 1).More specifically plant names with a bear component
were discussed in articles by Brodskij [13] on Finno-Permic and Balto-Fennic languages and by Kolosova [14]on Russian dialects. We should also mention Dahlstedt[15] who in more depth discussed many bear berry namesin northern Scandinavia. He notes that bear- in names ofberries in northern Scandinavia is probably pejorative,because it is often used to berries regarded as inedible.However, it can also refer to the colour, because unripeberries can be red or maroon.There was often no direct relationship between the ac-
tual habitat of an animal species and the use of animalmetaphors in local plant names. There were for instancenames with ‘lion’, ‘monkey’ and ‘dragon’ in the Nordiclanguages, and ‘elephant’ and ‘lion’ in various Turkic plantnames [6, 16, 17]. The Tudor naturalist Turner recordedbearefote (nowadays still called bear’s foot) in Englishalready in 1538 for Helleborus [18]. No wild bears werepresent in the British Isles at that time. They were prob-ably extinct already by 500 AD or somewhat later [19].
Bear-related plant names can be considered semanticallytransparent or in some cases semi-transparent in Berlin’sterms [20], yet we are talking about once traditional, butnow highly literate societies. Therefore understanding themotivations of plant names is not easy. Plant names andthe naming of plants subsume a great many aspects: syn-chronic, diachronic, structural, semantic/associative, sys-temic/variational, etymological, geographical, social, etc.There is also a question of the emotive/situational value ofplant names and the handling of plant names in literarycontexts. Many plant names reflected folklore motifs andmythological ideas. In addition, there were normative as-pects in terms of diffusion and normalization of plantnames. It is therefore not only a question of the supposedorigin and motif of denomination (why was a plant Xcalled Y?). Some names were for instance just translationsof the Latin name, and especially the pre-Linnaean Latinnames must be considered, cf. Turner’s bearefote [21].Large charismatic animals have always attracted people’s
interest, and therefore there exists a rich cultural history as-sociated with such animals. Predators especially haveexerted a special attraction in art, folklore, myths, rituals,and other cultural expressions. This applies in particular tothe bear (along with wolf) that has played a central role inpeople’s perceptions across Eurasia. Bear worship has forinstance been common all over the circumpolar area[22–26]. Some peoples even regarded bears as their ances-tors [27, 28]. Vice versa, in Slavonic etiological legends bearis a human transformed into a beast as a punishment forsome sin. South Slavs celebrated special “bear days” [29].Bears are found all over the northern hemisphere [30].
Very much was written about the bear in folk perceptionand as a prey for hunters. Our relationship with bearsseems eternal, ranging from prehistoric human relationto the cave bear right up to the bear’s place in today’spopular culture [31, 32]. Several ancient (Pliny the Elder,Claudius Aelianus), medieval (Hildegard of Bingen,Albertus Magnus, Bartholomew of England), and Renais-sance authors (Olaus Magnus, Conrad Gessner) dealtwith the bear in detail. The scholarly literature on thebear in human history is extensive and covers manyaspects [27, 30, 33–36].Echoes of ancient ideas on some “equality” of humans
and bears have been alive in ritual practices until re-cently. For instance, in Älvdalen, in the Swedish prov-ince Dalecarlia, a fiancée was called ‘she-bear’, and thereare many expressions connected with the rituals before awedding when the bear metaphor is used. Björn-grånkais the local term for a spruce tree, Picea abies (L.) H.Karst, which was set upright against the door of a farmwhere someone had the banns of marriage published.This was done to prevent ‘the bear’ from coming ‘out ofhibernation’ [37]. In Russian wedding songs the bride iscalled мeдвeдицa ‘she-bear’ [38].
Fig. 1 Correspondences between the appearance of plants and animal body parts based on nomination (adapted from [4])
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 3 of 72
As a charismatic animal, hunted, revered, and feared,the bear also has many euphemisms in Eurasia [29, 39–41].Strictly speaking, bear/björn/bjørn/Bär in the Germaniclanguages literally mean “the brown one”, is an old eu-phemism [41]; Russian literary and common name for bearis also a euphemism literally meaning “honey eater”; all ofthem are used instead of old Indo-European name *ŗkso-(kept in Gr. άρκτoς and Lat. ursus), that has been tabooedfor many centuries [42]. The Hungarian language uses aSlavonic borrowing medve for the same reason.The objectives of the research were to answer the fol-
lowing questions:
a. which plants were associated with the bear in folkplant nomenclatures?
b. why certain plants were considered ‘bear plants’ (i.e.eventual links to local perceptions)?
c. is there a common perception of the same taxon overlarger areas?
d. what are differences and similarities of the patternsamong different languages?
e. do plant names with ‘bear’ component always link tothe animal ‘bear’?
f. which word-formative models are used for creating‘bear’-names?
Methods and sourcesWithin this work we concentrated on plant names re-lated to the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758)
historically or still today co-habitating in the areas of thedistribution of selected language groups (Fig. 2). We givean overview of using the bear as a prefix in Eurasian folkplant names (sometimes it is not a prefix but just a wordmeaning ‘bear’ or ‘little bear’ used as a metaphorical name).The names belonging to the official nomenclature werenot analysed, unless they coincided with the folk ones.Only species names were considered. The cases of bear-
nomination for individual natural objects, as, i.e., It. faggiodell’orso ‘bear’s beech’ for one famous big tree at Mt.Tranquillo, near Pescasseroli village, are not analysed.Plant names containing the root bear- were analysed in
the spoken dialects of several Eurasian languages: Slavonic(Belarusian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian,Polish, Russian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian,Sorbian, and Ukrainian), Germanic (English, German,Danish, Norwegian and Swedish), Romance (French,Italian, Latin, Sardinian, Friulian), Finno-Ugrian (Estonian,Finnish, Hungarian, Izhorian, Livonian, Saami, and Votic),Turkic languages (Bashkir, Chuvash, Kazakh, Kirghiz,Tatar, Turkish, Uyghur, and Uzbek) and other languages(Albanian, Lithuanian). The authors also considered thecases when the plant was unidentified, but the citationfrom respondent explained the using of a bear-name. Theinner form (literal translation) of local names is given insquare brackets.The published dictionaries, ethnolinguistic literature,
folkloric and ethnographic references based on primaryliterature and original field investigations were considered.
Fig. 2 Language groups reviewed in this publication and present geographic distribution of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). Red – distribution ofBrown Bear. Circles indicate the regions inhabited by the speakers of the language group very roughly. Base map (species distribution map) iscreated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and distributed by Wikimedia according to Attribution-Share Alike Creative CommonsLicense (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_range_map.svg)
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 4 of 72
Field materials from Abruzzo [Cianfaglione], Transylvania[Frendl and Papp], Estonia [Kalle and Sõukand], Transylvania[Molnár, Babai], and the Alps [Pieroni] are publishedfor the first time. Data was extracted from the sources andentered in an Excel spreadsheet. Nomenclature followedThe Plant List database [43] for plants and IndexFungorum [44] for fungi. The dataset supporting the con-clusions of this article was included within the article asits (Table 1). The dataset has the following structure: validnomenclature taxon, original source taxon identification,local plant name and its literal translation into English,language and geographical area of fixation of the plantname, motivation, and the source of the information. Thecolumn containing motivations was formed on the basisof the material extracted from the sources.
Are all bears in plant names really bears?There is a particular problem in the interpretation of thebear plant names. The bramble (Rubus subg. Rubus) wascalled björnbär [“bear berry”] in Swedish. This plantname was recorded already in 1643 in Sweden. But thereasoning behind this name is not easily clarified. Thereis nothing bear-like about it, and bears never appear inthe area where it grows along the southern Swedishcoasts. One possible explanation is that another folkname is brumbär, and the first part brum has maybebeen associated with the animal’s name (although brumin this case actually means ‘leaf ’, cf. English bramble,German Brombeere, etc.). Although most contemporarypeople connect björnbär with bears, it is not etymologic-ally derived from historical roots connected to the
animal bear [17]. On the other hand, the connections ofRubus spp. with bears in Belorussian, Ukrainian, Czech,Old-Polish, German, Italian, Estonian, and Votic cannotbe explained by folk etymology.Another example is the English name bearbind for
Clematis vitalba L., Convolvulus arvensis L., and Poly-gonum convolvulus L., where the ‘bear’ element histori-cally comes from Old English beow ‘barley’ rather thanthe Old English bera ‘bear’, and thus the whole nameliterally means the plant that binds barley [45, 46].Similarly, it is bere (also ‘barley’) rather than bera,that lies behind bear-barley, a Northumberland namefor Hordeum hexastichon or tetrastichon, which thushas nothing to do with bears, but literally means“barley-barley” [47].Thiselton-Dyer [1] used bear’s-wort as an example,
which, according to him, “is rather to be derived fromits use in uterine complaints than from the animal”. Theexplanation makes a lot of sense as Eng. bear has (atleast) two meanings, including ‘the animal bear’ and ‘togive birth’, which lent good material to folk etymologists.If there was an herb that helped giving birth or was goodfor gynecological disorders, it could get the name ofbear’s-wort. The situation was the same with Germ. Bär‘the animal bear’ and gebären ‘to give birth’.Words from which the later words were derived are a
critical issue also in other quasi bear plant names. Themain similarities between Est. karu ‘bear’ and the adjec-tive karune ‘hairy’ made contemporary speakers takethem as being cognates. The words for ‘bear’ (NorthEstonian and standard Estonian karu, South Estonian
Table
1
AAcurren
tlyvalid
nomen
clature
Thetaxonindicatedin
originalsource
Localn
ame
Literaltranslatio
nLang
uage
Area
Motivation
Reference
Acan
thus
hirsutus
Boiss.
Acan
thus
hirsutus
Boiss.
ayıeli
bear
hand
Turkish
Anatolia
shape
[59]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayïpänġäsi
bear
claw
Azeri
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayïwtabani
bear
sole
Bashkir
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
upauri
bear
foot
Chu
vash
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
viđa
stop
abe
arfoot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,137,138]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
vidn
jastup
abe
arfoot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,137,138]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
vijastup
abe
arfoot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,137,138]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
vjeđ
astup
abe
arfoot
Croatian
nolocatio
nLatin
calque
[84,126,137,
138]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
vejsko
kopito
bear
hoof
Croatian
nolocatio
n?
[126,138]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
vedo
vina
bear
plant
Croatian
nolocatio
nLatin
calque
[126,138,225]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.stop
amed
vidn
jabe
arfoot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[ 126,138,239]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.stop
amed
vinja
bear
foot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.stop
amed
vjed
nja
bear
foot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.stop
amed
vjeđ
abe
arfoot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.stop
amed
vjeska
bear
foot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
vědí
pazneh
tbe
arho
ofCzech
Latin
calque
[61]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.med
vědí
paznecht
bear
hoof
Czech
Latin
calque
[61]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.ne
dvěd
ípazno
tbe
arho
ofCzech
Latin
calque
[61]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.ne
dvězíp
azno
tbe
arho
ofCzech
Latin
calque
[61]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.vlašskýne
dvěd
ípazne
htItalianbe
arho
ofCzech
Latin
calque
[61]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.vlašskýne
dvěd
ípazne
cht
Italianbe
arho
ofCzech
Latin
calque
[61]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.patted’ou
rsbe
arpaw
Fren
chLatin
calque
[2]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.brancursine
bear
paw
Fren
chLatin
calque
[2]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.branqu
eursine
bear
paw
Fren
chLatin
calque
[2]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.brancheursine
bear
paw
Fren
chLatin
calque
[2]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
Bärenklau,echte,italienische
,welsche
bear
claw
,true,
Italian,?
German,
nonspecified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
Bärentappe
bear
paw
German,
nonspecified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
Bärentatze
bear
paw
German,
nonspecified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.branca
ursina
bear
paw
Italian,central
Tuscany,centralItaly
?[74]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 5 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayuw
ayaghï
bear
foot
Kazakh
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayuw
tabanï
bear
sole
Kazakh
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.мe
двeдзoвa
тaлпa
bear
foot
Ruthen
ian
Vojvod
ina
Latin
calque?
[125]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.мe
двeдoвин
abe
arplant
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.мe
двejcкoкoпи
тobe
arho
ofSerbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.мe
двecкa
cтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.мe
двид
њacтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
L.мe
двиjacтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
med
vedn
ikbe
arplant
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque?
[84]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
med
venik
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque?
[84]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
barjaca
stop
abe
arfoot
Sorbian
Latin
calque
[186]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayuajagh
ïbe
arfoot
Tatar
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayutabanï
bear
sole
Tatar
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayıpen
çesi
bear
claw
Turkish
shape
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayïpen
ġesi
bear
claw
Turkmen
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
barica
she-be
arUpp
er-Sorbian
Latin
calque?
[63]
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Acan
thus
mollis
ayïqtåwån
bear
sole
Uzbek
Latin
calque
[171]
Acan
thus
spinosus
L.Acan
thus
spinosus
L.branca
ursina
salvatica
wild
bear
branch
Italian,central
Tuscany,centralItaly
?[74]
Acan
thus
spinosus
L.Acan
thus
spinosus
L.barica
she-be
arUpp
er-Sorbian
Latin
calque
[121]
Acan
thus
spp.
Acan
thus
spp.
med
vedska
taca
bear
paw
Croatian
Latin
calque
[228]
Acan
thus
spp.
Acan
thus
(various
species,
includ
ingspinosus
and
mollis)
bear'sbreech
bear
breech
Eng.
Gen
eral
England
surface
[46]
Acan
thus
spp.
Acan
thus
L.ayıpen
çesi
bear
paw
Turkish
Anatolia
shape
[131]
Acan
thus
spp.
Acan
thus
barnica
bear
plant
Upp
er-Sorbian
Latin
calque?
[63]
Achilleamillefolium
L.Achilleamillefolium
L.karhun
kukka
bear
flower
Finn
ish
Perho,Sievi
surface
[82]
Achilleamillefolium
L.Achilleamillefolium
L.karhun
ruoh
obe
argrass
Finn
ish
Perho
surface
[82]
Achilleano
bilis
L.Achilleano
bilis
L.ayıdanası
bear
calf
Turkish
WAnatolia
folklore
[145]
Acon
itum
napellusL.
Acon
itum
napellus
bear'sfoot
bear
foot
Eng.
Midland
Nottin
gham
shape
[45]
Acon
itum
napellusL.
Acon
itum
napellusL.
karupe
sabe
arne
stEstonian
Mus
size
[58]
Acon
itum
sp.
Acon
itum
sp.
ayïwtabani
bear
sole
Bashkir
shape
[171]
Acon
itum
sp.
Acon
itum
sp.
ayïqtåwån
bear
sole
Uzbek
shape?
[171]
Acorus
calamus
L.Acorus
cal.
Bärenm
utter-wurzel
bear
mothe
rroot
German,
nonspecified
notspecified
folketym
olog
y?[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 6 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Actaea
rubra(Aito
n)Willd.
Actaea
rubra(Aito
n)Willd.
karhun
marja
bear
berry
Finn
ish
Sort,Kon
ndang
erou
sness
[82]
Actaea
spicataL.
Actaea
spicataL.
мeдвeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Nizhn
iNovgo
rod
ined
ibility?
[57]
Actaea
spicataL.
Actaea
spicataL.
meškauo
gėbe
arbe
rries
Lithuanian
Lithuania
dang
erou
sness,
bear
food
[87,191]
Actaea
spicataL.
Actaea
spicataL.
мeдвeж
ьятpaвa
bear
grass
NorthernRu
ssian
Olone
tsdang
erou
sness
(toxic)?
[57]
Actaea
spicataL.
Actaea
spicataL.
bjøn
nbær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
NorthernOdal,Vo
dal
?[80]
Actaea
spicataL.
Actaea
spicataL.
мeдвeж
ьяягoд
abe
arbe
rry
Russian
MiddleObregion
dang
erou
sness
(toxic)
[101]
Actaea
spicataL.
Actaea
spicata
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Österbo
tten
,Nyland
status-
[155]
Aegopodium
podagrariaL.
Aegopodium
podagraria
med
vedo
vataca
bear
paw
Sloven
ian
?[84,144]
Agasyllis
latifoliaBo
iss.
Silerlatifolium
L.med
vedo
vka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[144]
Ajugareptan
sL.
Ajugareptan
sL.
мeч a
cтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
shape,surface
[86]
Alchem
illaxantho
chlora
Rothm.
Alchem
illavulgarisL.
bear'sfoot
bear
foot
Eng.
Southe
rn,
Northern
Ham
pshire,N
orthum
berland
shape
[45]
Alchem
illaxantho
chlora
Rothm.
Alchem
illavulg.
Barend
aumen
bear
thum
bGerman,non
specified
notspecified
shape?,surface?
[65]
Allium
rotund
umL.
Allium
rotund
umL.
ayısarmısa
ğıbe
argarlic
Turkish
Kırklareli(Europ
eanpartof
Turkey)
wild
[227]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
Hud
hërarushe
,Hud
hrrariu
bear
garlic
Albanian
Albania
bear
food
[210,211]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umayïsog
anï
bear
onion
Azeri
Latin
calque
[171]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umayïu
huganï
bear
onion
Bashkir
Latin
calque
[171]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
мeчи
лук
bear
onion
Bulgarian
Kyustend
ilarea
Latin
calque
[86]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umbjørne
løg
bear
onion
Danish
Den
mark
Latin
calque
[187]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
karusibu
lbe
aron
ion
Estonian
Hää
Latin
calque
[58]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
karulauk
bear
leek
Estonian
Latin
calque
([58,237,238]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
urs.
Bärenkno
blauch
bear
garlic
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
urs.
Bärlauch
bear
leek
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
ummed
vefokhagym
abe
argarlic
Hun
garian
Egerszék
(Transylvania)
wild
Fren
dlandPapp
unpu
blishe
d
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
ummed
vesósdi
bear’ssorrel
Hun
garian
Egerszék
(Transylvania)
wild
Fren
dlandPapp
unpu
blishe
d
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
ajëde
ll'orse;aju
dell'orso;
ajode
ll'ors
bear
garlic
Italian,central
GranSassod'Italia
andLaga
Mt.,Abruzzo
andlittle
portion
ofeasternLatiu
m,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 7 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
ajëde
l'urs
bear
garlic
Italian,central
Valle
Peligna
andAlto
Sang
ro,
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
ajëdë
jursë
bear
garlic
Italian,southe
rnValle
Sube
quana,mid
Valle
dell'Aterno,Alto
pianode
lleRo
cche
(L'Aqu
ila),Abruzzo,
centralItaly
wild,status-
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umayuw
xogo
nbe
aron
ion
Kirghiz
Latin
calque
[171]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
ummeškinisčesnakas
bear
garlic
Lithuanian
Lithuania
Latin
calque,
bear
food
[87]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
мeдвeж
ийлук
bear
onion
Russian
Ural
Latin
calque
[181]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
мeдвeж
ийчecнoк
bear
garlic
Russian
Ural
Latin
calque
[181]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
мeдвeдзoвчecнoк
bear
garlic
Ruthen
ian
Vojvod
ina
Latin
calque?
[125]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
мeдвeђ
илук
bear
onion
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
мeдвjeђи
лук
bear
onion
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
ummed
vedjizhe
ſen
bear
garlic
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque?
[209]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umayısa
rımsağı
bear
garlic
Turkish
Anatolia
wild
[235]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umayisarüsagï
bear
garlic
Turkish
Latin
calque
[171]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
cybu
lamed
veža
bear
onion
Ukrainian
Latin
calque
[130]
Allium
ursin
umL.
Allium
ursin
umL.
łukmed
vežyj
bear
onion
Ukrainian
Latin
calque
[130]
Allium
victorialis
L.Allium
victorialis
L.=Allium
ursin
umL.
мeдвeж
ийлук
bear
onion
Russian
MiddleObregion
Latin
calque
[101]
Allium
xiph
opetalum
Aitch.&Baker
Allium
sylvestre
med
vjeđ
iluk
bear
onion
Croatian
Latin
calque
[228]
Aloe
spp.
Aloe
spp.
karusapp
bear
bile
Estonian
status-
[58,64]
Aloe
spp.
Aloe
spp.
karusaba
bear
tail
Estonian
Rap
folketym
olog
y[58]
Amelan
chierovalis
Med
ik.
Amelan
chieroval.
Bärenb
irne
bear
pear
German,
nonspecified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Anchusaarvensis(L.)
M.Bieb.
Anchusaarvensis(L.)M.Bieb.
kahrooh
tjabe
arthistle,
bear
thorn
Estonian
surface
[173]
Anchusaarvensis(L.)
M.Bieb.
Anchusaarvensis(L.)M.Bieb.
karukeel
bear
tong
ueEstonian
surface
[182]
Anchusaarvensis(L.)
M.Bieb.
LycopsisarvensisL.
karu
osjad
bear
horsetails
Estonian
folketym
olog
y[183]
AnchusaofficinalisL.
AnchusaofficinalisL.
karukeel
bear
tong
ueEstonian
Kuu
shapeand
surface
[214]
AnchusaofficinalisL.
AnchusaofficinalisL.
karuoh
akas,karuo
hakad,
karuoh
tjad,
kahru-oh
tjad
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
Rid,
Võn
surface
[58,64,73]
AnchusaofficinalisL.
AnchusaofficinalisL.
kahru-oh
tja,kahro
ohtja,
karu-ohtja(ohakad)
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
surface
[73,236]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 8 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
AnchusaofficinalisL.
Anchusaofficinalis
björntass
bear
paw
Swed
ish
Skåne
shape
[155]
Anem
onealpina
L.An
emon
ealpina
Bärenp
lumpe
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Anem
onealpina
L.An
emon
ealpina
Bärentatze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Anem
onealpina
L.Pulsa
tillaalpina
med
veje
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[209]
Anem
onealpina
L.An
emon
ealpina
med
veje
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[84]
Anem
onepatens
L.An
emon
epatens
L.karumun
nid
bear
balls
Estonian
Tallinn
surface
[58]
Anem
onepatens
L.An
emon
epatens
L.karukell,lillakarukell
bear
bell,lillack
bear
bell
Estonian
North
Estonia
surface
[58]
Anem
onepatens
L.An
emon
epatens
L.karusäärep
ael
bear
shank's
ribbo
nEstonian
Rap
surface
[58]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
L.,
Pulsa
tillaMill.
karukell,karukelluke,
karu
kellad,
karukellad
bear
bell(s)
Estonian
North
Estonia
surface
[58,64,73,182,
183]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
L.karu-küb
arbe
arhat
Estonian
surface
[236]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
L.karumun
nid
bear
balls
Estonian
Noa
surface
[58]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
L.karukollad
bear
club
moss
Estonian
Kad
surface
[58]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
L.karulilled,
sinine
karulill,
kahrulill
bear
flower(s),
blue
bear
flower
Estonian
Pal,Äks,H
arsurface
[ 58]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
L.karusäärep
aelad
bear
shank's
ribbo
nsEstonian
Nis
surface
[58]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
L.,
Pulsa
tillaMill.
karukäpad,
karu
kepad,
karu-käpad
bear
paws
Estonian
North
Estonia,Ha
surface
[58,73,183]
Anem
onepratensis
L.An
emon
epratensis
bjøn
neblom
me
bear
flower
Norweg
ian
Sigd
al?
[80]
Anem
onepulsa
tillaL.
Anem
onepuls.
Bärenb
lume
bear
flower
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Anem
onesylvestrisL.
Anem
onesylvestrisL.
karukellad
bear
bells
Estonian
JJn,Juu
surface
[58]
Anem
onesylvestrisL.
Anem
onesylvestrisL.
karusilm
bear
eye
Estonian
Amb,
JMd
surface
[58]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Archan
gelicaHoffm
.мe
двeж
ьидудки
bear
pipe
sCen
tralRu
ssian
Novgo
rod
size?
[57]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
karhun
putk,karhu
nputka,
karhun
putke
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Finn
ish
folketym
olog
y,size
[55]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
karhun
-yrtti
bear
herb
Finn
ish
folketym
olog
y,size
[82]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
karunp
utet
bear
pipe
Ingrian
folketym
olog
y,size
[56]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
karhun
trub
abe
arpipe
Izho
rian
folketym
olog
y,size
[56]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 9 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
karupu
ded
bear
pipe
Izho
rian
folketym
olog
y,size
[56]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
karupu
tki
bear
pipe
Izho
rian
folketym
olog
y,size
[56]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelica
guovžžarássi
bear
plant
North
Saam
i?
[212]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Archan
gelicaHoffm
.мe
двeж
ьидудки
bear
pipe
sNorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
asize?
[57]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Archan
gelicaHoffm
.мe
двeдoк
little
bear
Russian
MiddleUral
?[57]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Archan
gelicaHoffm
.мe
двeж
ьядудкa
bear
pipe
Russian
Ekaterinbu
rgregion
?[57]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Archan
gelicaHoffm
.мe
двeж
кalittle
bear
Russian
Novosibirskregion
?[57]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Archan
gelicaHoffm
.мe
двeж
кalittle
bear
Russian
Ekaterinbu
rgregion
?[57]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelica?
björnkål
bear
cabb
age
Swed
ish
Dalarna
size?
[155]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicaarchan
gelica
björnstut
bear
trum
pet
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
size?
[155]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicasilvestris
björnflo
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
size?
[155]
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Angelicasilvestris
björnstut
bear
trum
pet
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
,Ång
ermanland
,Västerbo
tten
,Lappland
size?
[155]
Angelicaarchan
gelica
subsp.
litoralis
(Wahlenb
.)Thell.
Angelicaarchan
gelicassp.
litoralis
björnfloka
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Österbo
tten
size?
[155]
Angelicaspp.
Angelicaspp.
karhun
yrti
bear
herb
Finn
ish
folketym
olog
y,size
[82]
Angelicaspp.
Angelicaspp.
karhun
putki,carhun
putki
bear
pipe
Finn
ish
folketym
olog
y,size
[82]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
мeдвeж
ьидудки
bear
pipe
sCen
tralRu
ssian
Novgo
rod
size?
[57]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
karhun
-yrtti
bear
herb
Finn
ish
folketym
olog
y,size
[82]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
karhun
putki,carhun
putki,
Karhun
putk
bear
pipe
Finn
ish
folketym
olog
y,size
[55,82]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
karhun
trub
abe
arpipe
Ingrian
folketym
olog
y,size
[56]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
karunp
utet
bear
pipe
Ingrian
folketym
olog
y,size
[56]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
karupu
tki
bear
pipe
Izho
rian
folketym
olog
y,size
[56]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
мeдвeж
ьяпучкa
bear
cow-
parsnip
Russian
MiddleObregion
bear
food
?[101]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
мeдвeж
ьипучки
bear
cow-
parsnip
Russian
Ural
size?
[57]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 10 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasylvestris
björnkum
minstrång
eroug
hbe
arcummin
Swed
ish
Dalarna
bear
food
[155]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasyilvestris
björnloka
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Gästrikland
,Dalarna,
Västmanland
size?
[155]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasylvestris
björnlop
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Dalarna
size?
[155]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasylvestris
björnp
ipa
bear
pipe
Swed
ish
Västmanland
,Dalarna,
Västergö
tland
size?
[155]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasylvestris
björng
räs
bear
grass
Swed
ish
Dalarna
size?
[155]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasylvestris
björnslök
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Värm
land
size?
[155]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasylvestris
björnflor,björnflo
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
size?
[154,155]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Angelicasylvestris
björnstut
bear
trum
pet
Swed
ish
Västerbo
tten
shape?
[154]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
byön
ngras
bear
grass
Swed
ish
Älvdalen
?[223]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
byön
nkum
åstraing
gbe
arcaraway
plant
Swed
ish
Älvdalen
?[223]
AngelicasylvestrisL.
AngelicasylvestrisL.
byön
nkum
åstraung
gbe
arcaraway
plant
Swed
ish
Älvdalen
?[223]
Angelicaursin
a(Rup
r.)Maxim
.An
geloph
yllum
ursin
umмe
двeж
ийкope
ньbe
arroot
Russian
Latin
calque
[116]
Angelicaursin
a(Rup
r.)Maxim
.aKamchatka
plan
tмe
двeж
ийк ope
ньbe
arroot
Russian
Kamchatka
Latin
calque?
[57]
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)
Gaertn.
Antenn
ariadioica
med
vědí
tlapičky
bear
paws
Czech
Cho
dov
surface
[83]
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)
Gaertn.
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)Gaertn.
karukäpp
bear
paw
Estonian
Amb,
JMd
shape
[58]
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)
Gaertn.
Antenn
ariadioica
Bärentatze
bear
paw
German,
nonspecified
notspecified
shape
[65]
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)
Gaertn.
Antenn
ariadioica
Bärenp
ratze
bear
paw
German,
nonspecified
notspecified
shape
[65]
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)
Gaertn.
Antenn
ariadioica
med
vedo
vetačice
bear
little
paws
Sloven
ian
shape?
[84]
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)
Gaertn.
Antenn
ariadioica
(L.)Gaertn.
byön
ntasser
bear’spaws
Swed
ish
Älvdalen
shape
[223]
Anthriscussylvestris(L.)
Hoffm
.An
thriscussylvestris(L.)Hoffm
.karhun
putki
bear
pipe
Izho
rian
folketym
olog
y[172]
Anthriscussylvestris(L.)
Hoffm
.An
thriscussylvestris(L.)Hoffm
.karupu
tki
bear
pipe
Votic
folketym
olog
y[56]
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Bärenklee
bear
clover
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 11 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Bärenp
ratze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Bärentappe
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Bärentatze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Anthyllis
vulneraria
med
vetalpa
bear’spaw
Hun
garian
Gyimes
(Transylvania)
surface
[161]
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
med
vjeka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[89,144]
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
Anthyllis
vulnerariaL.
med
vejčk
abe
arplant
Sloven
ian
?[89,144]
Antirrhinum
majus
L.An
tirrhinum
majus
med
veszája
bear’smou
thHun
garian
nodata
(Hun
gary
orTransylvania)
shape
[176]
Apiaceae
Apiaceae,unide
ntified
taxon
ursurèdd
a,sursurèd
dalittle
femalebe
arSardinian
BariSardoarea,O
gliastra,
easternSardinia
?[142]
Arbutusun
edoL.
Arbutusun
edoL.
mbriachelledë
l'ursë
intoxicatin
glittle
bear
fruit
Italian,central
Lower
Valle
Peligna,upp
erValP
escara,A
bruzzo,cen
tralItaly
bear
food
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Arbutusun
edoL.
Arbutusun
edo
мeчjeгpoж
ђebe
argrapes
Serbo-Croat
size?
[84]
Arbutusun
edoL.
Arbutusun
edo
ayıçileği
bear
strawbe
rry
Turkish
Anatolia
bear
food
[169]
Arbutusun
edoL.
Arbutusun
edo
ayıçileği
bear
strawbe
rry
Turkish
Muğ
la(SW
Anatolia)
shape,be
arfood
[169]
Arbutusun
edoL.
Arbutusun
edo
ayıyem
işibe
arfru
itTurkish
İzmit(NW
Anatolia)-M
armara
Region
bear
food
[178]
Arbutusun
edoL.
Arbutusun
edo
ayıyem
işibe
arfru
itTurkish
Anatolia
bear
food
[227]
Arbutusun
edoL.
Arbutusun
edo
ayıyem
işibe
arfru
itTurkish
Anatolia
bear
food
[227]
Arctium
lappaL.
Arctium
lappaL.
med
vědí
bears
Czech
size?
[61]
Arctium
minus
(Hill)
Bernh.
Arctium
minus
(Hill)Bernh.
ayıkabağı
bear
zucchini
Turkish
Ankara(Inne
rAnatolia)
status
-[165]
Arctium
minus
(Hill)
Bernh.
Arctium
minus
(Hill)Bernh.
ayıp
ıtırağı
bear
cocklebu
rTurkish
Yalova
(NW
Anatolia)
size
[227]
Arctium
tomentosum
Mill.
Arctium
tomentosum
Mill.
kahrutakjas
bear
burr
Estonian
Seshapeand
surface
[58]
Arctopus
spp.
Arctopus
L.med
vjeđ
ašapa
bear
paw
Croatian
nolocatio
nshape?,
surface?,Latin
calque?
[126,138,244]
Arctostaph
ylos
spp.
Arctostaph
ylos
L.мe
двeдильник
bear
plant
Russian
Ural
Latin
calque?
[57]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
Rrusharushe
;Rrush
harushe
bear
grape
Albanian
North
Albania,Kosovo
bear
food
[136]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
ayïġulaγï
bear’sear
Azeri
shape
[6]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 12 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
ayïgäghï
bear
ear
Azeri
shape
[171]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
мядзвeджыявушкi
bear
little
ears
Belarussian
Grodn
.be
arfood
?status-?
[79]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
мядзвeджыявушкi
bear
little
ears
Belarussian
Minsk.
bear
food
?status-?
[79]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
Spreng
.мe
чeгpoздe
bear
grapes
Bulgarian
Latin
calque
[86]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vejegrozje
bear
grapes
Croatian
Podvežica
Latin
calque
[126,162]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vjed
ika
bear
plant
Croatian
nolocatio
nLatin
calque
[126,217]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.(Arctostaphylos
officinalisWim
m.etGrab.)
med
vjed
ica
she-be
arCroatian
nolocatio
nLatin
calque
[126,138,244]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaphylos
med
vjed
ica
she-be
arCroatian
nolocatio
nLatin
calque
[126,138,245]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vjetka
bear
plant
Croatian
nolocatio
nLatin
calque?
[126,228,229]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
nedvěd
ice
bear
plant
Czech
Latin
calque?
[60,72]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vědík
little
bear
Czech
bear
food
?status-?
[61]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vědí
hrozen
bear
grapes
Czech
Latin
calque
[61]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vědí
hrozny
bear
grapes
Czech
Latin
calque
[61]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
bjørne
baer
bear
berry
Danish
Den
mark
Latin
calque
[187]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karukobar,karukobarad
bear
cluster(s)
Estonian
Latin
calque
[64]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karupo
hlad
bear
lingo
nberry
Estonian
Vig
ined
ibility
[64]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karuviinapuu
-marjalehe
dbe
argrapetree
berriesleaves
Estonian
Latin
calque
[64]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karulehe
d,kahruliht
bear
leaves
Estonian
Vig,
Har
Latin
calque
[64]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karupu
hulgaleh
edbe
arlingo
nberry
leaves
Estonian
Latin
calque
[64]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karutee
bear
tea
Estonian
Latin
calque
[64]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 13 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karukapsas
bear
cabb
age
Estonian
Rap
Latin
calque
[58]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karukõrvad
bear
ears
Estonian
Nrv
Latin
calque
[58]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.uë
ursine
bear
bilberry
Friulian
Friuli,no
rth-eatern
Italy
bear
food
?[153]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.pirusielda
l'ors
bear
bilberry
Friulian
Carnia,Friuli,no
rth-easternItaly
status-
[74,153]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
Bären-Chris
?German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylus
uva-ursi
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Artostaphylusuva-ursi
Barentraub
ebe
argrape
German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
Bärenb
eere
bear
berry
German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
med
vege
rezd
bear’sslice
Hun
garian
Transylvania
wild
[150]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.karhum
arja
bear
berry
Izho
rian
Latin
calque
[56]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.uvad'urso;uva
ursina;
uvaurzina;evæ
orsina;
uvamursine
;uvæ
orsina;
uvaurzinæ
;uvettæ
dël'ursë
bear
grape
Italian,central
andsouthe
rnAbruzzo,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-
([90],
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d)
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.ua
orsina
bear
bilberry
Italian,no
rthe
rnIstria,Friu
li,no
rthe
rnItaly
wild,status-
[153]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.ciated'ors
bear
feet
Italian,no
rthe
rnArcoarea,Trentino,
north-eatern
Italy
shape
[115]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.brusseid
el'orso
bear
bilberries
Italian,no
rthe
rnPrim
iero
area,Trentino,
north-easternItaly
status-
[115]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.uvadl'ours
bear
grape
Italian,no
rthe
rnCun
eoarea,Piedm
ont,
north-western
Italy
wild,status-
[115]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.granteni
d'ors;broc
dal'ors
bear
lingo
nberries
Italian,no
rthe
rnPinè
andValR
ende
na,
Tren
tino,no
rth-easternItaly
status-
[115,206]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.pand'ors
bear
bread
Italian,no
rthe
rnBergam
oarea,Lom
bardy,
northe
rnItaly
bear
food
[74]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.ug
ad'ursu
bear
grape
Italian,no
rthe
rnChiavariarea,Ligu
ria,
north-western
Italy
wild,status-
[74]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.ug
ade
ll'orso
bear
grape
Italian,no
rthe
rnSond
rioarea,Lom
bardy,
northe
rnItaly
wild,status-
[74]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 14 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.ovaorsèina
bear
grape
Italian,no
rthe
rnRegg
ioarea,Emilia,
northe
rnItaly
wild,status-
[74]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.cerasella
d'orso
bear
hawthorn
berry
Italian,southe
rnTerradi
Lavoro
area,
southe
rnItaly
status-,be
arfood
?[74]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.garnatede
lóurs;garnéte
deórs;granatsdl'aurs;
granatede
l'ours
bear
bilberries
Ladin
ValC
orde
vole,Valdi
Fassa,
ValB
adiaandValG
arde
na,
Vene
toandTren
tino,
north-easternItaly
Latin
calque?,
status-?
[207]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursiL.
meškosausys
bear
ears
Lithuanian
Lithuania
shape,be
arfood
[87]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
мeдвeж
ийвинo
гpaд
bear
grapes
NorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
aLatin
calque
[57]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.bjørne
bær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
Eidskog,
Budal
Latin
calque
[80]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
mącznicanied
zwiedziny
bear
mealberry
Polish
bear
food
?status-?
[116]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
nied
źwiedziegron
obe
argrapes
Polish
shape
[72]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.вeдм
eжьи
ушки
bear
little
ears
Russian
MiddleObregion
bear
food
?status-?
[101]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.мe
двeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Russian
MiddleObregion
bear
food
?status-?
[101]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.мe
двeж
ьeуш
кobe
arlittle
ear
Russian
MiddleObregion
bear
food
?status-?
[101]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.мe
двeж
ьяягoд
abe
arbe
rry
Russian
MiddleObregion
Latin
calque?
[101]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(?)
мeдвeдильник
bear
plant
Russian
Ural
Latin
calque?
[181]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursiL.
мeдвeж
ьиуш
киbe
arlittle
ears
Russian
Ural
Latin
calque?
[181]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiL.
мeдвeдзoвo
уxo
bear
ear
Ruthen
ian
Vojvod
ina
bear
food
?status-?
[125]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.м e
двeђ
eгpoж
ђebe
argrapes
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.мe
двeткa
bear
plant
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.мe
двиjeдиц
ashe-be
arSerbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
мeдвeдoвoуxo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 15 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.мe
чиjeгpoж
ђebe
argrapes
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque?
[84]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
med
vedica
she-be
arSlovak
Slovakia
Latin
calque?
[62]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
nedved
ica
she-be
arSlovak
Slovakia
Latin
calque?
[62]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vedo
vouh
obe
arear
Sloven
ian
bear
food
?status-?
[89]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vedo
večrešnje
bear
sweet
cherries
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque?
[89]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vedjig
rozdič
bear
grapes
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque
[84,89]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
med
vedjeuh
obe
arear
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque?
[84,89]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.med
vedo
vogrozdjiče
bear
grapes
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque
[84,89]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
mjedw
jedźica
she-be
arSorbian
Latin
calque?
[186]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.ho
lanska
mjedw
jedźica
forestshe-be
arSorbian
Latin
calque?
[186]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Norrbotten
Latin
calque
[155]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
björne
bär
bear
berry
Swed
ish
Sör-Trön
delag
Latin
calque
[155]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
ayıü
zümü
bear
grape
Turkish
Anatolia
bear
food
[160]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arbutusuvaursi
ayıü
zümü
bear
grape
Turkish
Anatolia
shape,be
arfood
[59]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
вушкo
вeдм
eжe
bear
ear
Ukrainian
bear
food
?status-?
[180]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
мeдвeж
ийвинo
гpaд
bear
grapes
Ukrainian
Latin
calque
[130,219]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
мeдвeж
iягoди
bear
berries
Ukrainian
Latin
calque
[130,219]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
ушкo
мeдвeж
ebe
arear
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
bear
food
?status-?
[180]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
мeдвeж
инa
bear
plant
Ukrainian,East-
Polessian
bear
food
?status-?
[180]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
мeдвeдячiягiд
киbe
arbe
rries
Ukrainian,
Pokutje-Bukovina
Bukovina
Latin
calque?
[130,219]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 16 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursiSpr.
уxoмe
двeж
ebe
arear
Ukrainian,
Volhynian
bear
food
?status-?
[180]
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi
(L.)Spreng
.Arctostaph
ylos
uvaursi(L.)
Spreng
.mjedw
jedźica
she-be
arUpp
er-Sorbian
Latin
calque?
[121]
Arctotisspp.
Arctotis
Bäreno
hrbe
arear
German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Arctotisspp.
Arctotissp.
ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
shape
[171]
Arctotisspp.
Arctotissp.
ayïo
tube
ar’sgrass
Turkish
?[171]
Arctotisspp.
Arctotissp.
ayıku
laği
bear’sear
Turkish
shape
[6]
Arctotisspp.
Arctotissp.
ayïp
encesi
bear’sfoot
Turkmen
shape
[171]
Arctotisstoechadifolia
P.J.Bergius
Arctotisstoechadifolia
P.J.
Bergius
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Anatolia
shape
[226]
Arctotisstoechadifolia
P.J.Bergius
Arctotisstoechadifolia
P.J.
Bergius
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Anatolia
shape
[226]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaphylosalpina
Bärenb
eere
bear
berry
German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpinu
s(L.)
Spreng
.ug
ade
ll'orso
salvatico
wild
bear
grape
Italian,no
rthe
rnSond
rioarea,Lom
bardy,
northe
rnItaly
status-
[74]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpinu
sgu
ovžžalasta
bear
leaf
North
Saam
i?
[129]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpine
guovžžam
uorji
bear
berry
North
Saam
i?
[212]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpina
björne
bär
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
Vest-Agd
erLatin
calque
[155]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpine
bjøn
nbær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
Rane
n,NorthernNorway
Latin
calque
[15,112]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpina
hórska
mjedw
jedźica
mou
ntainshe-
bear
Sorbian
Latin
calque?
[186]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpinu
sbïerne
nmuerjie
bear
berry
SouthSaam
iLatin
calque
[170]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpine
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
North
Lapland
status-
[15]
Arctousalpina
(L.)Nied.
Arctostaph
ylos
alpina
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
status-
[155]
Arctousspp.
Arctous
med
vedík
little
bear
Slovak
Slovakia
Latin
calque?
[62]
Arisa
ematriphyllum
(L.)
Scho
ttArum
triphyllum
med
vědí
kořen
bear
root
Czech
?[61]
Aristolochiaclem
atitisL.
Aristolochiaclem
atitis
med
vedo
vagrašca
bear
vetch
Sloven
ian
bear
food
?[84,89]
Aristolochiaclem
atitisL.
Aristolochiaclem
atitis
med
vedo
vagrašica
bear
vetch
Sloven
ian
bear
food
?[84,89]
Arum
italicum
Mill.
Arum
italicum
Mill.
мeчe
вpeтeнo
bear
spindle
Bulgarian
Berkovicaarea
shape,size
[86]
Arum
maculatum
L.Arum
maculatum
All.
мeчкин
aпчeн
кabe
armaize
Bulgarian
Kozica
village
,Kiche
voarea
shape
[86]
Arun
cusdioicus(W
alter)
Fernald
Arun
cusdioicus(W
alter)
Fernald(Spiraea
arun
cusL.)
med
vedo
vina
bear
plant
Croatian
Hrvatskozago
rje?
[126,138]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 17 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Arun
cusdioicus(W
alter)
Fernald
Arun
cussilvester
мeдвeдoвин
abe
arplant
Serbo-Croat
?[84]
Arun
cusdioicusvar.
vulgaris(M
axim
.)H.
Hara
Arun
cussylv.
Barenm
utter-strauss
bear
mothe
rbo
uquet
German,non
specified
notspecified
folketym
olog
y?[65]
Arun
cusdioicusvar.
vulgaris(M
axim
.)H.
Hara
Arun
cussilvester
Kostel.=
Spiraea
arun
cus
med
vejka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[89,144]
Arun
cusdioicusvar.
vulgaris(M
axim
.)H.
Hara
Arun
cussilvester
Kostel.=
Spiraea
arun
cus
med
vedo
volatje
bear
stalks
Sloven
ian
?[89]
Arun
cussylvesterKo
stel.
exMaxim
.Spiraea
arun
cus
med
vêjka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[149]
Arun
cussylvesterKo
stel.
exMaxim
.Spiraea
arun
cus
med
vêjak
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[149]
Asarum
europaeum
L.Asarum
europaeum
L.вeдм
eжeвуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,
Podo
lian
Ode
ssa
shape?
[180,215]
AsparagusofficinalisL.
AsparagusofficinalisL.
мeдвeдни
кbe
arplant
Russian
Tobo
lskarea
size?
[218]
AsparagusofficinalisL.
AsparagusofficinalisL.
мeдвeж
ник
bear
plant
Russian
Tobo
lskarea
size?
[218]
AsparagusofficinalisL.
AsparagusofficinalisL.
мeдвeдкa
bear
plant
Russian
Bashkortostan
size?wild?
[57]
Asparagusspp.
AsparagusL.
мeдвeж
ьeдepe
вobe
artree
Russian
Tobo
lskarea
size
[57]
Asplenium
scolopendrium
L.Scolopendrium
vulgare
мeчjиjeзик
bear
tong
ueSerbo-Croat
shape?
[84]
Asteram
ellusL.
Asteram
ellus
ayıku
laği
bear’sear
Turkish
shape
[6]
Astragalus
glycyphyllos
L.Astragalus
glyc.
Bärenklee
bear
clover
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Astragalus
glycyphyllos
L.Astragalus
glycyph.
Bärenschote
bear
pod
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Astragalus
glycyphyllos
L.Astragalus
glycyphyllusL.
korenmed
vedo
vbe
arroot
Sloven
ian
German
calque
[144]
Atha
man
tacretensis
L.Atha
man
tacret.
Bärenw
urz
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?,surface?
[65]
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
Atropa
belladona
L.мe
чкин
иуш
иbe
arears
Bulgarian
shape,surface
[86]
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
karumustikas
bear
bluebe
rry
Estonian
Kan,Ku
l,Vai
folketym
olog
y[56,58,64,214]
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
Atropa
bell.
Bärenm
utz
?German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
Atropa
bell.
Bärenw
urz
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
ayıçileği
bear
strawbe
rry
Turkish
Trabzon(NEAnatolia)
dang
erou
sness
[227]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 18 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
ayılibargası
bear
bluebe
rry
Turkish/Laz
lang
uage
Trabzon(NEAnatolia)
dang
erou
sness
[227]
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
Atropa
belladonn
aL.
ayıliforu
bear
bluebe
rry
Turkish/Laz
lang
uage
Trabzon(NEAnatolia)
dang
erou
sness
[227]
AvenafatuaL.
AvenafatuaL.
karu-kaerad
bear
oats
Estonian
ined
ibility
[73]
Avene
llaflexuosa(L.)
Drejer
Descham
psiaflexuosa
björnjägal
bear’sgrass
Swed
ish
NorthernSw
eden
?[224]
Avenulapubescens
(Hud
s.)Dum
ort.
Helictotricho
npubescens
(Hud
s.)Schu
lt.&Schu
lt.f.
karukaer,karu-kaer,kahrukaer
bear
oat
Estonian
folketym
olog
y[73]
Begoniametallica
W.G.Sm.
BegoniametallicaG.Smith
.мe
двeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Russian
MiddleObregion
surface
[101]
Bidens
tripartitaL.
Bidens
tripartitaL.
вeдм
eжиуш
киbe
arlittle
ears
Ukrainian
Zhito
mir
shape?
[215]
Blechn
umspican
t(L.)
Sm.
Blechn
umspican
t(L.)Sm
.bjørne
kam
bear
comb
Norweg
ian
?[80]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.Boletusedulis
мeдвeдки
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Novgo
rod
status
+[57]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.Boletusedulis
мeдвeж
aник
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Tver
status
+[57]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.oldBoletused.
мeдвeж
aник
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Tver
status
+[57]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.oldBoletused.
мeдвeж
ник
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Novgo
rod
status
+[57]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.Boletusedulisandothe
rBoletusspp.
med
vego
mba
bear’s
mushroo
mHun
garian
Tatrang,
Csík,Sepsiszentgyörgy,
Csinó
d,Gyimesfelsőlok
(Transylvania)
surface
([99,100,204],
Molnárand
Babai
unpu
blishe
d,Fren
dl,Papp
unpu
blishe
d)
BoletusedulisBu
ll.oldBoletused.
мeдвeдoвик
bear
plant
NorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
asize?status
+?
[57]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.Boletusedulis
мeдвeж
ины
bear
plant
NorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
astatus
+?
[57]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.Boletusedulis
мeдвeж
ник
bear
plant
NorthernRu
ssian
Olone
ts,N
orth
status+?
[57]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.BoletusedulisBu
ll.мe
двeдapa
bear
plant
Serbo-Croat
?[84]
BoletusedulisBu
ll.BoletusedulisBu
ll.ayıkö
şkümantarı
bear
pavilion
mushroo
mTurkish
Anatolia
shape,size
[146]
Boletussatana
sLenz
Boletussatana
sLenz
мeдвeдapa
bear
plant
Serbo-Croat
dang
erou
sness
(toxic)?
[84]
Boletusspp.
BoletusFr.
ayım
antarı
bear
mushroo
mTurkish
Anatolia
shape,size
[146]
Borago
officinalisL.
Borago
officinalisL.
karurohi
bear
grass
Estonian
Trm
surface
[58]
Bovistaplum
beaPers.
Bovistaplum
beaPers.
sloffa
d'ors
bear
puffb
all
Italian,no
rthe
rnTren
toarea,Trentino,
northe
rnItaly
size
[74]
BrizamediaL.
BrizamediaL.
karukaer
bear
oats
Estonian
ined
ibility
Kalle
and
Sõukand
unpu
blishe
d
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 19 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Brom
usarvensisL.
Brom
usarvensisL.
kahrukaar
bear
oat
Estonian
Ote
ined
ibility
[58]
Brom
usho
rdeaceus
L.Brom
usho
rdeaceus
L.karukaer
bear
oats
Estonian
Kuu
ined
ibility
[58]
Brom
ussecalinus
L.Brom
ussecalinus
L.karukaer,karukaur,karukaar,
karukaeras,karukael,karukaerad,
kahrukaar
bear
oats
Estonian
gene
ral
ined
ibility
[58,73,174]
Brom
ussecalinus
L.Brom
ussecalinus
L.karhun
kaatar
bear
oat
Izho
rian
ined
ibility
[56]
Bryoph
yta
moss
мeдвeдяник
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Tver
surface?
[57]
Bryoph
yta
moss
мeдвeж
aтни
кbe
arplant
NorthernRu
ssian
Karelia,N
ovgo
rodregion
surface?
[141]
Bryoph
yta
moss
мeдвeж
иймo
xbe
armoss
NorthernRu
ssian
Karelia
surface?
[141]
Bryoph
yta
moss
мeдвeж
ник
bear
plant
NorthernRu
ssian
Karelia
surface?
[57]
Bryum
spp.
Bryum
ssp
karusammal
bear
moss
Estonian
folketym
olog
y[56]
Cactaceaespp.
cactus
мeдвeж
ьялaпa
bear
paw
Russian
Novosibirsk
shape(tho
rny)
[57]
Calla
palustris
L.Ca
llapalustris
мeдвeж
ьялaпкa
bear
little
paw
Belarussian
Smol.
shape
[157]
Calla
palustris
L.Ca
llapalustris
L.мe
двeж
ьилaпы
bear
paws
NorthernRu
ssian
Kostroma
shape?
[57]
Calla
palustris
L.Ca
llapalustris
bjøn
nblekker
bear
leaves
Norweg
ian
southe
rnNorway
shape?
[80]
Calthapalustris
L.Ca
lthapalustris
L.мядзвeж
aялaпкa
bear
little
paw
Belarussian
Smol.,Gom
el.
shape
[79]
Calthapalustris
L.Ca
lthapalustris
L.karukoll
bear
ogre
Estonian
Hlj
folketym
olog
y[58]
Calystegiasepium
(L.)R.
Br.
Calystegiasepium
L.be
arbind
bearbind
Eng.
Southe
rnKent,Surrey,Middlesex,
Buckingh
amshire,H
ertfordshire,
Herefordshire
folketym
olog
y[45]
Calystegiasepium
(L.)R.
Br.
Calystegiasepium
(L.)R.Br.
karhun
köynnö
sbe
argarland
Finn
ish
Hiit
?[82]
Campanu
laglom
erata
L.Ca
mpanu
laglom
erataL.
karukübar
bear
hat
Estonian
Ksi,Pal
folketym
olog
y[58]
Campanu
laglom
erata
L.Ca
mpanu
laglom
erataL.
karukatel
bear
kettle
Estonian
Pal
folketym
olog
y[58]
Campanu
lapatulaL.
Campanu
lapatulaL.
karukellad
bear
bells
Estonian
Mar
folketym
olog
y[58]
Campanu
lapersicifolia
L.Ca
mpanu
lapersicifolia
L.karukell
bear
bell
Estonian
Pal
folketym
olog
y[58]
Campanu
lapersicifolia
L.Ca
mpanu
lapersicifolia
L.karukatlad
bear
kettle
Estonian
Jõe
folketym
olog
y[58]
Campanu
larotund
ifolia
L.Ca
mpanu
larotund
ifolia
L.karukell
bear
bell
Estonian
Pal
folketym
olog
y[58]
Campanu
laspp.
Campanu
laspp
karukellad
bear
bells
Estonian
Lai
folketym
olog
y[58]
Campanu
laspp.
Campanu
laspp
karukatlad
bear
kettle
Estonian
Plt
folketym
olog
y[58]
Capsella
bursa-pastoris
(L.)Med
ik.
Capsellabursapastoris
Moe
nch
мeчкaнaдупкa
bear
hole
Bulgarian
GoceDelchev
?[85]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 20 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Capsella
bursa-pastoris
(L.)Med
ik.
CapsellabursapastorisL.
мeчкин
aдупкa
bear
hole
Maced
onian
Nevrokopregion
?[179]
Carduuscrisp
usL.
Carduuscrisp
usL.
karuoh
akas,karuu
hakas,
karuoh
tjabe
arthistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
gene
ral
size,shape
[58]
Carduusperson
ata(L.)
Jacq.
Carduusperson
atus
med
vesaláta
bear’slattice
Hun
garian
Gyimes
(Transylvania)
bear
food
[97,213]
Carduusspp.
Carduusssp.
karuoh
akad,karuo
htjad
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
size,shape
[64]
Carexdavallian
aSm
.Ca
rexdavallian
aSm
.karulakk
bear
mane
Estonian
Mih,Lih,Kse,H
an,Var,Tõs
shape
[58,174]
Carlina
acan
thifolia
All.
Carlina
acan
thifolia
All.(incl.
subsp.
utzka(Hacq.)Meusel&
Kästne
r)
rapa
d'orse
bear
turnip
Italian,southe
rnScanno
area
(L'Aqu
ila),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
bear
food
?[90]
Carlina
vulgarisL.
Carlina
vulgarisL.
karune
ohak
beary(hairy)
thistle
Estonian
Phl
shape
[58]
CaucalisplatycarposL.
Caucalislapp
ula
med
vetalp
bear’spaw
Hun
garian
Moldva(East-Ro
mania)
?[78]
CentaureajaceaL.
CentaureajaceaL.
karukellad
bear
bells
Estonian
Lüg
surface
[58]
Centaureaph
rygiaL.
Centaureaph
rygiaL.
мeдвeдни
кbe
arplant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Nizhn
iNovgo
rod.
shape?
[57]
Centaureascabiosa
L.Centaureascabiosa
L.мe
двeж
ьялaпa
bear
paw
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Pskov
shape
[57]
Cetrariaislan
dica
(L.)
Ach.
Cetrariaislan
dica
(L.)Ach.
karusammal
bear
moss
Estonian
folketym
olog
y[64]
Cetrariaislan
dica
(L.)
Ach.
Cetrariaisl.
Bäreng
eist
bear
brandy
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Chaeroph
yllum
arom
aticum
L.Ch
ärophyllum
arom
.Bäreng
iersch
bear
grou
ndelde
rGerman,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Cham
erion
angustifolium
(L.)
Holub
Epilobium
angustifolium
L.karukane
pbe
arcann
abis
Estonian
Vil
folketym
olog
y[58]
Cham
erion
angustifolium
(L.)
Holub
Epilobium
angustifolium
boelt’aajjankraesie
bear
grass
SouthSaam
i?
[148]
Chimaphilaum
bellata
(L.)W.P.C.Barton
Chimaphilaum
bellata
(L.)
W.P.C.Barton
karhun
kukka
bear
flower
Finn
ish
Holl
?[82]
Chimaphilaum
bellata
(L.)W.P.C.Barton
Chimaphilaum
bellata
(L.)
Nutt.
мeдвeж
ьиуш
киbe
arlittle
ears
Russian
MiddleObregion
shape?
[101]
Cicerbita
alpina
(L.)
Wallr.
Cicerbita
alpina
(L.)Wallr.
radiciode
l'urs
bear
chicory
Italian,no
rthe
rnTren
tinoandFriuliregion
s,no
rth-easternItaly
bear
food
Pieron
iun
publishe
d
Cicerbita
alpina
(L.)
Wallr.
Lactucaalpina
björnkål
bear
cabb
age
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
,Ång
ermanland
bear
food
[155]
Cicerbita
alpina
(L.)
Wallr.
Lactucaalpina
=Cicerbita
alpina
björntorta
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Dalarna
bear
food
[155]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 21 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Cicerbita
alpina
(L.)
Wallr.
Cicerbita
alpina
björnkål
bear
cabb
age
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
,Ång
ermanland
bear
food
?[155]
Cicerbita
alpina
(L.)
Wallr.
Cicerbita
alpina
björng
räs
bear
grass
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
,Västerbotten+
H295
bear
food
?[154,155]
Cirsium
acaule(L.)
A.A.Web
erex
Wigg.
Cirsium
acaule(L.)A.A.Web
erex
Wigg.
karuoh
akas
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
Mih
shape
[58]
Cirsium
acaule(L.)
A.A.Web
erex
Wigg.
Cirsium
acaule(L.)A.A.Web
erex
Wigg.
karuuh
akad
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
Hag,Jür,Kos,M
arshape
[58]
Cirsium
arvense(L.)
Scop
.Cirsium
spp.arvense(L.)Scop
.karuoh
akad,karused
uhakad,
karuuh
ak,karuo
htjas,karuõh
akas
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
gene
ral
shape
[58,173]
Cirsium
erisithales
(Jacq.)Scop
.Cirsium
erisithales
(Jacq.)Scop
.talped'orssalvadie
wild
bear
poplar
Friulian
Friuli,no
rth-easternItaly
bear
food
?[74]
Cirsium
erisithales
(Jacq.)Scop
.Cirsium
erisithales
med
vesaláta
bear’slattice
Hun
garian
Gyimes
(Transylvania)
bear
food
[97,213]
Cirsium
helenioides(L.)
Hill
Cirsium
heteroph
yllum
L.bjøn
netung
ebe
artong
ueNorweg
ian
Opp
land
?[80]
Cirsium
helenioides(L.)
Hill
Cirsium
heteroph
yllum
L.bjøn
nskor
bear
shoe
sNorweg
ian
Fitjar
?[80]
Cirsium
helenioides(L.)
Hill
Cirsium
heteroph
yllum
L.bjøn
nehatt
bear
hat
Norweg
ian
?[80]
Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)
Scop
.Cirsium
oleraceum
Scop
.мe
двeж
никбo
лoтный
swam
pbe
arplant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Pskov
shape,surface
[57]
Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)
Scop
.Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)Scop
.karukapsad
bear
cabb
age
Estonian
shape
[201]
Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)
Scop
.Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)Scop
.karuoh
akas,karuu
hak,karuoh
tja,
karuoh
ass,kahruo
hass
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
gene
ral
shape
[58]
Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)
Scop
.Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)Scop
.talped'ors
bear
poplar
Friulian
Friuli,no
rth-easternItaly
bear
food
?[74]
Cirsium
oleraceum
(L.)
Scop
.Cirsium
oleraceum
med
vesaláta
bear’slattice
Hun
garian
Gyimes
(Transylvania)
bear
food
[97,213]
Cirsium
palustre(L.)
Scop
.Cirsium
palustre(L.)Coss.ex
Scop
.karuuh
ak,karuo
hakas,karuoh
tjas,
niidu-karuoh
tja,kahruoh
tja,etc
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
gene
ral
shape
[58]
Cirsium
rivulare(Jacq.)
All.
Cirsium
rivulare
med
vesaláta
bear’slattice
Hun
garian
Gyimes
(Transylvania)
bear
food
[97,213]
Cirsium
spp.
Cirsium
sp.
ayïwbastiken
bear’she
adKazakh
Xinjiang
shape?
[6]
Cirsium
spp.
Cirsium
björnb
orst
bear
bristle
Swed
ish
Jämtland
shape
[155]
Cirsium
spp.
Cirsium
björntistel
bear
thistle
Swed
ish
Nyland
shape
[155]
Cirsium
vulgare(Savi)
Ten.
Cirsium
vulgare(Savi)Ten.
karuoh
akas,karuu
hal,
karuoh
tjas,karuuh
tke,
karuoh
e,karuuh
akas,karuo
kas,
bear
thistle,b
ear
thorn
Estonian
gene
ral
shape
[58,173]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 22 of 72
kahrooh
hak,kahru-uh
ak,etc
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Cladinastellaris
(Opiz)
Brod
oCladinastellaris
(Opiz)Po
uzar
&Vězda,1971
karusammal
bear
moss
Estonian
folketym
olog
y[56]
Clavariaarbuscula
Scop
.Clavariaarbuscula
med
vedo
vegrive
bear
mane
Sloven
ian
shape?
[84]
ClavariabotrytisPers.
Clavariabotrytis
med
vedješapke
bear
little
paws
Sloven
ian
shape?
[84]
Clavariacoralloides
L.Clavariacoralloides
L.мe
чacтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
Omurtag
shape,size
[85]
Clavariaflava
Schaeff.
Clavariaflava
мeчjaшaпa
bear
paw
Serbo-Croat
shape?
[84]
Clavariaspp.
Clavaria
Bärenp
fote
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Clavariaspp.
Clavaria
rogg
eneBärenp
ratze
?German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Clavariaspp.
Clavaria
Bärentatze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Clavicepspurpurea
(Fr.)
Tul.
Clavicepspurpurea
мeдвeж
ийнo
гoть
bear
finge
rnail
NorthernRu
ssian
Karelia
colour,shape
[141]
Clem
atisspp.
Clem
atisspp.
?aussara,autsàra,auttsàra,aursàra,
attsara;ussarèdd
halittle
femalebe
arSardinian
Ogliastra,eastern
Sardinia
?[142]
Clem
atisvitalbaL.
Clem
atisvitalbaL.
bearbind
bearbind
Eng.
Southe
rnKent
folketym
olog
y[46]
Colchicum
autumna
leL.
Colchicum
aut.
Bärenklachel
?German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Colchicum
cilicicum
(Boiss.)Dam
mer
Colchicum
cilicicum
(Boiss.)
Dam
mer
ayıçiğde
mi
bear
colchicum
Turkish
SAnatolia
size
[146]
Colchicum
cilicicum
(Boiss.)Dam
mer
Colchicum
cilicicum
(Boiss.)
Dam
mer
ayıçiğde
mi
bear
colchicum
Turkish
Gaziantep
(SEAnatolia)
size
[242]
Comarum
palustreL.
Potentillapalustris
(L.)Scop
.karhun
kämmen
bear
palm
Finn
ish
Pielav
?[82]
Comarum
palustreL.
Potentillapalustris
(L.)Scop
.karhun
mansikka
bear
strawbe
rry
Finn
ish
Keit
ined
ibility
[82]
Comarum
palustreL.
Comarum
palustre
björnklo
bear
claw
Swed
ish
Jämtland
shape
[155]
Conium
maculatum
L.Co
nium
maculatum
мeдвeж
ьядудкa
bear
pipe
Russian
Ural
wild,size
[181]
Consolidaregalis
Gray
Delph
inium
consolidaL.
мeчини
oчи
bear
eys
Bulgarian
Bosilegrad
(Serb.)
fruitshapeand
surface
[86]
Convallaria
spp.
Convallaria
L.мe
двeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
NorthernRu
ssian
Olone
tsshape?
[57]
ConvolvulusarvensisL.
ConvolvulusarvensisL.
bearbind
bearbind
Eng.
Northern
Yorkshire
folketym
olog
y[46]
Cornus
alba
L.Svidaalba
(L.)Opiz.
мeдвeж
ьяягoд
abe
arbe
rry
Russian
MiddleObregion
ined
ibility
[101]
Cornus
suecicaL.
Cornus
suecicaL.
karhun
marja
bear
berry
Finn
ish
Pielav
folketym
olog
y[82]
Cornus
suecicaL.
Cornus
suecicaL.
karhun
puola
bear
lingo
nberry
Finn
ish
Palt
folketym
olog
y[82]
Cornus
suecicaL.
Cornus
suecica
björne
bär
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
Östfold,A
kershu
s,Hed
mark,
Telemark,Sogn
OgFjordane
,MöreOgRo
msdal,Sör-Trönd
elag
?[155]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 23 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Cornus
suecicaL.
Cornus
suecicaL.
bjørne
bær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
Askim
,Sou
thernHøland,
Southe
rnOdal;Hjartadal,
Aurland
,Ytterøy
?[80]
CoryluscolurnaL.
CorylluscolurnaL.
Lejth
iarushe
bear
hazelnut
Albanian
Kosovo
ined
ibility
[95]
CoryluscolurnaL.
CoryluscolurnaL.
мeчa
лecкa
bear
hazelnut
tree
Bulgarian
shape
[86]
CoryluscolurnaL.
Coryluscolurna
мeдвjeђa
лиjecкa
bear
hazel
Serbo-Croat
size?
[84]
CoryluscolurnaL.
Coryluscolurna
мeчjaлecкa
bear
hazel
Serbo-Croat
size?
[84]
CoryluscolurnaL.
CoryluscolurnaL.
ayıfındığı
bear
hazelnut
Turkish
Anatolia
size
[93]
Cota
tinctoria(L.)J.Gay
Anthem
istinctoriaL.
kahrokarrikakra,karro
karrikakra
bear
daisy
Estonian
surface
[173,174]
Cota
tinctoria(L.)J.Gay
Anthem
istinctoriaL.
päiväkarud
day'sbe
ars
Estonian
Jõh
surface
[58]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusmon
ogynaJacq.
мeчи
ябъл
киbe
arapples
Bulgarian
bear
food
[86]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyac.
Bärenb
rot
bear
bread
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
L.po
matoi
d'ors
bear
fruit
Italian,no
rthe
rnGiudicarie
area,Trentino,
north-eatern
Italy
bear
food
?[115]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
L.po
melede
ors
bear
fruit
Italian,no
rthe
rnLavis,Tren
tino,
north-easternItaly
bear
food
?[115]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
L.spin
d'ors
bear
thorn
Italian,no
rthe
rnBelluno
area,Ven
eto,
northe
rnItaly
wild
[74]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
L.pand'orsèr;pand'ors
bear
bread
Italian,no
rthe
rnBelluno
area,Ven
eto
andTren
tino,no
rthe
rnItaly
bear
food
[74,115]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
med
vêdn
ikbe
arplant
Sloven
ian
status-?
[149]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
med
vedn
ekbe
arplant
Sloven
ian
status-?
[84,89]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
med
vedo
vahrušca
bear
pear
Sloven
ian
status-?
[84,89]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
med
vedo
vahrušica
bear
pear
Sloven
ian
status-?
[84,89]
Crataegusmon
ogyna
Jacq.
Crataegusoxyacantha
med
vedo
vehruške
bear
pears
Sloven
ian
status-?
[84,89]
Crataegusspp.
Crataegusspp.
pirig
lide
liursi
little
bear
pear
Italian,southe
rnLucoliandMarsica
sourou
ndings
(L'Aqu
ila),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
bear
food
?([9
0],
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d)
Cyclam
encilicium
Boiss.
&Heldr.
Cyclam
encilicium
Boiss.&
Heldr.
ayıp
ancarı
bear
beet
Turkish
Karaman
(SAnatolia)
size,status-
(tub
er)
[92]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 24 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Cyclam
enhederifolium
Aito
nCyclam
enhederifolium
Aito
norecchiad'orso
bear
ear
Italian,central
Tuscany,centralItaly
shape
[74]
Cyno
glossum
creticum
Mill.
Cyno
glossum
creticum
Mill.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Anatolia
shape
[92]
Cyno
glossum
officinale
L.Cyno
glossum
officinaleL.
мeдвeж
eвушкo
bear
little
ear
Ukrainian,
Volhynian
Vinn
itsa
shape?
[180,203]
Cypripedium
calceolus
L.Cypripedium
calceolusL.
karu-ummisking
bear
shoe
with
closed
toe
Estonian
Mih
folketym
olog
y[58]
Dactylis
glom
erataL.
Dactylis
glom
.Bärentappe
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shapeand
surface?
[65]
Dactylorhizamaculata
(L.)Soó
OrchismaculataL.
scrin
fedl'óurs
bear
feet
Ladin
Livinallong
o,Vene
to,
north-easternItaly
?[115]
Daphn
emezereum
L.Daphn
emezereum
meškalunkis
bear
meado
wLithuanian
Lithuania
dang
erou
sness,
bear
food
[192]
Daphn
emezereum
L.Daphn
emezereum
мeдвeж
ьяягoд
abe
arbe
rry
NorthernRu
ssian
Karelia
dang
erou
sness
(toxic)
[141]
Daphn
emezereum
L.Daphn
emezereum
мeдвeж
ник
bear
plant
NorthernRu
ssian
Karelia
dang
erou
sness
(toxic)
[141]
Daphn
emezereum
L.Daphn
emezereum
мeчjaликa
bear
bast
Serbo-Croat
dang
erou
sness
(toxic)?
[84]
Dasypyrum
villosum
(L.)
P.Candargy
Dasypyrum
villosum
(L.)
Borbás
granëde
ll'urse
bear
whe
atItalian,southe
rnRo
ccaPia(L'Aqu
ila),Abruzzo,
centralItaly
bear
food
?[90]
Delph
inium
spp.
Delph
inium
мeдвиjeуxo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
shape?
[84]
Descham
psiacespitosa
(L.)P.Beauv.
Descham
psiacespitosa
björng
ägal
bear
grass
Swed
ish
Västerbo
tten
?[154]
Descham
psiacespitosa
(L.)P.Beauv.
Aira
caespito
björnjägal
bear’sgrass
Swed
ish
NorthernSw
eden
?[224]
Digitalis
ferruginea
L.Digitalis
ferruginea
ssp.
schischkinii
ayım
ısırı
bear
corn
Turkish
Trabzon(NEAnatolia)
shape
[227]
Digitalis
gran
diflora
Mill.
Digitalis
gran
diflora
(=Digitalis
ambigua)
meškostaurė
bear
cup
Lithuanian
Lithuania
dang
erou
sness,
bear
food
[87,96,191]
Digitalis
purpurea
L.Digitalis
purpurea
björne
blom
stbe
arflower
Norweg
ian
Rogaland
?[155]
Digitalis
purpurea
L.Digitalis
purpurea
bjørne
blom
stbe
arflower
Norweg
ian
Saud
a?
[80]
Digitalis
purpurea
L.Digitalis
purpurea
bjøn
nehanskje
bear
glove
Norweg
ian
Sunn
fjord
?[80]
Dioscorea
commun
is(L.)Caddick
&Wilkin
Dioscorea
commun
is(L.)
Caddick
&Wilkin
ayıb
aklası
bear
vetch
Turkish
Bartın
(NW
Anatolia)
shape
[227]
Drim
iamaritima(L.)
Stearn
Drim
iamaritima(L.)Stearn
ayısoğ
anı
bear
bulb
Turkish
Muğ
la(SW
Anatolia)
size
[147]
Drim
iamaritima(L.)
Stearn
Urginea
maritima
ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
SAnatolia
shape
[226]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 25 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Dryopteris
filix-m
as(L.)
Scho
ttAspidium
fil.-m
asBärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Dryopteris
filix-m
as(L.)
Scho
ttAspidium
fil.-m
asBärenw
urz
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Dryopteris
filix-m
as(L.)
Scho
ttDryopteris
filix-m
as(L.)Scho
ttayıdöşeğ
ibe
armattress
Turkish
Hasanbe
yli-A
dana
(S.A
natolia)
shape
[198]
Dryopteris
spp.
Dryopteris
spp.
karukaatet
bear
coveror
isolation?
Ingrian
?[56]
Dryopteris
spp.
Dryopteris
spp.
karukaattet
bear
coveror
isolation?
Ingrian
?[56]
Dryopteris
spp.
Dryopteris
spp
karhun
kaaded
bear
coveror
isolation?
Izho
rian
?[56]
Echium
italicum
L.Echium
italicum
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Muğ
la(SW
Anatolia)
shape
[227]
Echium
vulgareL.
Echium
vulgareL.
karukellad
bear
bells
Estonian
Ksi
shape
[58]
Echium
vulgareL.
Echium
vulgareL.
karulill
bear
flower
Estonian
PJg
shape
[58]
Echium
vulgareL.
Echium
vulgareL.
karukäpp
bear
paw
Estonian
Kaa,Vil
shape
[58]
Echium
vulgareL.
Echium
vulgareL.
karuhänd
bear
tail
Estonian
Aud
,Mih,Pär,Tõs
shape
[58]
Echium
vulgareL.
Echium
vulgareL.
karuoh
akas
bear
thistle
Estonian
Kei
shape
[58]
Echium
vulgareL.
Echium
vulgare
med
vedo
vrep
bear
tail
Sloven
ian
shape?
[ 4,84]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
L.karuleisik
bear
bearbe
rry
Estonian
Vig
folketym
olog
y[58]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
L.karumarjad,
kahromarja
bears's
berry
Estonian
Kam
folketym
olog
y[58,173]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
L.karumustikad,karum
ustikas
bear
blackberry
Estonian
Vig
folketym
olog
y([5
8],Sõu
kand
andKalle
unpu
blishe
d)
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
L.karhun
marja,karhu
nmarjoja
bear
berry
Finn
ish
Räis,Sakk
folketym
olog
y[55,82]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
L.karhun
mustikka
bear
blackberry
Finn
ish
Sakk
folketym
olog
y[55,82]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
meškuog
ėbe
arbe
rries
Lithuanian
Lithuania
bear
food
[87,96,191]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
L.bjøn
nebæ
rbe
arbe
rry
Norweg
ian
southe
rnNorway
bear
food
?[80]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
L.мe
двeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
Russian
Tobo
lskarea
wild?status-?
[218]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
nigrum
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Dalarna
bear
food
?[155]
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Em
petrum
herm
afroditum
Hagerup
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rries
Swed
ish
northe
rnSw
eden
status-
[54]
Enkian
thus
spp.
Enxyan
thus
med
vjed
ica
she-be
arCroatian
nolocatio
n?,surface?
[126,216]
Epilobium
hirsutum
L.Epilobium
hirsutum
L.kahruliht
bear
leaves
Estonian
Har
surface
[ 58]
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetum
arvenseL.
мeчe
вpeтeнo
bear
spindle
Bulgarian
shapeof
spike
[86]
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetum
arvenseL.
kahrutilk
bear
drop
Estonian
Sefolketym
olog
y[58]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 26 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetum
arvense
med
vebajusz
bear’s
mou
stache
Hun
garian
Csinó
d(Transylvania)
shape
Fren
dlandPapp
unpu
blishe
d
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetum
arvense
med
veszakála,med
veszakálla
bear’sbe
ard
Hun
garian
Moldva(East-Ro
mania)
shape
[78]
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetum
arvense
med
vefarka
bear’stail
Hun
garian
Moldva(East-Ro
mania)
shape
[78]
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetum
arvenseL.
meškabarzdė
bear
beard
Lithuanian
Lithuania
shape,be
arfood
[177]
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetum
arvense
bjornb
arbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Ång
ermanland
?[220]
Equisetum
spp.
Equisetum
L.мe
чeвp
eтeнo
bear
spindle
Bulgarian
shapeof
spike
[86]
Ericaherbacea
L.Ericaherbacea
L.Bariariu
tbe
argrass
Albanian
Albania-Kolon
jë?
[136]
Eryngium
plan
umL.
Eryngium
plan
umL.
вeдм
eдиц
яshe-be
arUkrainian,
Slob
ozhanian
shape?
[180,219]
Euon
ymus
verrucosus
Scop
.Evon
ymus
verrucosaScop
.мe
двeж
ник
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Nizhn
iNovgo
rod
?[57]
Euph
orbiacyparissia
sL.
Euph
orbiacyp.
Bärenm
utter-gras
bear
mothe
rgrass
German,non
specified
notspecified
folketym
olog
y?[ 65]
Euph
orbiamyrsin
itesL.
Euph
orbiamyrsin
itesL.
мeчe
pунo
bear
fleece
Bulgarian
StaraZago
raarea
surface,shape
[86]
Fallopiaconvolvulus(L.)
Á.Löve
Polygonu
mconvolvulusL.
bearbind
bearbind
Eng.
Midland
sStaffordshire
folketym
olog
y[45]
Filipendulaulmaria(L.)
Maxim
.Filipendulaulm.
Barenm
utter-strauss
bear
mothe
rbo
uquet
German,non
specified
notspecified
folketym
olog
y?[65]
Filipendulaulmaria(L.)
Maxim
.Spiraea
(=Filipendula)ulmaria
med
vejnolatje
bear
stalks
Sloven
ian
bear
food
?[89]
Filipendulaulmaria(L.)
Maxim
.Spiraea
filipendula
med
vejka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
bear
food
?[89]
Foeniculum
vulgare
Mill.
Foenicullum
vulgareMiller.
meškakrapis
bear
dill
Lithuanian
Lithuania
surface,b
ear
food
[66,87,199]
FragariavescaL.
FragariavescaL.
мeчи
ягoд
иbe
arstrawbe
rries
Bulgarian
Ihtim
anarea
bear
food
[86]
Galium
aparineL.
Galium
aparineL.
karune
virn,karuvirn
,karune
virniro
hi,karuvirn
bear
pile
Estonian
western
EstoniaandIsles
surface
[58]
Galium
aparineL.
Galium
aparineL.
karuserohu
dbe
arygrass
Estonian
Mih
surface
[58]
Galium
borealeL.
Galium
borealeL.
karukaer
bear
oats
Estonian
Äks
folketym
olog
y[58]
Galium
verum
L.Galium
verum
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Galium
verum
L.Galium
verum
мeчjeувo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
?[84]
Gentiana
pneumon
antheL.
Gentiana
pneumon
anthe
björnb
lomma
bear
flower
Swed
ish
Småland
status-
[155]
Geran
ium
phaeum
L.Gaillardia,G
eran
ium
phaeum
Bärenäug
elchen
little
bear
eyes
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape
[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 27 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Geranium
praten
seL.
Geranium
praten
seL.
мeдвeж
ьялaпa
bear
paw
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Vladim
irshape?
[57]
Geran
ium
robertianu
mL.
Geran
ium
robertianu
mbjød
nablom
ster
bear
flower
Norweg
ian
Balestrand
?[80]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karulilled
bear
flowers
Estonian
Kei
surface
[58]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karusukapaelad,
karusäärep
aelad
bear
garters,
bear
shank's
ribbo
n
Estonian
JMd,
Rap,
Tür
surface
[58]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karukäpp
bear
paw
Estonian
North
Estonia
surface
[58]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karumaasikad,
karumarjad,
karumulukas
bear
strawbe
rries,
bear
berries
Estonian
LNg
surface
[58]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karukolluksed
bears's
bells
Estonian
Kei
surface
[58]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karukuljused
bears's
bells
Estonian
Pal
surface
[58]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karukell,pruu
nkarukell
bear
bell,brow
nbe
arbe
llEstonian
North
Estonia,Hää,Khk,Saa
surface
([73,58],Sõukand
andKalle
unpu
blish
ed)
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karhun
kukka,karunkukka
bear
flower
Ingrian
surface
[56]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivaleL.
karhun
kukka
bear
flower
Izho
rian
surface
[56]
Geum
rivaleL.
Geum
rivale
björntob
akbe
artobacco
Swed
ish
Jämtland
status-
[155]
Geum
urbanu
mL.
Geum
urbanu
mмe
чиjacтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
shape?
[84]
Glycyrrhiza
glabra
L.Glycyrrhiza
glabra
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Anatolia
shape
[226]
Glycyrrhiza
glabra
L.Glycyrrhiza
glabra
ayıku
laği
bear’sear
Turkish
shape
[6]
GRA
SSES
grassstrawsleftaftermow
ing
grass
björnh
årbe
arhair
Swed
ish
Western
Finland
shape
[139]
Gym
nadeniacono
psea
(L.)R.Br.
Gym
nadeniacono
psea
(L.)
R.Br.
karukäpp
bear
paw
Estonian
LNg
?[58]
Gym
nocarpium
dryopteris(L.)New
man
Gym
nocarpium
dryopteris(L.)
New
man
мeчa
пaпp
aтbe
arfern
Bulgarian
shape,size
[86]
Gyrom
itraesculenta
(Pers.)
Fr.
Gyrom
itraesculenta(Pers.ex
Pers.)Fr.
okš-šõrm
əzbe
arseptum
Livonian
shape?
[81]
Helleborusfoetidus
L.Helleborusfoetidus
L.he
-barfoot
he-bearfoot
Eng.
Midland
Warwickshire
shape
[45]
Helleborusfoetidus
L.Helleborusfoetidus
L.be
ar'sfoot
bear
foot
Eng.
Southe
rn,
Western,
Midland
,Northern
Dorset,Somerset,Wiltshire,
Warwickshire,W
orcestershire,
Yorkshire
shape
[45]
Helleborusfoetidus
L.Helleborusfoet
Bärenklau,echte,
italienische
,Welsche
bear
claw
,true,
Italian,?
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Helleborusfoetidus
L.Helleborusfoet.
Bärenfuss
bear
foot
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 28 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
HelleborusviridisL.
Helleborusvir.
Bärenw
urz
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Helleborusviridissubsp.
occide
ntalis(Reut.)
Schiffn
.
HelleborusviridisL.ssp.
occide
ntalis
she-barfo
otshe-be
arfoot
Eng.
Midland
Warwickshire
shape
[45]
Helleborusviridissubsp.
occide
ntalis(Reut.)
Schiffn
.
HelleborusviridisL.ssp.
occide
ntalis
bear'sfoot
bear
foot
Eng.
Western
Gloucestershire
shape
[45]
Heracleum
man
tegazzianu
mSommier&Levier
Heracleum
man
tegazzianu
mSom.etLevier
karupu
tkbe
arpipe
Estonian
gene
ral
folketym
olog
yKalle
and
Sõukand
unpu
blishe
d
Heracleum
sosnow
skyi
Mande
n.Heracleum
sosnow
skyi
Mande
n.karupu
tkbe
arpipe
Estonian
gene
ral
folketym
olog
ySõukandand
Kalle
unpu
blishe
d
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
ayïpänġäsi
bear
claw
Azeri
Latin
calque
[171]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
ayïwtabanï
bear
sole
Bashkir
Latin
calque
[171]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
ternatum
Velen.
мeчa
cтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
Tetevenarea
shape,surface
[86]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.мe
чиуш
иbe
arears
Bulgarian
shape,surface
[86]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
ternatum
Velen.
мeчи
уши
bear
ears
Bulgarian
shape,surface
[86]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
upauri
bear
foot
Chu
vash
shape
[171]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
vido
vina
bear
plant
Croatian
Devčićim
near
Krasna
Latin
calque
[126]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
viđa
šapa
bear
paw
Croatian
Krasna,Lica
Latin
calque
[126]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.taca
med
vedo
vabe
arpaw
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
vjeđ
idlan
bear
palm
Croatian
nolocatio
nLatin
calque
[126,230,231,
228]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.stop
amed
vidn
jabe
arfoot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.stop
amed
viđa
bear
foot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.stop
amed
vinja
bear
foot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 29 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.stop
amed
vjed
nja
bear
foot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.stop
amed
vjeđ
abe
arfoot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.stop
amed
vjeska
bear
foot
Croatian
Latin
calque
[126,138,239]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
vědí
pazneh
tbe
arho
ofCzech
Latin
calque
[61]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.ne
dvěd
ípazne
cht
bear
hoof
Czech
Latin
calque
[61]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
bjørne
lab
bear
claw
Danish
Den
mark
Latin
calque
[128]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
bjørne
klo
bear
claw
Danish
Den
mark
Latin
calque
[187]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.be
ar'sbreech
bear
breech
Eng.
Western
Somerset
surface
[45]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
karhun
kämmen
,karhu
nkäm
men
,carhun
cämmen
bear
palm
Finn
ish
size
andsurface
[82]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.talpedi
ors
bear
poplar
Friulian
Friuli,no
rth-easternItaly
status-
[74]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenp
fote
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärentalpe
?German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärentrapp
en?
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärentrasche
?German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenküm
mel
bear
caraway
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenb
letsche
?German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenfuss
bear
foot
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenklau,de
utsche
,une
chte
bear
claw
,true,
Italian,?
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenlatsche
bear
mou
ntain
pine
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 30 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenp
lampe
?German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenp
ratze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärentappe
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärentatze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenb
rand
bear
brandy
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärlapp
bear
club
moss
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
nd.
Bärenw
urz
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
med
vetalp
bear’spaw
Hun
garian
Pusztin
a;Szigetköz;
Felsőtárkány;C
síkszereda;
Bácska-Bánát
shape
[78,166–168]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
med
veköröm
bear’snail
Hun
garian
nodata
(Hun
gary
orTransylvania)
?[176]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
med
velapu
bear’sleaf
Hun
garian
nodata
(Hun
gary
orTransylvania)
size
[ 176]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
guovzzasám
ilbe
arange
lica
North
Saam
i?
[129]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.ne
dvězieno
habe
arleg
old-Czech
Latin
calque
[72]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.ne
dvězíp
azne
htbe
arho
ofold-Czech
Latin
calque
[72]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.ne
dvězíp
azno
htbe
arho
ofold-Czech
Latin
calque
[72]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.ne
dvěd
ípazúr
bear
claw
old-Czech
Latin
calque
[72]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.ne
dvěn
óžka
bear
leg
old-Czech
Latin
calque
[196]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
s.l.
łapa
nied
źwiedzia
bear
paw
Polish
archivalname
shape
[68,123,124]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
s.l.
nied
źwiedziano
gabe
arleg
Polish
archivalname
shape
[122,196,222]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.nied
źwiedziastop
abe
arfoot
Polish
shape,Latin
calque
[232]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.м e
двeж
ьялaпa
bear
paw
Russian
Latin
calque
[116]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 31 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.мe
двeж
ьяcтoп
aтpaвa
bear
foot
grass
Russian
Latin
calque
[116]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.мe
двeдзoвa
длaнь
bear
palm
Ruthen
ian
Vojvod
ina
Latin
calque?
[125]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.лaбa
мeдвeдзoвa
bear
paw
Ruthen
ian
Vojvod
ina
Latin
calque?
[125]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвeђ
идлaн
bear
palm
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвид
њacтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвид
њacтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвиђ
acтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвиђ
acтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвињ
acтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвињ
acтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвjeдњ
acтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвjeдњ
acтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвjeђa
cтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
м eдвjeђa
cтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвjeђи
длaн
bear
palm
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвjecкacтoп
abe
arfoot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeдвjecкacтупa
bear
foot
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
мeчjaшaпa
bear
paw
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
vedi
noha
bear
leg
Slovak
Slovakia
Latin
calque
[62]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.ne
dvěd
ínog
abe
arleg
Slovak
Slovakia
Latin
calque
[62]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 32 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
vedo
vataca
bear
paw
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque
[89,144]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
vedo
vetace
bear
paws
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque
[89]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.med
vedo
vadlan
bear
palm
Sloven
ian
Latin
calque
[84,89]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.barowapazora
bear
claw
Sorbian
German
calque?
[76]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
björnkum
min
bear
cummin
Swed
ish
Jämtland
?[155]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
björnloka
bear
plant
Swed
ish
?[54]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
ayaghï
bear
foot
Tatar
Latin
calque
[171]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
ayïwtabanï
bear
sole
Tatar
Latin
calque
[171]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.barjaca
stop
abe
arfoot
Upp
er-Sorbian
Latin
calque
[63]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.barjaca
paca
bear
paw
Upp
er-Sorbian
Latin
calque
[63]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.barjace
palcy
bear
finge
rsUpp
er-Sorbian
Latin
calque
[63]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.barjace
pacy
bear
paws
Upp
er-Sorbian
Bautzen
Latin
calque
[63,121]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.barjace
pazory
bear
claw
sUpp
er-Sorbian
Bautzen
Latin
calque
[63,120,121]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.Heracleum
spho
ndylium
karupu
tkõ
bear
plant
Votic
size
andsurface
[113]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karukapsaleh
edbe
arcabb
age
leaves
Estonian
Vig
surface
[58]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karupill
bear
pill
Estonian
Vll
surface
[58]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karuvile
bear
whistle
Estonian
Käi
surface
[58]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karulik
likeabe
arEstonian
Trt
surface
[58]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 33 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.,
Branca
ursi
karupu
tk,karup
utked,
karupu
tke,karupu
tkes,
karrop
utk
bear
pipe
Estonian
North
Estonia
surface
[58,73,173,183]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karhun
kämmen
,karhu
nkämmen
,carhu
ncämmen
bear
palm
Finn
ish
Turku
size,surface
[82]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karhun
urtti
bear
herb
Finn
ish
surface
[82]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karhun
putki
bear
pipe
Finn
ish
manywrittenrecords
surface
[82]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karunp
utki,karun
putet
bear
pipe
(s)
Ingrian
surface
[56]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karhun
putki,karupu
tki,
karupu
ded
bear
pipe
Izho
rian
surface
[56]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.мe
двeж
ьялaпa
bear
paw
Russian
Latin
calque
[116]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
мeчjaшaпaвeликa
bigbe
arpaw
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
björnloka
bear
plant
Swed
ish
Gästrikland
,Dalarna,
Västmanland
?[155]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
björnkum
min
bear
cummin
Swed
ish
Jämtland
?[155]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
björnp
ipa
bear
pipe
Swed
ish
Värm
land
,Västm
anland
?[155]
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)
Simon
k.
Heracleum
sibiricum
L.karupu
tked
,karup
utki,
karu-pud
gõd,
karu-pud
ged,
karupu
tke
bear
pipe
Votic
surface
[56,172]
Heracleum
spp.
Heracleum
L.мe
чacтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
shape,surface
[86]
Heracleum
spp.
Heracleum
spp.
med
vedska
taca
bear
paw
Croatian
Latin
calque
[228]
Heracleum
spp.
Heracleum
ssp.
karupu
tked
bear
pipe
sEstonian
gene
ral
gene
raname
borrow
edfro
mtheon
especies
[56,Sõukand,
Kalle
unpu
bl]
Heracleum
spp.
Heracleum
L.spp.
ramba
dej'erse
bear
claw
Italian,southe
rnPietracamela(Teram
o),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
shape
[90]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 34 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Heracleum
spp.
Heracleum
björnstut
bear
toot
Swed
ish
Jämtland
?[155]
Heracleum
spp.
Heracleum
?björnkål
bear
cabb
age
Swed
ish
Dalarna
?[155]
Heracleum
spp.
Heracleum
björnskalle
bear
skull
Swed
ish
Dalsland
shape
[155]
Hieracium
pilosella
L.Hieracium
pilosella
L.вeдм
eжeвуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,stepp
edialect
Kirovograd
shape?
[215]
Himan
toglossum
affine
(Boiss.)Schltr.
Himan
toglossum
affine(Boiss.)
Schltr.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Kahram
anmaraş
(SAnatolia)
shape
[241]
Himan
toglossum
affine
(Boiss.)Schltr.
Himan
toglossum
affine(Boiss.)
Schltr.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Kahram
anmaraş
(SAnatolia)
shape
[241]
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Hordeum
vulgare(and
esp.
hexasticho
nor
tetrasticho
nbar
bear
Eng.
Eastern
Suffo
lkfolketym
olog
y[45]
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Hordeum
vulgare(and
esp.
hexasticho
nor
tetrasticho
nbe
erbe
arEng.
Northern
Northum
berland
folketym
olog
y[45]
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Hordeum
vulgare(and
esp.
hexasticho
nor
tetrasticho
nbe
irbe
arEng.
Northern
northe
rncoutnties
folketym
olog
y[45]
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Hordeum
vulgare(and
esp.
hexasticho
nor
tetrasticho
nbe
rebe
arEng.
Northern
North
Yorkshire
folketym
olog
y[45]
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Hordeum
vulgare(and
esp.
hexasticho
nor
tetrasticho
nbe
ar-barley
bear-barley
Eng.
Northern
Northum
berland
folketym
olog
y[45]
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Hordeum
vulgare(and
esp.
hexasticho
nor
tetrasticho
nbe
arbe
arEng.
Northern,
Midland
,Western,Eastern
Northum
berland
,Yorkshire,
Lincolnshire,Shrop
shire,Suffolk
folketym
olog
y[45]
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Hordeum
polyst.
Bäreng
erste
bear
barley
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Horminum
pyrena
icum
L.Horminum
pyr.
Bärenknö
pfe
bear
button
sGerman,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Huperziaselago
(L.)
Bernh.ex
Schrank&
Mart.
Huperziaselago
(L.)Bernh.ex
Schrank&Mart.
karukollad
bear
club
moss
Estonian
Jõh
folketym
olog
y[58]
Hydnu
mcaput-ursiFr.
Hydnu
mcaputursiFr.
med
vědí
hlava
bear
head
Czech
Latin
calque
[61]
Hydnu
mcoralloides
Scop
.Hydnu
mcoralloides
Scop
.мe
чaглaвa
bear
head
Bulgarian
surface?
[86]
Hydnu
mcoralloides
Scop
.Hydnu
mcoralloides
Scop
.мe
чaгъбa
bear
fung
iBu
lgarian
EastStaraPlaninaMts.
surface?
[85]
Hydnu
mimbricatum
L.Hydnu
mimbricatum
L.med
vědí
ucho
bear
ear
Czech
colour,surface
[61]
Hydnu
mimbricatum
L.Hydnu
mimbricatum
L.med
vědice
bear
plant
Czech
colour,surface
[61]
Hydnu
mimbricatum
L.Hydnu
mimbricatum
L.med
vedića
she-be
arUkrainian
colour,surface
[130]
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umвядзмe
дзiк
little
bear
Belarussian
Brest.
colour,surface
[79]
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umмядзвeдзiк
little
bear
Belarussian
Minsk.,Mog
il.,Brest.,Gom
el.
colour,surface
[79]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 35 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umмядзвeдзiкi
little
bears
Belarussian
Brest.
colour,surface
[79]
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umмядзвeдзiявушы
bear
ears
Belarussian
Grodn
.colour,surface
[79]
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umмядзвeдзь
bear
Belarussian
Brest.
colour,surface
[79]
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umвядзмe
дзiцa
she-be
arBelarussian
Brest.
colour,surface
[79]
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umмядзвeджae
вуxa
(вуш
кa)
bear
ear
Belarussian
Viteb.,G
rodn
.colour,surface
[79]
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
Hydnu
mrepand
umL.
med
vedića
biła
white
she-be
arUkrainian
surface?
[130]
Hydnu
mspp.
Hydnu
mmeškakerpė
bear
liche
nLithuanian
Lithuania
surface
[192]
Hyoscyamus
nigerL.
Hyoscyamus
nigerL.
carhun
cali
bear
kvass
Finn
ish
dang
erou
sness
[82]
Hypocha
erismaculata
L.Hypocha
erismaculataL.
karukapsaleh
edbe
arcabb
age
leaves
Estonian
Vig
surface
[58]
Ilexaquifolium
L.Ilexaquifolium
L.foije
dell'urse
bear
leaves
Italian,southe
rnCortin
o(Teram
o),A
bruzzo,
centralItaly
?[90]
Ilexaquifolium
L.Ilexaquifolium
L.laurede
ll'urse
bear
laurel
Italian,southe
rnCastelli(Teram
o),A
bruzzo,
centralItaly
?[90]
IrispseudacorusL.
Irispseudo-acorusL.
мeдвeж
ьялaпa
bear
paw
Southe
rnRu
ssian
Vorone
zh?
[163]
Irissib
irica
L.Irissib
irica
L.oгуpцы
мeдвeж
ьиbe
arcucumbe
rsSouthe
rnRu
ssian
Tambo
vbe
arfood
?[57]
Jacobaea
abrotanifolia
(L.)Moe
nch
Senecioabrotanif.
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Juniperuscommun
isvar.mon
tana
Aito
nJuniperusna
naWilld.
мeчa
oйнa
bear
junipe
rBu
lgarian
Banyavillage
,Che
pino
area
wild?
[86]
Juniperuscommun
isvar.mon
tana
Aito
nJuniperusna
naWilld.
мeчa
xвoй
нabe
arjunipe
rBu
lgarian
Brezevillage
,Sofiaarea
wild?
[86]
Juniperusdrupacea
Labill
Juniperusdrupacea
Labill
ayıardıcı
bear
junipe
rTurkish
Antalya
(SW
Anatolia)
size
[59]
Knautia
arvensis(L.)
Cou
lt.Knautia
arvensis(L.)Cou
lt.karukäpp
bear
paw
Estonian
Hää
surface
[58]
Lamium
galeobdolon
(L.)L.
Galeobdolon
luteum
ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
?[171]
Laserpitium
latifolium
L.Laserpitium
latif.
weisses
Bärenkraut
white
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?
[65]
Lathraea
squamariaL.
Lathraea
squamariaL.
мeчa
питa
bear
bann
ock
Bulgarian
?[86]
Lathraea
squamariaL.
Lathraea
squamariaL.
мeчe
зeлe
bear
cabb
age
Bulgarian
wild
[86]
Lathraea
squamariaL.
Lathraea
squamariaL.
мeчeшкo
зeлe
bear
cabb
age
Bulgarian
wild
[86]
Lathyrus
pratensis
L.Lathyrus
prat.
Bärenschote
bear
pod
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Lathyrus
pratensis
L.Lathyrus
sylvestris
meškažirnis
bear
pea
Lithuanian
Lithuania
shape,be
arfood
[87]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 36 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Lathyrus
spp.
Lathyrus
L.Bärenschote
bear
pod
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Lecokiacretica(Lam
.)DC.
Lecokiacretica(Lam
.)DC.
ayıb
aldıranı
bear
hemlock
Turkish
İçel(S.A
natolia)
status
-[92]
Leon
topodium
nivale
(Ten
.)Huetex
Hand.-
Mazz.
Leon
topodium
nivale(Ten
.)Huetex
Hand.-M
azz.
zampe
ttedë
l'ursë
smallb
earclaw
sItalian,southe
rnValle
Peligna,A
bruzzo,
centralItaly
shape
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Leon
urus
cardiaca
L.Leon
urus
card.
Bärenschweif
bear
tail
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Leucopaxillus
alboalutaceus(M
oell.et
Schff.)Moe
ll.
Leucopaxillus
alboalutaceus
(Moe
ll.et
Schff.)Moe
ll.balsvojimeškabu
dėbe
arawhitish
color
Lithuanian
Alytus
surface
[193]
Leucopaxillus
cand
idus
(Bres.)
Sing
erLeucopaxillus
cand
idus
balto
jimeškabu
dėbe
arwhite
mushroo
mLithuanian
Allin
Lithuania,
intheforest
surface
[193]
Leucopaxillus
compactus
(Fr.)
Neuh.
(L.tricolor
(Peck)
Kühn
er)
Leucopaxillus
compactus
(Fr.)
Neuh.(L.tricolor
(Peck)
Kühn
er)
trispalvėmeškabu
dėbe
arthreecolor
mushroo
mLithuanian
Verkiai
surface
[193]
Leucopaxillus
giganteus
(Sow
erby)Sing
erLeucopaxillus
giganteus/
Clitocybe
gigantea
didžiojimeškabu
dėbe
arbig
mushroo
mLithuanian
rare
surface
[193]
Levisticum
officinale
W.D.J.Ko
chLevisticum
officinaleW.D.J.
Koch,Ligusticum
levisticum
karurohi,karu-rohi,karro
rohi
bear
grass
Estonian
folketym
olog
y,size
[64,73,173]
Levisticum
officinale
W.D.J.Ko
chLevisticum
off.
Bärenm
utter-kraut
bear
mothe
rhe
rbGerman,non
specified
notspecified
folketym
olog
y?[65]
Leym
usarenarius(L.)
Hochst.
Leym
usarenarius(L.)Hochst.
karukaer
bear
oat
Estonian
Jõe
surface
[58]
Ligusticum
mutellina
(L.)Crantz
Ligusticum
mut.
Bärenfen
chel
bear
fenn
elGerman,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Ligusticum
mutellina
(L.)Crantz
Ligusticum
mut.
blaues/rotes
Bärenkraut
blue/red
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Ligusticum
mutellina
(L.)Crantz
Ligusticum
mut.
Bärenw
urz
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Ligusticum
mutellinoidesVill.
Ligusticum
mutelno
ilides
weisses
Bärenkraut
white
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Ligusticum
mutellinoidesVill.
Ligusticum
mutellinoides
weisseBärenw
urz
white
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Ligustrum
vulgareL.
Ligustrum
vulgare
мeчкoвaц
bear
plant
Serbo-Croat
?[84]
Lilium
cand
idum
L.Lilium
cand
idum
L.ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Muğ
la(SW
Anatolia)
shape
[175]
Lilium
martagonL.
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
Bärenlilie
bear
lilly
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,wild?
[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 37 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Lonicera
caerulea
L.Lonicera
coerulea
L.мe
двeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
NorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
asize?wild?
[57]
Lonicera
caprifolia
L.Lonicera
caprifolium
LLulearushe
bear
flower
Albanian
Kosovo
shape
[136]
Lonicera
caprifolia
L.Lonicera
caprifolium
L.мe
двjeђa
цaпa
bear
paw
Serbo-Croat
shape?
[84]
Lonicera
periclymenum
L.Lonicera
periclymenum
L.be
arbind
bearbind
Eng.
Midland
sChe
shire
folketym
olog
y[45]
Lonicera
periclymenum
L.Lonicera
pericl
Bärentappe
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Lonicera
tataricaL.
Lonicera
tat.
Bärenklau
bear
claw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Lotuscorniculatus
L.Lotuscorn.
Bärenschote
bear
pod
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,wild?
[65]
Lotuscorniculatus
L.Lotuscorniculatus
björnb
lomma
bear
flower
Swed
ish
Dalarna
?[155]
Lotuscorniculatus
L.Lotuscorniculatus
björne
tänd
erbe
arteeth
Swed
ish
Dalsland
?[155]
Lotuscorniculatus
L.Lotuscorniculatus
björnklor
bear
claw
sSw
edish
Dalsland
shape
[155]
Luzulapilosa
(L.)Willd.
Luzulapilosa
(L.)Willd.
bjørnklo
bear
claw
Norweg
ian
Ham
reshape?
[80]
Lycoperdon
bovista
Pers.
Lycoperdon
bovistaL.
мeчкин
ьпуфe
шbe
arpu
ffBu
lgarian
Kavadarci(Maced
onia)
?[ 86]
Lycoperdon
bovista
Pers.
Lycoperdon
Pers.
мeдвeж
ьибaни
bear
baths
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Vladim
irwild?
[103]
Lycoperdon
bovista
Pers.
Lycoperdon
Pers.
мeдвeж
ийды
мbe
arsm
oke
Russian
MiddleObregion
wild?
[101]
Lycoperdon
bovista
Pers.
Lycoperdon
Pers.
мeдвeж
ийтaбaк
bear
tobacco
Russian
MiddleObregion
;Karelia
wild?
[101,102,142]
Lycoperdon
derm
oxan
thum
Vittad.
Bovistaderm
oxan
thaPers.
Fenë
arushe
bear
fart
Albanian
North
Albania,Kosovo
folklore
[208]
Lycope
rdon
spp.
Lycoperdon
Bärenfurz
bear
fart
German,non
specified
notspecified
folketym
olog
y[65]
Lycope
rdon
spp.
Lycope
rdon
sp.
мeдвeж
ьябaня
bear
baths
Russian
Perm
wild,ine
dibility
[102]
Lycope
rdon
spp.
Lycope
rdon
sp.
мeдвeж
ьeкуpe
вobe
artobacco
Russian
Perm
wild?
[102]
Lycope
rdon
spp.
Lycope
rdon
sp.
мeдвeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Russian
Perm
wild?
[102]
Lycopodium
anno
tinum
L.Lycopodium
anno
tinum
L.karusammal
bear
moss
Estonian
Trv
shape
[58]
Lycopodium
anno
tinum
L.Lycopodium
anno
tinum
L.karukõllad,
karukollad,
karukolded
bear
club
moss
Estonian
North
Estonia
shape
[58,64]
Lycopodium
anno
tinum
L.Lycopodium
anno
tinum
meškiašiaun
iai
bear
eggs
Lithuanian
Lithuania
status
-,be
arfood
[192]
Lycopodium
anno
tinum
L.Lycopodium
anno
tinum
björnris
bear
bilberry
Swed
ish
Österbo
tten
?[155]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 38 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodim
clavatum
L.med
vědí
tlapa
bear
paw
Czech
surface
[60,61]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
L.med
vědí
lapa
bear
paw
Czech
surface?,shape?
[72]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
L.med
vědí
drápky
bear
claw
sCzech
shape?
[61]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
L.,clavatum
L.karukollad,
karukõllad,
karukõld,karukollepikk
karukold,karukõlde
,karukoll
bear
club
moss
Estonian
gene
ral
shape
[58,73]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clav.
Bärenklau
bear
claw
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clav.
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clav.
Bärlapp
bear
club
moss
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clav.
Bärenm
oos
bear
moss
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clav.
Bärentappe
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavat
Bärentatze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
med
vetalp
bear’spaw
Hun
garian
nodata
(Hun
gary
orTransylvania)
surface
[143]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
med
vetalpa,med
vetalp
bear’spaw
Hun
garian
Sóvidé
k(Transylvania)
surface
[164]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
L.braghe
d'orso;b
ragh
ed'urs;
braiedl
órs
bear
pants
Italian,no
rthe
rnLombardyandBiellaarea,
Pied
mon
t,no
rthe
rnItaly
?[74,75]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
L.chjampe
dórs
bear
feet
Italian,no
rthe
rnBiellaarea,Piedm
ont,
north-western
Italy
surface
[75]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
L.braledl
órs;braledórs;
bralid
lurs;b
ralle
dlórs
bear
bear
hair
tufts
Italian,no
rthe
rnBiellaarea,Piedm
ont,
north-western
Italy
surface
[75]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
meškiašiaun
iai
bear
eggs
Lithuanian
Lithuania
status
-,be
arfood
[192]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
łapa
nied
źwiedzia
bear
paw
Polish
archivalname
shape
[66–71,222,232,
233]
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Lycopodium
clavatum
björng
räs
bear
grass
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
surface?
[155]
Lycopodium
complan
atum
L.Dipha
siastrum
complan
atum
(L.)Holub
topskarukold
mug
-bearclub
moss
Estonian
Kuu
folketym
olog
y[58]
Lycopodium
spp.
Lycopodium
med
vedi
noha
bear
leg
Slovak
Slovakia
German
calque?
[62]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 39 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Lycopodium
spp.
Lycopodium
L.barowepazore
bear
claw
sSorbian
German
calque?
[76]
Lycopodium
spp.
Lycopodium
barnica
bear
plant
Upp
er-Sorbian
German
calque?
[63]
Lycopodium
spp.
Lycopodium
barjace
pacy
bear
paws
Upp
er-Sorbian
German
calque?
[63]
Lycopodium
spp.
Lycopodium
barjace
pazory
bear
claw
sUpp
er-Sorbian
German
calque?
[63]
Lythrum
salicariaL.
Lythrum
salicariaL.
karu-kattera
?Vo
tic?
[56]
Maclura
pomifera
(Raf.)
C.K.Schne
id.
Maclura
pomifera
(Raf.)
C.K.Schne
id.
ayıelm
ası
bear
apple
Turkish
Anatolia
shape,
ined
ibility
[93]
Maclura
pomifera
(Raf.)
C.K.Schne
id.
Maclura
pomifera
(Raf.)
C.K.Schne
id.
ayıd
utu
bear
mulbe
rry
Turkish
Anatolia
shape,
ined
ibility
[93]
Malus
sylvestris(L.)Mill.
Malus
sylvestris(L.)Mill.
melucce
dëjursë
little
bear
apple
Italian,southe
rnValle
Sube
quana(L'Aqu
ila)),
Abruzzo,C
entralItaly
wild,status-,
bear
food
?Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Malus
sylvestris(L.)Mill.
Pirussilvestris
med
vedo
vahruščica
bear
pear
Sloven
ian
status-?
[84]
Malvaviscus
arboreus
Cav.
Malvaviskus
arboreus
Cav.
med
vědí
sléz
bear
mallow
Czech
size?
[61]
Melam
pyrum
pratense
L.Melam
pyrum
pratense
L.karukaerad,karukaerad,
karu-kaerad
bear
oats
Estonian
Iis?
[58,73,183]
Melam
pyrum
sylvaticum
L.Melam
pyrum
sylvaticum
L.karu
kaerad,karukaer,
karu-kaer
bear
oat(s)
Estonian
?[73,182,183]
Melilotusofficinalis(L.)
Lam.
Melilotusoff.
Bärenklee
bear
clover
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?[65]
Melittismelissophyllum
L.Melittismelissophyllum
L.bo
ccad'orso
bear
mou
thItalian,central
Vald
iChiana,Tuscany,
centralItaly
shape
[74]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärend
illbe
ardill
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,shape?
[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärenfen
chel
bear
fenn
elGerman,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,shape?
[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,shape?
[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärenküm
mel
bear
caraway
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,shape?
[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärpud
l?
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,shape?
[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärenm
utter-kraut
bear
mothe
rhe
rbGerman,non
specified
notspecified
shape?,b
ear
food
?[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärenm
utter-wurzel
bear
mothe
rroot
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?,b
ear
food
?[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärenw
urz
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?,b
ear
food
?[65]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Bärenzotten
bear
tuft
notspecified
[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 40 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
German,non
specified
shape?,b
ear
food
?
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
мeдвeдкa
bear
plant
Russian
translated
from
Latin
pharmaceutical
name
[116]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
мeдвeж
ийкope
ньbe
arroot
Russian
translated
from
Latin
pharmaceutical
name
[116]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jack.
med
vedo
vkoren
bear
root
Sloven
ian
German
calque?
[89,144]
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Jacq.
Meum
atha
man
ticum
ayıaazyane
sebe
arfenn
elTurkish
shape,status
-[226]
Meum
mutellina(L.)
Gaertn.
Meum
mutellinaGaertn.
мeчи
кoпъ
pbe
ardill
Bulgarian
?[86]
Muscarispp.
Muscari
Bärentrueb
libe
argrape
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,wild?
[65]
Nardusstricta
L.Nardusstricta
björnragg
bear
shag
Swed
ish
Nyland
shape
[155]
Neottiaovata(L.)Bluff
&Fing
erh.
Neottiaovata(L.)Bluff&
Fing
erh.
karukäpad
bear
paws
Estonian
Mih
surface
[58]
Nerium
oleand
erL.
Nerium
oleand
erL.
ayıcı
bearhe
rdTurkish
Muğ
lafolketym
olog
y[227]
Ono
nisspinosaL.
Ono
nisspinosa
med
vědice
bear
plant
Czech
Cho
dov
shape(tho
rny)
[83]
Orobanche
gracilisSm
.Orobanche
gracilisSm
.branchiad'orso
bear
branch
Italian,central
Tuscany,centralItaly
?[74]
Orobanche
spp.
Orobanche
Bärenp
ratze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Oxalis
mon
tana
Raf.
Oxalis
acetosella
med
vesóska
bear’ssorrel
Hun
garian
Gyergyói-m
eden
ce,
Lövéte
(Transylvania)
wild
[97,98]
Oxalis
mon
tana
Raf.
Oxalis
acetosella
med
vesósdi
bear’ssorrel
Hun
garian
Gyergyói-m
eden
ce,
Lövéte
(Transylvania)
wild
[97,98]
Padusavium
Mill.
subsp.
Avium
Padusavium
Mill.sub
sp.
Avium
ayıgülü
bear
rose
Turkish
Ardahan
(EAnatolia)
?[240]
Paeonia×suffruticosa
And
rews
Paeonia×suffruticosa
And
rews
ayıg
ülü
bear
rose
Turkish
Anatolia
shape,size
[93]
PaeoniaarietinaG.
And
erson
PaeoniaarietinaG.A
nderson
ayıg
ülü
bear
rose
Turkish
Isparta(SW
Anatolia)
size
[91]
PaeoniaarietinaG.
And
erson
PaeoniaarietinaG.A
nderson
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Afyon
(WAnatolia)
shape
[92]
Paeoniamascula(L.)
Mill.
Paeoniamascula(L.)Mill.
ayıgülü
bear
rose
Turkish
Anatolia
shape,size
[93]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 41 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Paeoniamascula(L.)
Mill.
Paeoniamascula(L.)Mill.
ayıgülü
bear
rose
Turkish
Anatolia
shape,size
[93]
Paeoniamascula(L.)
Mill.
Paeoniamascula(L.)Mill.
ayıg
ülü
bear
rose
Turkish
Kahram
anmaraş
(SAnatolia)
shape,size
[94]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaHim
pel
мeчo
гpaздe
bear
grapes
Bulgarian
wild?
[86]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaHim
pel
мeчи
ягoд
иbe
arstrawbe
rries
Bulgarian
wild?
[86]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
karumari
bear
berry
Estonian
Jõh
dang
erou
sness
[58]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
karumustikas
bear
blackberry
Estonian
Kuu,Lüg,
Kod,
SJn
dang
erou
sness
[58,174]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
karhun
marja,kahun
marjahe
inä
bear
berry
Finn
ish
gene
ral
dang
erou
sness
[55,82]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
meškauo
gėbe
arbe
rries
Lithuanian
Lithuania
dang
erou
sness,
wild
[87,88]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
мeдвeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
NorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
a,Karelia
dang
erou
sness
(toxic)?
[57]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
bjørne
bær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
status-
[80]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifolia
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Ång
ermanland
,NorthernJämtland
,Västerbo
tten
status-
[15,154]
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Paris
quadrifolia
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
,Jäm
tland
,Ång
ermanland
,Hälsing
land
status-
[155]
Paxillusatromentosus
(Scop.)Fr.
Paxillusatromentosus/Tapinella
atrotomentosa
juokotėmeškutė
blackshankbe
arLithuanian
gene
ral
shape
[193]
Paxillusfilam
entosus
(Scop.)Fr.
Paxillusfilam
entosus/Ag
aricus
filam
entosusScop
.(1772)
Paxillusrubicund
ulus
P.D.Orton
alksnyninė
meškutė
alde
rtree
bear
Lithuanian
gene
ral
surface
[193]
PaxillusinvolutusFr.
PaxillusinvolutusFr.
pilkojim
eškutė
gray
bear
Lithuanian
allinLithuania,in
theforest
shape
[193]
Paxilluspanu
oides(Fr.)
Fr.
Paxilluspanu
oides
vėdu
oklinėmeškutė
fanbe
arLithuanian
gene
ral
shape
[193]
Pedicularis
comosaL.
Pedicularis
comosaL.
мeдвeж
ьятpaвa
bear
grass
Russian
?[116]
Pedicularis
palustris
L.Pedicularis
palustris
L.karupe
abe
arhe
adEstonian
Vil
surface
[58]
Pedicularis
palustris
L.Pedicularis
palustris
L.karune
konn
aosi
hairy
(bearry)
frogho
rsetail
Estonian
LNg
surface
[58]
Pedicularis
palustris
L.Pedicularis
palustris
L.karhun
kukkain
bear
flower's
grass
Finn
ish
Orim
surface
[82]
Pedicularis
sceptrum
-carolinum
L.Pedicularis
sceptrum
-carolinum
L.karuhammas
bear
tooth
Estonian
HJn
shape
[58]
Peltigera
canina
(L.)
Willd.
Peltigera
canina
L.Willd.
meškapė
dėšunvaistė
dogs
med
icine
bear
paw
Lithuanian
Lithuania
status
-,be
arfood
[87,192]
meškapė
dėdaug
iapirštė
multibe
arpaw
Lithuanian
Lithuania
[87,192]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 42 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Peltigera
polydactyla
(Neck.)Hoffm
.Peltigera
polydactyla(Neck.)
Hoffm
.status
-,be
arfood
Persicariabistorta
(L.)
Samp.
Polygonu
mbistorta
L.мe
двeдни
цabe
arplant
NorthernRu
ssian
Arkhang
elsk
?[57]
Petasites
hybridus
(L.)G.
Gaertn.,B.M
ey.&
Sche
rb.
Petasites
hybridus
(L.)G.
Gaertn.,B.M
ey.&
Sche
rb.
ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Kocaeli(NW
Anatolia)
shape,size
[92]
Peucedan
umofficinale
L.Peucedan
umoff.
Bärenfen
chel
bear
fenn
elGerman,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
?,wild?
[65]
Peucedan
umofficinale
L.Peucedan
umofficinaleL.
мeдвeж
ийкope
ньbe
arroot
Russian
size?
[116]
Phalarisarun
dina
ceaL.
Phalarisarun
dina
cea
meškadirsė
bear
grass
Lithuanian
Lithuania
size
[192,194]
Phelypaeatournefortii
Desf.
PhelypaeatournefortiiDesf.
ayıparmağı
bear
finge
rTurkish
Ağrı(EAnatolia)
shape,size
[92]
Phlomisgran
diflora
H.S.Tho
mps.
Phlomisgran
diflora
H.S.
Thom
son
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Antalya
(SAnatolia)
shape,size
[227]
Pimpinella
saxifra
gaL.
Pimpinella
saxifra
gaL.
мeдвeж
ьипучки
bear
cow-
parsnip
NorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
asize?status-?
[57]
Ping
uiculaspp.
Ping
uiculaspp.
recchietta
d'urs
little
bear
ear
Italian,southe
rnAlto
Sang
ro,M
arsica,
Valle
Peligna,M
ajella
surrou
ndings,G
ranSasso
d'Italia
andLaga
Mt.,Abu
zzo,
centralItaly
shape
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Pinu
smugoTurra
Pinu
smugosubsp.
mug
hus
(Scop.)Dom
inandP.nigraJ.
F.Arnold
pinë
del'urs;p
oinë
dël'urs
bear
pine
Italian,southe
rnAltaValle
delSangro,
Mt.Morrone
,and
Mt.Maiella,cen
tralItaly
status-
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Pleurospermum
austriacum
Hoffm
.Pleurospermum
austriacum
med
vejka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[84]
Pleurospermum
spp.
Pleurospermum
sp.
med
vjetka
bear
plant
Croatian
nolocatio
n?,be
arfood
?[126,138,245]
Pleurospermum
uralense
Hoffm
.Pleurospermum
uralense
Hoffm
.мe
двeж
ьядудкa
bear
pipe
Russian
Tobo
lskarea
size?wild?
[218]
Polygona
tum
odoratum
(Mill.)Druce
Polygona
tum
odoratum
(Mill.)
Druce
karhun
marja
bear
berry
Finn
ish
Sort
dang
erou
sness
[82]
Polygona
tum
odoratum
(Mill.)Druce
Polygona
tum
odoratum
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Ång
ermanland
status-
[155]
Polypodium
vulgareL.
Polypodium
vulg.
Bärenzucker
bear
sugar
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Polyporusspp.
Polyporusram.
Bärenp
ratze
bear
paw
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mL.,P.com
mun
eL.
karusammal,soo
karu-sam
mal
bear
moss
Estonian
shape
[56,73]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 43 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
karhun
sammal
bear
moss
Finn
ish
shape
[55]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
Bärenm
oos
bear
moss
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
karunsam
mal,karun
sammel,
karunsam
mõl
bear
moss
Izho
rian
shape
[56]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
meškakūšis
bear
penis
Lithuanian
Lithuania
shape
[87]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
okš-šōmal
bear
moss
Livonian
?[81]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mvulgare
guovzzasám
ilbe
armoss
North
Saam
i?
[129]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
bjørne
mose
bear-m
oss
Norweg
ian
?[80]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
мeдвeдь
bear
Southe
rnRu
ssian
Orel
surface?
[116]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
ebjörnm
oss
bear
moss
Swed
ish
Östergö
tland
,Småland
?[155]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
ebjörnm
osse
bear
moss
Swed
ish
Österbo
tten
,Åland
,Åbo
land
,Nyland
?[155]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
e=
Polytrichu
mvulgare
björnm
ossa
bear
moss
Swed
ish
Norrbotten,Jämtland
,Västerbo
tten
,Med
elpad,
Härjedalen,Dalarna,Värmland
,Upp
land
,Västm
anland
,Dalsland,
Västergö
tland
,Småland,
Nyland
?[155]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
ebjörnb
lomma
bear
flower
Swed
ish
NorthernDalecarlia
?[48]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
byön
nmuo
såbe
armoss
Swed
ish
Älvdalen
shape
[ 223]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
björnm
ossa
bear-m
oss
Swed
ish
?[54]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eL.
karasammal
bear
moss
Votic
shape
[113]
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
karusammel
bear
moss
Votic
shape
[56]
Polytrichu
mspp.
Polytrichu
mssp.
karusammal
bear
moss
Estonian
gene
ral
shape
[56]
Polytrichu
mspp.
Polytrichu
mspp.
karusammal
bear
moss
Ingrian
shape
[56]
Polytrichu
mspp.
Polytrichu
mspp.
karusammõli
bear
moss
Ingrian
shape
[56]
Polytrichu
mspp.
Polytrichu
mbjörnm
ossa
bear
moss
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
,Ång
ermanland
,Dalarna,N
ärke,Värmland
?[155]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 44 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Pran
gosspp.
Pran
gossp.
ayučač
bear
hair
Karachay-Balkar
?[171]
Pran
gosspp.
Pran
gossp.
ayuw
čač
bear
hair
Kirghiz
?[171]
Primulaalgida
Adams
Primulaalgida
Adams
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Erzurum
(EAnatolia)
shape,size
[152]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaLede
b.мe
чoуxo
bear
ear
Bulgarian
Latin
calque
[86]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
uhomed
viđe
bear
ear
Croatian
Latin
calque
[128,138,156]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
med
vědí
ouško
bear
ear
Czech
Latin
calque?
[60,61]
PrimulaauriculaL.
Primulaauricula
bjørne
øre
bear
ear
Danish
Den
mark
Latin
calque
[187]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
bazier
bear
ear
Eng.
Eastern
EastAng
liashape
[45]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
basier
bear
ear
Eng.
Northern
Lancashire
shape
[45]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
bear'sears
bear
ears
Eng.
Northern,
Midland
,Western,Eastern
WestYo
rkshire,D
erbyshire,
Gloucestershire,EastAng
liashape
[45]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
baisier
bear
ear
Eng.
Western
Devon
shape
[45]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
oreille
d’ou
rsbe
arear
Fren
chLatin
calque
[2]
PrimulaauriculaL.
Primulaaur.
Bärsanikel
bear
sanicula
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
PrimulaauriculaL.
Primulaaur.
Bäreno
hrbe
arear
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
uried'ou
rs;orie
d'ou
rslittle
bear
ear
Italian,no
rthe
rnPied
mon
t,no
rthe
rnItaly
shape
[74]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
recchietta
d'urs
little
bear
ear
Italian,southe
rnAlto
Sang
ro,M
arsica,
Valle
Peligna,M
ajella
surrou
ndings,G
ranSasso
d'Italia
andLaga
Mt.,Abu
zzo,
centralItaly
shape
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
мeдвeж
ьeуш
кobe
arear
Russian
Latin
calque?
[116]
PrimulaauriculaL.
Primulaauricula
мeдвиђ
eуxo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
Latin
calque
[84]
PrimulaauriculaL.
PrimulaauriculaL.
med
ved’ačeuxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
Latin
calque
[130]
Primulaelatior(L.)Hill
Primulaelatior(L.)Hill
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Erzurum
(EAnatolia)
shape,size
[152]
Primulalong
ipes
Freyn
&Sint.
Primulalong
ipes
Freyn&Sint.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Erzurum
(EAnatolia)
shape,size
[152]
Primulamatthioli(L.)
K.Richt.
Cortusamatthioli
Bärsanikel
bear
sanicula
German,non
specified
notspecified
shapeand
surface?
[65]
Primula
pseudodenticulataPax
PrimulaauriculataLam.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Erzurum
(EAnatolia)
shape,size
[152]
Primula
pseudodenticulataPax
PrimulaauriculataLam.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Anatolia
shape,size
[131]
Primulaspp.
Primulaspp.
orecchio
d'orso
bear
ear
Italian,central
Vald
iChiana,Tuscany,
centralItaly
shape
[74]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 45 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Primulaveris
L.Primulaveris
ayïwqu
laq
bear
ear
Kazakh
Latin
calque
[171]
Primulaveris
L.Primulaveris
subsp.
columnae
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Erzurum
(EAnatolia)
shape
[152]
Primulaveris
L.Primulaveris
subsp.
macrocalyx
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Erzurum
(EAnatolia)
shape
[152]
Primulaveris
L.Primulaveris
L.ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
shape
[171]
Primulaveris
subsp.
suaveo
lens
(Bertol.)
Gutermann&Ehrend
.
Primulasuaveolens
Bertol.
мeчa
cтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
?[86]
PrimulavulgarisHud
s.Primulaacaulis
(L.)Hill.
oëgg
iad'urso
bear
ear
Italian,no
rthe
rnSantaMargh
erita
area,
Ligu
ria,northernItaly
shape
[74]
Prun
usspinosaL.
Prun
usspinosaL.
loffë
dëursë
bear
puffb
all
Italian,southe
rnCasteld
'Ieri,Goriano
Sicoli,
Cocullo
(L'Aqu
ila),Abruzzo,
centralItaly
size
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Prun
usspinosaL.
Prun
usspinosaL.
prun
icchiede
liursë
little
bear
plum
sItalian,southe
rnCerchio
(L'Aqu
ila),Abruzzo,
centralItaly
wild,status-
[90]
Pteridium
aquilinum
(L.)
Kuhn
Pteridium
aquilinum
(L.)Ku
hnayıo
tube
arhe
rbTurkish
WAnatolia
?[92]
Pteridium
aquilinum
(L.)
Kuhn
Pteridium
aquilinum
(L.)Ku
hnayıdöşeğ
ibe
armattress
Turkish
Hatay
(SEAnatolia)
shape
[227]
Pteridium
aquilinum
(L.)
Kuhn
Pteridium
aquilinum
(L.)Ku
hnkarukaatteri
bear
cover/
isolation
Votic
shape
[56]
Pteridop
hyta
sortof
fern
med
veköröm
bear’snail
Hun
garian
Hom
oród
karácson
yfalva
(Transylvania)
shape
Papp
unpu
blishe
d
Pteridop
hyta
fernsin
general
bjøn
ngras
bear
grass
Norweg
ian
Haltdalen
,Singsås
?[80]
Ptilostem
oncham
aepeuce(L.)Less.
Ptilostem
oncham
aepeuce(L.)
Less.
ayıayağı
bear
foot
Turkish
Antalya
(SW
Anatolia)
shape
[131]
Pulmon
ariamollis
Wolff
exF.Heller
Pulmon
ariamollis
Wolffex
F.Heller
мeчa
зуpл
a,мe
чaпи
тabe
arsnou
t;be
arbann
ock
Bulgarian
Bracigovo
?[86]
Pulmon
ariamollis
Wolff
exF.Heller
Pulmon
ariamollis
Wolffex
F.Heller
мeчa
питa
bear
bann
ock
Bulgarian
?[86]
Pulmon
ariamollis
Wolff
exF.Heller
Pulmon
ariamollis
Wolffex
F.Heller
мeчки
bears
Bulgarian
?[86]
Pulmon
ariaobscura
Dum
ort.
Pulmon
ariaobscura(as
Pulm
onariaofficinalis)
мeдвeж
eуш
кobe
arear
Ruthen
ian
Slovakia
shape,surface
[234]
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
м eчa
питa
bear
bann
ock
Bulgarian
StaraZago
raarea
?[86]
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
мeчo
цвeтe
bear
flower
Bulgarian
Tetevenarea
?[86]
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
мeдвeж
ьятpaвa
bear
grass
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Moscow
?[57]
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
Pulmon
ariaofficicna
lisL.
мeчo
pунo
bear
fur
Maced
onian
Nevrokopregion
shape?
[179]
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
Pulmon
ariaofficicna
lisL.
мeчa
cтъп
кabe
arfoot
Maced
onian
Nevrokopregion
shape?
[179]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 46 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
Pulmon
ariaofficicna
lisL.
мeчo
уxo
bear
ear
Maced
onian
Nevrokopregion
shape?
[179]
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
Pulmon
ariaofficinalisL.
мeдвeж
eвушкo
bear
little
ear
Ukrainian
Vinn
itsa
shape?
[203]
Pulmon
ariarubra
Scho
ttPulmon
ariarubraSch.et
Ky.
мeчкин
иглик
bear
prim
rose
Maced
onian
Nevrokopregion
shape?
[179]
Pulmon
ariarubra
Scho
ttPulmon
ariarubraSch.et
Ky.
мeчo
ушo
bear
ear
Maced
onian
Nevrokopregion
shape?
[179]
Pyrolaspp.
Pyrolassp.
karhun
marja
bear
berry
Finn
ish
Rautal
ined
ibility
[82]
Pyruscommun
isL.
Pyruspyraster(L.)DuRo
ipe
relle
dëjursë;pe
ruccëdë
jursë
little
bear
pear
Italian,southe
rnMolinaAternoandothe
rsvillage
sin
Valle
Sube
quana
(AQ),alAbruzzo
wild,status-,
bear
food
?Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Pyruspyraster(L.)Du
Roi
Piruspiraster
med
vedo
vahruščica
bear
pear
Sloven
ian
status-?
[84]
Ranu
nculus
acris
L.Ranu
nculus
acris
ayutaban
bear
sole
Tatar
shape
[171]
Ranu
nculus
acris
L.Ranu
nculus
acris
ayïqtåwån
bear
sole
Uzbek
shape?
[171]
Ranu
nculus
constantinopolitanu
s(DC.)d'Urv.
Ranu
nculus
constantinopolitanu
s(DC.)
d'Urv.
ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Kocaeli(NW
Anatolia)
shape,size
[178]
Ranu
nculus
neapolitanu
sTen.
Ranu
nculus
cfneapolitanu
sTen.
med
vjeđ
ašapa
bear
paw
Croatian
Zadararea
shape
[195]
Ranu
nculus
spp.
Ranu
nculus
sp.
ayuw
taban
bear
sole
Kazakh
?[171]
Ranu
nculus
spp.
Ranu
nculus
sp.
ayutaban
bear
sole
Tatar
shape
[171]
Ranu
nculus
spp.
Ranu
nculus
sp.
eyiqtapini
bear
sole
Uigur
shape?
[171]
Rham
nuscatharticaL.
Rham
nuscatharticaL.
karu-uibu
bear
apple
Estonian
Trt
ined
ibility,
dang
erou
sness
[58]
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
Fran
gulaalnu
smeškvuo
gėbe
arbe
rries
Lithuanian
Lithuania
dang
erou
sness,
bear
food
[87,189,190]
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
мeдвeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
NorthernRu
ssian
Vologd
astatus-?
[57]
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
bjøn
nbær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
Askim
,Rauland
,Inn
vik,Hurdal
status-
[80]
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
мeдвeж
ьяягoд
abe
arbe
rry
Russian
MiddleObregion
status-?
[101]
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
мeдвeж
инa
bear
plant
Southe
rnRu
ssian
Ryazan,Kalug
astatus-?
[57]
Rham
nusfra
ngulaL.
Fran
gulaalnu
sMill.
мeдвeж
инa
bear
plant
Ukrainian
status-?
[219]
Rham
nusvirgatavar.
hirsuta(W
ight
&Arn.)
Y.L.Che
n&P.K.Cho
u
Rh.H
irs.
wildeBärenb
lust
?German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Rhododendron
ferrugineum
L.Rhododendron
ferr.
Bärenb
lust,zahme
?German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?
[65]
fiorid'orso;orsaie
bear
flowers
Italian,no
rthe
rnwild
[115]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 47 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Rhododendron
ferrugineum
L.Rhododendron
ferrugineum
L.andR.hirsutum
Tesino
Valley,Tren
tino,
north-easternItaly
Rhododendron
groenlan
dicum
(Oed
er)
Kron
&Judd
Ledum
palustresubsp.
Groenland
icum
(Oed
.)Hul.
med
vědí
košiláč
bear
baby
Czech
?[61]
Rhododendron
hirsutum
L.Rhododendron
ferrugineum
L.andR.hirsutum
fiorid'orso;orsaie
bear
flowers
Italian,no
rthe
rnTesino
Valley,Tren
tino,
north-easternItaly
wild
[115]
Ribesalpinu
mL.
Ribesalpinu
mL.,R.
multiflorum
Kit.ex
Schu
lt.,and
R.rubrum
L.
uvëde
ll'orsë
bear
grape
Italian,southe
rnCelanoandScanno
sourroun
ding
s(AQ),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-,
bear
food
?([9
0],
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d)
Ribesmultiflorum
Kit.
exSchu
lt.Ribesalpinu
mL.,R.
multiflorum
Kit.ex
Schu
lt.,and
R.rubrum
L.
uvëde
ll'orsë
bear
grape
Italian,southe
rnCelanoandScanno
sourroun
ding
s(AQ),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-,
bear
food
?([9
0],
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d)
Ribesrubrum
L.Ribesalpinu
mL.,R.
multiflorum
Kit.ex
Schu
lt.,and
R.rubrum
L.
uvëde
ll'orsë
bear
grape
Italian,southe
rnCelanoandScanno
sourroun
ding
s(AQ),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-,
bear
food
?([9
0],
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d)
Ribesrubrum
L.Ribesrubrum
мeдвиђ
eгpoж
ђebe
argrapes
Serbo-Croat
status-?
[84]
Ribesuva-crisp
aL.
Ribesuva-crisp
aL.
karumari,karumarjad,
karumarjapõ
õsas,karusmari
bear(ry)be
rry(s)
Estonian
gene
ral
shapeand
surface
[73,201]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesiusbushes
мeдвeдин
abe
arplant
Belarussian
Brest.
status-?be
arfood
?[197]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesiusbushes
мeдвeдин
ыbe
arplant
Belarussian
Brest.
status-?be
arfood
?[197]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
вядзмe
дзiнa
bear
plant
Belarussian
Brest.
status-?be
arfood
?[79]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesiusbushes
мядзвeднiк
bear
plant
Belarussian
status-?be
arfood
?[79]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
вядзмe
дзiны
bear
plant
Belarussian
Brest.
status-?be
arfood
?[79]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
мядзвeдзiкi
little
bears
Belarussian
Gom
el.
status-?be
arfood
?[79]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
мядзвeдзiнa
bear
plant
Belarussian
Brest.
status-?be
arfood
?[79]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
мядзвeдзiны
bear
plant
Belarussian
Brest.
status-?be
arfood
?[79]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
мeдзвядзi
bears
Belarussian
Gom
el.
status-?be
arfood
?[79]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
med
vezinka
bear
plant
Czech
Moravia
status-?be
arfood
?[234]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
med
vědice
bear
plant
Czech
Plzen
bear
food
[72,205]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
nedvěd
ice
bear
plant
Czech
[61]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 48 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
status-?be
arfood
?
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
karu-m
urakas
bear
clou
dberry
Estonian
shapeand
surface
[73]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
karu-m
arjad,
kahromarjad,
kahru-mari
bear
berry(ies)
Estonian
shapeand
surface
[73,236]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
karuvaarikad,karuvaarak,
karuvabarn
bear
rapsbe
rry
Estonian
Har,M
Mg,
Hls,Puh
shapeand
surface
[58]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
Barend
reck
bear
dirt
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape
[65]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
miriculede
l'urse
bear
blackberry
Italian,southe
rnPietracamela(Teram
o),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-
[90]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
meškavietė
bear
raspbe
rry
Lithuanian
Lithuania
wild,b
earfood
[192,193]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
med
věziejaho
dybe
arbe
rries
old-Czech
bear
food
?[72]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
med
věziejaho
diny
bear
berries
old-Czech
bear
food
?[72]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
nedvěziejaho
dybe
arbe
rries
old-Czech
bear
food
?[72]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
nedvěziejaho
diny
bear
berries
old-Czech
bear
food
?[72]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
nedvěd
iny
bear
plant
old-Czech
bear
food
?[72]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
černéne
dvěd
ice
blackbe
arplant
old-Czech
bear
food
?[72]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
miedźwiedziny
bear
plant
Old-Polish
bear
food
[72,196]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
nied
źwiedzina
bear
plant
Old-Polish
bear
food
[196]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Östergö
tland
,Västergötland
,Sm
åland
folketym
olog
y[155]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
björnh
allon
bear
raspbe
rry
Swed
ish
Östergö
tland
,Småland
folketym
olog
y[155]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
björnb
ärsbuske
bear
berrybu
shSw
edish
Småland
folketym
olog
y[155]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
вeдм
eд’i
bears
Ukrainian
West.Po
lesje
status-?be
arfood
?[202]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
вeдм
eдин
abe
arplant
Ukrainian
status-?be
arfood
?[202]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
видм
’iдни
кbe
arplant
Ukrainian
status-?be
arfood
?[202]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
вeдм
eдики
little
bears
Ukrainian
status-?be
arfood
?[ 202]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
вeдм
eжкa
bear
plant
Ukrainian
status-?be
arfood
?[202]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
видм
ид’i
bears
Ukrainian
status-?be
arfood
?[202]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
видм
eдиц
’иshe-be
ars
Ukrainian
Volhynia
[215]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 49 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
status-?be
arfood
?
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
чepн
ицявeдм
eжa
bear
blackberry
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Dniep
erstatus-?be
arfood
?[180]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
мeдвeдин
abe
arplant
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
мeдвeдин
иbe
arplant
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
мeдвeж
икlittle
bear
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
мeдвeж
инa
bear
plant
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
вeдм
eдиц
ishe-be
ars
Ukrainian,W
est-
Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
RubuscaesiusL.
Rubuscaesius
karuu-marja
bear-berry
Votic
shapeand
surface
[113]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
karumarjõ,karum
arje
bear
berry(ies)
Votic
shapeand
surface
[56]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
karumurak
bear
clou
dberry
Votic
shapeand
surface
[56]
RubuscaesiusL.
RubuscaesiusL.
karuvabarn
bear
rapsbe
rry
Votic
shapeand
surface
[56]
Rubuscham
aemorus
L.Rubuscham
aemorus
L.мe
двeж
aник
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Tver
shape?
bear
food
?[57]
Rubuscham
aemorus
L.Rubuscham
aemorus
L.мe
двeж
aтни
кbe
arplant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Tver
shape?
bear
food
?[57]
Rubuscham
aemorus
L.Rubuscham
aemorus
L.мe
двeж
aтни
кbe
arplant
Russian
MiddleObregion
shape?
bear
food
?[101]
Rubuscham
aemorus
L.Rubuscham
aemorus
L.мe
двeж
aтни
цabe
arplant
Russian
MiddleObregion
shape?
bear
food
?[101]
RubuscorylifoliusSm
.RubuscorylifoliusSm
.med
veža
bear
plant
Ukrainian
bear
food
[ 130]
RubuscorylifoliusSm
.RubuscorylifoliusSm
.vedm
ežyna
bear
plant
Ukrainian
bear
food
[130]
RubuscorylifoliusSm
.RubuscorylifoliusSm
.vedm
ižyna
bear
plant
Ukrainian
bear
food
[130]
Rubusidaeus
L.Rubusidaeus
L.miriculede
l'urse
bear
blackberry
Italian,southe
rnFara
SanMartin
oand
Sant'Eufem
iaaMajella
(Chieti),Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
wild,status-
[90]
Rubusidaeus
L.Rubusidaeus
L.мe
двeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
Russian
Argun
jreg
ion
bear
food
[57]
Rubusidaeus
L.Rubusidaeus
L.вeдм
eжaягoд
abe
arbe
rry
Ukrainian,
spep
pedialect
shape?
bear
food
?[180]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 50 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Rubuslaciniatus
Willd.
Rubuslacimatus
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Dalsland
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
ticosus
L.agg.
karhun
vatukka
bear
rapsbe
rry
Finn
ish
shapeand
surface
[82]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
ticosus
L.agg.
karhun
marja
bear
berry
Finn
ish
shapeand
surface
[82]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
cticosus
L.мe
двeдoк
little
bear
Southe
rnRu
ssian
Orelg
ub.
surface?be
arfood
?[57]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusplicatus
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Dalarna,Värmland
,Upp
land
,Västmanland
,Öland
,Östergö
tland
,Dalsland,
Västergö
tland
,Boh
uslän,
Småland,
Blekinge
,Halland
,Skåne
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusplicatus
björnb
ärsbuske
bear
berrybu
shSw
edish
Bohu
slän,Småland
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusplicatus
björnb
ärsris
bear
berryshrub
Swed
ish
Bohu
slän
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusplicatus
björnb
ärstorn
bear
berrythorn
Swed
ish
Bohu
slän
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusplicatus
björnh
allon
bear
raspbe
rry
Swed
ish
Söde
rmanland
,Östergö
tland
,Sm
åland
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
ticosus
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Dalarna,Värmland
,Västm
anland
,Öland
,Dalsland,
Västergö
tland
,Bo
huslän,Småland,
Blekinge
,Halland
,Skåne
,Estland
Med
Gsb
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
ticosus
björnb
ärsbuske
bear
berrybu
shSw
edish
Bohu
slän,Småland
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
ticosus
björnb
ärsris
bear
berryshrub
Swed
ish
Bohu
slän
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
ticosus
björnb
ärstorn
bear
berrythorn
Swed
ish
Bohu
slän
?[155]
Rubusplicatus
Weihe
&Nees
Rubusfru
ticosus
björnh
allon
bear
raspbe
rry
Swed
ish
Småland
?[155]
RubussaxatilisL.
RubussaxatilisL.
karuvaarakud
,karuvaarikas
bear
rapsbe
rry
Estonian
Saa
shapeand
surface
[58]
RubussaxatilisL.
RubussaxatilisL.
ciated'ors;ciatede
l'ors;
sgranfid
el'ors
bear
feet
Italian,no
rthe
rnTren
tino,no
rth-eatern
Italy
shape
[115]
Rubusspp.
x???Rubussp.??
med
veszöd
örbe
ar’sblack
berry
Hun
garian
Szeg
ed(Hun
garianPlain)
?[188]
Rubusspp.
Rubus
svillbjörnb
ärsw
ollenbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Bohu
slän
?[155]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 51 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
Hall
karuvabarnas,karuvaarak,
karu-vabarn,kahru-vavarna
bear
rapsbe
rry
Estonian
Saa,Hls,Kod
shapeand
surface
([58,73,184,
185],Kalleand
Sõukand
unpu
blishe
d)
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
Hall
karumari
bear
berry
Estonian
shapeand
surface
[185]
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
W.H
all
вeдм
iжин
abe
arplant
Ukrainian
Ukraine
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
W.H
all
мeдвeдин
abe
arplant
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
W.H
all
мeдвeж
abe
arplant
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
W.H
all
мeдвeж
икlittle
bear
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
W.H
all
мeдвeж
инa
bear
plant
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Polessian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
W.H
all.
вeдм
eжин
abe
arplant
Ukrainian,
spep
pedialect
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
Rubustrivialis
Michx.
Rubusnessensis
W.H
all
мeдвiдни
кbe
arplant
Ukrainian,
Volhynian
status-?be
arfood
?[180]
Rubusspp.
Rubussubgenus
Rubu
snied
źwiedziuchy
bear
plant
Polish
Kraśnik,PL
bear
food
unpu
blishe
dPo
lish
Ethn
ograph
icAtlas1948,
questio
nnaire
2
Rubusspp.
Rubussubg.Rub
usbjörnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
folketym
olog
y[54]
Rumex
crisp
usL.
Rumex
crisp
usL.
karuein
bear
grass
Estonian
Hel
size
andshape
[58]
Rumex
crisp
usL.
Rumex
crisp
usL.
karuhaina,karuhain
bear
grass
Estonian
Trv,Krl
size
andshape
[58]
Rumex
crisp
usL.
Rumex
crisp
usL.
karuob
likbe
arsorrel
Estonian
Kam
size
andshape
[58]
Rumex
obtusifoliusL.
Rumex
obtus
Bärentrapp
en?
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Salix
alba
L.Salix
alba
L.sauciaursarella
bear
willow
Italian,southe
rnValle
Peligna,A
bruzzo,
centralItaly
status-
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Salix
triand
raL.
Salix
triand
raL.
sauciaursarella
bear
willow
Italian,southe
rnValle
Peligna,A
bruzzo,
centralItaly
status-
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Salix
viminalisL.
Salix
viminalisL.(incl.hybrid
s)sauciaursarella
bear
willow
Italian,southe
rnValle
Peligna,A
bruzzo,
centralItaly
status-
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
мeчo
уxo
bear
ear
Bulgarian
Drago
man
&Brezevillage
s,Sofia
area
shape,surface
[86]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 52 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
мeчa
cтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
shape,surface?
[86]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
мeчиjeувo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
shape,surface
[84]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
вушкo
вeдм
eжe
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape?
surface?
[180]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
мeдвeж
eвушкo
bear
little
ear
Ukrainian
Ode
ssa,Don
etsk
shape?
surface?
[203]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
вeдм
eжeвуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Dniep
er,
step
pedialect
Kharkov,Don
etsk
shape?
surface?
[180,203]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
мeдвeж
eвуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,
Podo
lian,step
pedialect
Ode
ssa,Transcarpathia
shape?
surface?
[180,203]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
уxoмe
двeж
ebe
arear
Ukrainian,stepp
edialect
shape?
surface?
[180]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
мeдвeж
aлaпa
bear
paw
Ukrainian,stepp
edialect
Don
etsk
shape?
surface?
[180,203]
SalviaaethiopisL.
SalviaaethiopisL.
вeдм
eжeуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,stepp
edialect,Po
dolian
Dne
prop
etrovsk
shape?
surface?
[130,219]
SalviasclareaL.
SalviasclareaL.
мeчa
пeтa
bear
heel
Bulgarian
shape,surface
[86]
SalviasclareaL.
SalviasclareaL.
мeчa
cтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
shape,surface
[86]
SalviasclareaL.
SalviasclareaL.
med
vijeuh
obe
arear
Croatian
Dalmacija
shapeand
surface?
[126,138]
SalviasclareaL.
Salviasclarea
мeдвиjeуxo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
shape,surface
[84]
SalviasclareaL.
Salviasclarea
мeчjeувo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
shape,surface
[84]
SalviasclareaL.
SalviasclareaL.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
SandW
Anatolia
shape
[243]
Sambucusebulus
L.Sambucusebulus
L.ayıo
tube
arhe
rbTurkish
İçel,N
iğde
(SAnatolia)
?[146]
Sambucusebulus
L.Sambucusebulus
L.ayıo
tube
arhe
rbTurkish
Bayram
iç,Ç
anakkale
(NW
Anatolia)
?[151]
Sambucusebulus
L.Sambucusebulus
L.ayıo
tube
arhe
rbTurkish
Karaman,M
ersin(S
Anatolia)
?[227]
Sambucusebulus
L.Sambucusebulus
L.ayıboğ
anbe
archoker
Turkish
Kahram
anmaraş
(SAnatolia)
?[227]
Sambucusebulus
L.Sambucusebulus
L.ayıo
tube
arhe
rbTurkish
İçel,N
iğde
(SAnatolia)
?[227]
SambucusracemosaL.
SambucusracemosaL.
karupihlakas
bear
rowan
Estonian
Nrv
dang
erou
sness
[58]
SambucusracemosaL.
SambucusracemosaL.
мeдвeж
ьeдepe
вobe
artree
Russian
Perm
status-?
[57]
SambucusracemosaL.
SambucusracemosaL.
мeдвeж
ьядудкa
bear
pipe
Russian
Ural
status-?
[57]
SambucusracemosaL.
SambucusracemosaL.
мeдвeж
ник
bear
plant
Russian
Ural
status-?
[57]
Sambucusspp.
SambucusL.
мeдвeж
ьяягoд
abe
arbe
rry
Russian
MiddleObregion
status-?
[57]
SaniculaelataBu
ch.-
Ham
.exD.D
on.
Saniculaeuropaea
L.uracca
d'ou
rsbe
arear
Italian,no
rthe
rnBo
logn
aarea,Emilia,
northe
rnItaly
shape
[74]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 53 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Sarcodon
imbricatus
(L.)
P.Karst.
Sarcodon
imbricatus
(L.)P/
Karst.(?)
мeдвeж
ийгpиб
bear
mushroo
mRu
ssian
Perm
size,colou
r,ined
ibility
[102]
Sedum
spp.
Sedum
L.мe
чкин
oгpoзьe
bear
grapes
Bulgarian
?[86]
Selaginella
spp.
Selaginella
Bärläpp
chen
little
bear
club
moss
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?,shape?
[65]
Sempervivum
globiferum
L.Jovibara
soboliferaOpiz
karumun
adbe
arballs
Estonian
JMd
shape
[58]
Sempervivum
globiferum
L.Jovibara
soboliferaOpiz
karukellad
bear
bells
(meaning
balls)
Estonian
JMd
shape
[58]
Sempervivum
tectorum
L.Sempervivum
tectorum
L.pane
dell'orse
bear
bread
Italian,southe
rnRo
ccadi
Cam
bio(L'Aqu
ila),
Abruzzo,cen
tralItaly
bear
food
?[90]
Silaum
silaus(L.)Schinz
&Thell.
Silaus
prat.
falsche,un
echteBärenw
urz
wrong
bear
root
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Silene
chalcedonica
(L.)
E.H.L.Krause
Lychnischalcedonica
L.мe
двeж
ьeмылo
bear
soap
Russian
MiddleObregion
?[101]
Silene
dioica
(L.)Clairv.
Silene
dioica
björnb
lomma
bear
flower
Swed
ish
Norrbotten
?[155]
Sina
pisarvensisL.
Sina
pisarvensisL.
karurõigas
bear
radish
Estonian
Rõu
status-
[58 ]
Smilaxaspera
L.Sm
ilaxaspera
L.?
aussara,autsàra,auttsàra,
aursàra,attsara;ussarèdd
halittle
femalebe
arSardinian
Lanu
sei(Ogliastra),eastern
Sardinia
?[142]
Solanu
mdulcam
araL.
Solanu
mdulcam
araL.
мядзвeж
ыяягaды
bear
berries
Belarussian
Smol.
ined
ibility?
[79]
Solanu
mdulcam
araL.
Solanu
mdulcam
araL.
bjøn
nebæ
rbe
arbe
rry
Norweg
ian
status-
[80]
Solanu
mdulcam
araL.
Solanu
mdulcam
araL.
мeдвeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
Southe
rnRu
ssian
Smolen
skined
ibility?
[57]
Solanu
mpseudopersicum
Pojark.
Solanu
mpersicum
Will.
мeдвeж
ьиягoд
ыbe
arbe
rries
Russian
Sibe
riained
ibility?
[116]
Solanu
mtuberosum
L.Solanu
mtuberosum
björnp
ära
bear
potatoes
Swed
ish
Jämtland
status-
[155]
Solanu
mtuberosum
L.Solanu
mtuberosum
björnp
äron
bear
potatoes
Swed
ish
Blekinge
status-
[155]
Soldan
ellaspp.
Soldan
ellaspp.
recchietta
d'urs
little
bear
ear
Italian,southe
rnAlto
Sang
ro,M
arsica,
Valle
Peligna,M
ajella
surrou
ndings,G
ranSasso
d'Italia
andLaga
Mt.,Abu
zzo,
centralItaly
shape
Cianfaglione
unpu
blishe
d
Soleno
phoraBenth.
Soleno
phoraBenth.
(ArctocalyxFenzl)
med
vjeđ
ača
bear
plant
Croatian
nolocatio
n?
[126,216]
Sonchu
sarvensisL.
Sonchusarvensis
med
vesaláta
bear’slattice
Hun
garian
Gyimes
(Transylvania)
bear
food
[97,213 ]
Sorbus
aria(L.)Crantz
Sorbus
ariaL.
fave
del'ors
bear
beans
Italian,no
rthe
rnPred
azzo,Trentino,
north-easternItaly
bear
food
?[115]
Sorbus
aria(L.)Crantz
Sorbus
ariaL.
pand'orso;p
and'ors
bear
bread
Italian,no
rthe
rnVerona
area,Ven
etoand
Tren
tino,no
rth-easternItaly
bear
food
[74,115]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 54 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Sorbus
aucuparia
L.Sorbus
auc.
Bärw
id?
German,non
specified
notspecified
bear
food
[65]
Sorbus
aucuparia
L.Sorbus
aucuparia
мeдвeдoвaтpeш
њa
bear
sweet
cherry
Serbo-Croat
status-?
[84]
Sorbus
aucuparia
L.Sorbus
aucuparia
L.ayıo
vazı
bear
rowan
Turkish
Karaman
(SAnatolia)
status
-[227]
Sorbus
spp.
Sorbus
(bun
chof
berries)
мeдвeдкo
bear
NorthernRu
ssian
Arkhang
elsk,Karelia
status
-?[57]
Sorbus
torm
inalis(L.)
Crantz
Sorbus
torm
inalisCrtz.
мeдвeж
ьягpуш
abe
arpe
arRu
ssian
translated
from
Tata
[116]
Spha
gnum
spp.
Spha
gnum
ssp.
karusammal
bear
moss
Estonian
folketym
olog
y[56]
Spha
gnum
spp.
Spha
gnum
Bärenm
oos
bear
moss
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?
[65]
Spiraea
mediaSchm
idt
Spiraea
media(W
.etKit.)
Schm
idt.
вeдм
eжья
ягoд
abe
arbe
rry
Russian
MiddleObregion
ined
ibility?
[101]
Spiraea
ulmifolia
Scop
.Spiraea
ulmifolia
med
vejka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
bear
food
?[84]
Spiraea
ulmifolia
Scop
.Spiraea
ulmifolia
med
vejnolatje
bear
stalks
Sloven
ian
bear
food
?[84]
Styrax
officinalisL.
Styrax
officinalisL.
ayıfınd
ığı
bear
hazelnut
Turkish
Aeg
eanRegion
ofAnatolia
status
-[158]
Styrax
officinalisL.
Styrax
officinalisL.
ayıfınd
ığı
bear
hazelnut
Turkish
Antalya
(SW
Anatolia)
status
-[159]
Succisa
pratensis
Moe
nch
Succisa
pratensis
Moe
nch
lillakarunu
pplilackbe
arbu
dEstonian
Vig
surface
[58]
Suillellusluridus
(Schaeff.)Murrill
Гpиб
пoддубни
кмe
двeж
ийгpиб
bear
mushroo
mNorthernRu
ssian
theNorthernDvina
region
?[57]
Zosim
aorientalis
Hoffm
.Zosim
aabsin
thifolia
(Ven
t.)Link
ayıeli
bear
hand
Turkish
Anatolia
shape
[146]
Tana
cetum
parthenium
(L.)Sch.Bip.
Chrysanthemum
parth.
Bärenm
utter-kraut
bear
mothe
rhe
rbGerman,non
specified
notspecified
folketym
olog
y?[65]
Tana
cetum
vulgareL.
Tana
cetum
vulgareL.
мeдвeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Russian
Perm
shape?
[57]
Taraxacum
officinale
F.H.W
igg.
Taraxacum
off.
Bärenzahn
bear
tooth
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape
[65]
Telekiaspeciosa
(Schreb.)B
aumg.
Telekiaspeciosa
med
vesaláta
bear’slattice
Hun
garian
Gyimes
(Transylvania)
bear
food
[97,213 ]
Tofieldiapusilla(M
ichx.)
Pers.
Tofieldiapusilla(M
ichx.)Pers.
karhun
heinä,po
hjan
karhun
heinä,soiden
karhun
ruoh
o
bear
grass
Finn
ish
manywrittenrecords
?[82]
Trem
iscus
helvelloides
(DC.)Don
kGuepiniarufa
(Jacq.)Beck
recciad'orso
bear
ear
Italian,no
rthe
rnVerona
area,Ven
eto,
northe
rnItaly
shape
[74]
Tricho
phorum
cespitosum
(L.)Hartm
.Scirpus
caespitsus
L.bjøn
nskjeg
gbe
arbe
ard
Norweg
ian
Bygland,
Evje,Froland
,Bakke
?[80]
Trifolium
pann
onicum
(Jacq.)Dob
rocz.
Trifolium
pann
onicum
(Jacq.)
Dob
rocz.
ayıkulağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Anatolia
size
[226]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 55 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Trifolium
spp.
Trifolium
ayub
aši
bear
head
Tatar
shape
[171]
Trifolium
spp.
Trifolium
sp.
ayubašï
bear’she
adTatar
shape
[6]
Triglochin
spp.
Triglochin
L.barica
she-be
arUpp
er-Sorbian
?[63]
Triglochin
spp.
Triglochin
L.barička
she-be
arUpp
er-Sorbian
?[63]
Turgenialatifolia(L.)
Hoffm
.Laserpitium
latifolium
med
vedo
vka
bear
plant
Sloven
ian
?[84]
Turgenialatifolia(L.)
Hoffm
.Laserpitium
latifolium
björnlabb
bear
paw
Swed
ish
Gotland
?[155]
Turritisglabra
L.Turritisglabra
L.мe
чoзeлe
bear
cabb
age
Bulgarian
Vraca
?[86]
Tussilago
farfa
raL.
Tussilago
farfa
raL.
мeчa
cтъп
кabe
arstep
Bulgarian
Kolarovgrad
shape,surface
[86]
Tussilago
farfa
raL.
Tussilago
farfa
raL.
karhun
kämmen
heen
äbe
arpalm
'sgrass
Finn
ish
Konn
surface
[82]
Tussilago
farfa
raL.
Tussilago
farfa
raayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Bayram
iç,Ç
anakkale
(NW
Anatolia)
shape
[151]
Typh
aan
gustifolia
L.Typh
aan
gustifolia
andTyph
alatifolia
meškakūl ė
bear
reed
/tub
e,rod
Lithuanian
Lithuania
surface
[87,199]
Typh
alatifoliaL.
Typh
alatifolia
L.karukolgid
bear
club
(smashe
r)Estonian
Hls
shapeand
surface
[58]
Typh
alatifoliaL.
Typh
alatifolia
L.karunu
iad
bear
club
(smashe
r)Estonian
Nrv
shapeand
surface
[58]
Typh
alatifoliaL.
Typh
alat.
Bärenknü
ppel
bear
blud
geon
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface,
folklore?
[65]
Typh
alatifoliaL.
Typh
aan
gustifolia
andTyph
alatifolia
meškakūlė
bear
reed
/tub
e,rod
Lithuanian
Lithuania
surface
[87,199]
Typh
alatifoliaL.
Typh
alatifolia
meškakūlė
bear
reed
/tub
e,rod
Lithuanian
Lithuania
surface,size,
shape
[87,199]
Ursiniaspp.
Ursinia
Bärenkam
ille
bear
camom
ille
German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Ursiniaspp.
Ursinia
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
Latin
calque
[65]
Urticadioica
L.Urticadioica
L.karunõ
ges
bear
nettle
Estonian
Kod
surface
[58]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillus
med
veszed
erbe
ar’sblack
berry
Hun
garian
Székelyföld(Transylvania)
bear
food
[221]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
bjøn
nebæ
rbe
arbe
rry
Norweg
ian
bear
food
?[80]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillus
bïerne
nmuerjie
bear
berry
SouthSaam
ibe
arfood
?[170]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rries
Swed
ish
Lapland,
Ång
ermanland
,Hälsing
land
status-
[15]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 56 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillus
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Lapp
land
,Hälsing
land
,Härjedalen,Dalarna,
Västmanland
status-
[155]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillus
björnb
ärsris
bear
berryshrub
Swed
ish
Hälsing
land
status-
[155]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillusf.
epuino
sum
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Härjedalen,Västerbo
tten
status-
[154,155]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
byön
nber
bear
berry
Swed
ish
Älvdalen
folklore
[223]
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
Vaccinium
myrtillusL.
ayıü
zümü
bear
grape
Turkish
Anatolia
bear
food
[199]
Vaccinium
oxycoccosL.
Vaccinium
ocycoccusL.
bjørne
bær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
here
andtherein
Norway
bear
food
?[80]
Vaccinium
oxycoccosL.
Vaccinium
oxycoccos
bïerne
nmuerjie
bear
berry
SouthSaam
ibe
arfood
?[170]
Vaccinium
oxycoccosL.
Vaccinium
oxycoccus
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Ång
ermanland
,Eastern
Jämtland
status-
[15]
Vaccinium
oxycoccosL.
Vaccinium
oxycoccos
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Norrbotten,Jämtland
status-
[155]
Vaccinium
uliginosum
L.Vaccinium
uliginosum
bjørnb
ær
bear
berry
Norweg
ian
Trøn
d?
[233]
Vaccinium
uliginosum
L.Vaccinium
uliginosum
L.bjøn
nebæ
rbe
arbe
rry
Norweg
ian
bear
food
?[80]
Vaccinium
uliginosum
L.Vaccinium
uliginosum
bïerne
nmuerjie
bear
berry
SouthSaam
ibe
arfood
?[170]
Vaccinium
uliginosum
L.Vaccinium
uliginosum
björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Ång
ermanland
status-
[15]
Vaccinium
uliginosum
L.Vaccinium
uliginosum
L.björnb
ärbe
arbe
rry
Swed
ish
Med
elpad
status-
[155]
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
pomatid
'ors
bear
fruit
Italian,no
rthe
rnTren
toarea,Trentino,
north-eatern
Italy
bear
food
?[115]
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
ciated'ors
bear
feet
Italian,no
rthe
rnTren
tino,no
rth-eatern
Italy
shape
[115]
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
Vaccinium
vitis
idaea
мeчкин
oгpoзje
bear
grapes
Maced
onian
Maced
onia
status-?be
arfood
?[84]
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
мeдвeдзoвo
гpoзнo
bear
grapes
Ruthen
ian
Vojvod
ina
status-?be
arfood
?[125]
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
Vaccinium
vitis
idaea
мeдвeђ
eгpoж
ђebe
argrapes
Serbo-Croat
shape?
bear
food
?[84]
Vaccinium
vitis-idaeaL.
Vaccinium
vitis
idaea
мeчjeгpoж
ђebe
argrapes
Serbo-Croat
shape?
bear
food
?[84]
Veratrum
album
L.Veratrum
album
med
vekocsány
bear’sstalk(bear
pedu
ncle)
Hun
garian
Hétfalu
(Transylvania)
size
[200]
Veratrum
lobelianu
mBernh.
Veratrum
lobelianu
mBernh.
мeчкин
aтpeвa
bear
grass
Bulgarian
?[86]
Veratrum
spp.
Veratrum
L.м e
чкин
aтpeвa
bear
grass
Bulgarian
?[86]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 57 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
thapsiformeSchrad
Schrad.уxo
bear
ear
Bulgarian
Starazago
rashape,surface
[86]
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
thapsiforme
Schrad.
мeдвeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Cen
tral,
Southe
rnRu
ssian
Moscow,Vladimir,
Nizhn
iNovgo
rod,
Kazan,
Orel,Ku
rsk
shape,surface
[57]
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
вушкo
мeдвeж
ebe
arlittle
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[180]
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
вушкo
мeдвeж
aчe
bear
little
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[180]
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
уxoвeдм
eжe
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[180]
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
thapsiforme
Schrad.
мeдвeж
aчeвуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[219]
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
thapsiforme
Schrad.
мeдвeж
eвушкo
bear
little
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[219]
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
Verbascum
densiflorum
Bertol.
уxoмe
двeж
ebe
arear
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Dniep
ershape,surface?
[180]
Verbascum
lychnitis
L.Verbascum
lychnitis
L.вeдм
eжeвуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[219]
Verbascum
lychnitis
L.Verbascum
lychnitis
L.vedm
ežeuxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,stepp
edialect
shape,surface?
[130,180]
Verbascum
lychnitis
L.Verbascum
lychnitis
L.мe
двeж
eвушкo
bear
little
ear
Ukrainian,stepp
edialect,East-
Polessian,Dnies-
ter,
Transcarpathian
shape,surface?
[180,219]
Verbascum
lydium
Boiss.var.he
terand
rum
Murb.
Verbascum
lydium
Boiss.var.
heterand
rum
Murb.
ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Muğ
la(SW
Anatolia)
shape
[92]
Verbascum
nigrum
L.Verbascum
nigrum
L.мe
двeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Pskov
shape,surface
[57]
Verbascum
nigrum
L.Verbascum
nigrum
L.уxoмe
двeдячe
bear
ear
Ukrainian,
Transcarpathian
shape,surface?
[180]
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
мeдвeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Russian
shape,surface?
[116]
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
med
viže
uxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[130]
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
vedm
ežeuxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[130]
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
мeдвeж
eуш
кobe
arlittle
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[219]
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
vedm
eževuxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,
Cen
tral-Dniep
er,
step
pedialect
shape,surface?
[130,180]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 58 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
мeдвeж
eoкo
bear
eye
Ukrainian,East-
Polessian
Che
rnigov
shape,surface?
[180,203]
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
вуxo
мeдвeж
ebe
arear
Ukrainian,
Gutsulian
shape,surface?
[180]
Verbascum
phlomoides
L.Verbascum
phlomoidesL.
мeдвeж
eуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian,
Transcarpathian
shape,surface?
[130,180,219]
Verbascum
speciosum
Schrad.
Verbascum
speciosum
Schrad.
ayılahanası
bear
cabb
age
Turkish
Iğdır(E
Anatolia)
shape,status-
[140]
Verbascum
speciosum
Schrad.
Verbascum
speciosum
Schrad.
ayıku
lağı
bear
ear
Turkish
Tekirdağ
(Europ
ean
partof
Turkey)
shape
[227]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
мядзвeдзeвa
вуxa
bear
ear
Belarussian
Gom
el.
shape,surface
[79]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
мядзвeж
aeвушкa/вуш
кibe
arlittle
ears
Belarussian
Gom
el.,Mog
il.shape,surface
[79]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
мядзвeдзeвa
вуxa
bear
ear
Belarussian
Gom
el.
shape,surface
[79]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
мядзвeж
жывушы
bear
ear
Belarussian
Viteb.
shape,surface
[79]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
L.мe
чeуxo
bear
ear
Bulgarian
shape,surface?
[86]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
Bärenkraut
bear
herb
German,non
specified
notspecified
surface?
[65]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
sp.[?]
мeдвeж
ьикocы
bear
plaits
Russian
Ural
size?
[57]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
мeдвeд-уxo
bear
ear
Serbo-Croat
shape
[84]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
L.med
ved’ačeuxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[130]
Verbascum
spp.
Verbascum
L.vedm
ežeuxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[130]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsus
ayïġulaghï
bear
ear
Azeri
shape
[171]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
мeдвeж
никмe
лкий
little
bear
plant
Cen
tralRu
ssian
Nizhn
iNovgo
rod
shape,surface
[57]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsus
upahalhi
bear
ear
Chu
vash
shape
[171]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsus
ayuw
qulaq
bear
ear
Crim
eanTatar
shape
[171]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
karuleht
bear
leaves
Estonian
surface
[64,182]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
karuhe
inbe
argrass
Estonian
surface
[201]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
lambakaruleht,lam
mas-
karulehe
d,lammaskaruleht
lamb('s)be
arleave(s)
Estonian
surface
[64,73]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsus
Bärenfackel
bear
torch
German,non
specified
notspecified
folklore?
[65]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsus
ayuw
qulaq
bear
ear
Kazakh
shape
[171]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsus
ayuw
qulaq
bear
ear
Kirghiz
shape?
[171]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
мeдвeж
ийцвeт
bear
flower
NorthernRu
ssian
Saratov
shape
[57]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
мeдвeж
ьялaпa
bear
paw
Russian
shape,surface?
[116]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
мeдвeж
ьeуxo
bear
ear
Russian
MiddleObregion
shape,surface?
[101]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 59 of 72
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
мeдвeж
ьиуш
киbe
arlittle
ears
Russian
MiddleObregion
shape,surface?
[101]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
мeдвeж
ьиуш
киbe
arlittle
ears
Russian
Ural
shape
[181]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
мeдвeж
ьятpocть
bear
walking
stick
Russian
Ural
size?
[57]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsus
ayuq
olaq
bear
ear
Tatar
shape
[171]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
дивинa
вeдм
eжa
bear
mullein
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[180]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
med
ved’ačeuxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[130]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
med
veže
uxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[130]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
med
veže
uško
bear
little
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[130]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
вeдм
eжeуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
Kiev
shape,surface?
[219]
Verbascum
thapsusL.
Verbascum
thapsusL.
вeдм
eжeвуxo
bear
ear
Ukrainian
shape,surface?
[219]
Viburnum
lantan
aL.
Viburnum
lant.
Barend
reck
bear
dirt
German,non
specified
notspecified
shape?
[65]
Viburnum
opulus
L.Viburnum
opulus
med
veszőlő
bear’sgrape
Hun
garian
Sóvidé
k(Transylvania)
ined
ibility
[164]
Viburnum
opulus
L.Viburnum
opulus
med
vekokojza
bear’sVaccinium
Hun
garian
Gyergyói-m
eden
ce,a
rare
name(Transylvania)
ined
ibility
[97]
Viciadumetorum
L.Viciadum.
Bärenw
icke
bear
vetch
German,non
specified
notspecified
wild
[65]
Viciasepium
L.Viciasepium
L.meškažirnis
bear
pea
Lithuanian
Lithuania
bear
food
[87,96]
Vincaminor
L.Vincaminor
Bärw
inkel,Barw
inkel
?German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Vitexagnu
s-castus
L.Vitexagnu
s-castus
L.ayıbeb
esi
bear
baby
Turkish
Bayram
iç,Ç
anakkale
(NW
Anatolia)
?[151]
Xanthium
orientaleL.
subsp.
italicum
(Moretti)
Greuter
Xanthium
orientaleL.subsp.
italicum
(Moretti)
Greuter
ayıp
ıtırağı
bear
cocklebu
rTurkish
Yalova
(NW
Anatolia)
size
[227]
Yuccaspp.
Yucca
Bäreng
ras
bear
grass
German,non
specified
notspecified
?[65]
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 60 of 72
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 61 of 72
kahr, and Finnish karhu) are related to each other. Theyare all connected with an ancient adjective (Est. kare,Fin. karhea ‘rough’), which may be a very old Indo-Iranian loan. The words for bear coincided phoneticallywith another word, karune ‘hairy’ (where -ne is a suffixof an adjective). This word is etymologically connectedwith the noun karv ‘hair’, which is an old Baltic loan inthe Baltic-Finnish languages. Gooseberry is a good examplehere, which in some parts of Estonia was named karusmari(Est. mari ‘berry’, where the ‘s’ is a remnant of a genitive ofthe adjective suffix). It is of course wrong to understandthis as “bear berry”; it is “hairy berry”. Another Estonianname is karuohakas (Anchusa officinalis L., Cirsium lan-ceolatum Scop.) which have nothing to do with bear either(karu, karune and karv [48]). Still, all the aforementionedand similar cases were included into Table 1 and consid-ered during counting the number of phytonyms.
The bear as compound in Eurasian plant namesFolk and scientific plant names have entered into intri-cate relationships. So, in Russia the first medicinal books(containing descriptions of various plants features) weretranslated in the 16th century from German and Polish,and later from Latin. Since then, a complex of natural-science ideas (having antique, Byzantine, and West-European origins) and oral folklore-mythological ideashas existed, with folk herbal books somewhere betweenthem [49]. When the interpreters could not find an ap-propriate Russian equivalent, they used calques (loantranslations, literal translations) or simple translitera-tions. This method was used also in alphabetical books(Rus. aзбукoвники) – the first explanatory dictionaries[50]. In Europe, “the fathers of botany” had to widen thelists of the antique authors at the expense of the localplant names [51]. Linnaeus’s system influenced nationalnomenclatures as well. Besides, there were also foreignnames borrowed by noble classes through the books,and by the peasantry – via everyday contacts with neigh-bouring peoples. Nowadays, strong influence is exertedby school education and media.Children played an important role in naming of local
plants. They have been very observant of details and someof these names survive for generations (cf. [52, 53]). Oneexample is the number of names for the sporangium ofthe golden maiden hair (Polytrichum commune L.) in theGermanic languages. Animal prefixes were very common(birds, mammals) and the children have seen moss as afield with crop and therefore named it crow’s field, cuckoo’scereals, fox rye, etc. [54]. There was also a bear name forthe Polytrichum commune L. from the northern Dalecarliain Sweden: björnblomma [“bear flower”] [22].While analyzing the “bear names” of plants in various
languages, one may notice that the same element of aname – ‘bear’ – was motivated by a whole number of
various plant features. Not all of them were productiveto the same extent; still, the influence of each featuremay be found all over the territory we studied.It was not always possible to indicate with certainty
one specific feature for each plant nomination. As it isshown in Table 2, various authors explain the bear-names of the same plant by different motivations. Veryoften, a name was the result of influence of a wholenumber of features. Moreover, one plant taxa can havevarious bear-phytonyms motivated by different features,for example among the 18 plants most often attributedbear-related phytonyms, we can detect between two tosix different motivations, differing within the languages(Table 2). In the sections below, the names were groupedaccording to the “leading” assumed feature, while theother(s) was/were mentioned if relevant.From the point of view of word-formative models, we
may conclude that bear-names might be coined in thefollowing ways: 1) “bear/she-bear” (transfer of meaning),2) bear + a body part of the bear (e.g. [“bear’s paw”]), 3)bear + a part of the plant (e.g. [“bear berry”]), 4) bear + aplant name (e.g. [“bear willow”]), 5) bear + a plant groupname (e.g. [“bear tree”]), 6) bear + an object name (e.g.[“bear spindle”]).The plant taxa having most various phytonyms within
regions/languages with rich representation of bear-relatedphytonyms were outlined in the Table 3. Although roughlyone third of the motivations were hypothesized, the gen-eral proportion of the motivations is in large outlined inFig. 3. The motivations below are listed based on the lo-gical assumptions of the authors about the most popularmotivations, yet the analysis proved such assumptionswere incorrect.
Nomination by sizeThis nomination might be presumed to be the largestgroup, but in fact contributed only 3% of recorded or as-sumed motivations and some more in the combinationswith other motivations. Bear names were given, as a rule,to large plants with high stalks and/or large leaves, otherparts of unusually big size. Into this group such namesmight be included as Fin. karhunputk [“bear’s thistle”],Izh. karhuntruba [“bear’s pipe”] Angelica archangelica L.[55, 56]; Rus. Tobol. мeдвeжьe дepeвo [“bear’s tree”] As-paragus [57]; Est. karuein, karuhaina, karuoblik [“bear’sgrass”, “bear’s sorrel”] Rumex crispus L. [58]. An uniden-tified broad-leaved meadow plant was called Rus. Perm.мeдвeжья лaпa [“bear’s paw”] [57]. Turk. name ayıardıcı [“bear’s juniper”] was given to Juniperus drupaceahaving bigger cones than other species [59]. It seemsthat size was also important for Arbutus unedo L., as itis compared with grapes and strawberries, but the nomi-nations could also be influenced by the surface of thefruit, as well as by using them as bear food.
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 62 of 72
Nomination by surface typeAnother group which assumingly could be big due tohairy look of bear and many plants, in fact contributedonly 7% of the motivations. Here a good example isfound in the folk names of Lycopodium spp.: in UpperSorbian, German, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Italian, andHungarian dialects it was compared with bear’s paws,feet, legs, and hair (as well as more general words as‘herb’ and ‘(club) moss’ in Estonian and German [45, 58,60–76];. Lycopodium was called björnmåssa [“bearmoss”] in a Swedish source from 1694 [77], which isprobably a translation from a German source.Equisetum arvense in Hungarian dialects was called
medveszakál(l)a [“bear’s beard”], medvefarka [“bear’stail”], and medvebajusz [“bear’s moustache”] [78].
Nomination by formIn this section it is possible to find several subgroups,according to the form of various parts of the plants. Thisis probably the reason why this group contributes to high-est number of both recorded and assumed motivations(17%). The names could be based on the appearance of:
a) large leaves of roundish shape (rather oftencompared to bear paws): Rus. Kostrom. мeдвeжьилaпы [“bear’s paws”], Bel. Smol., Gomel. мядзвeжaялaпкa [“bear’s little paw”], Norw. bjønnblekker[“bear’s leaves”], Est. karukoll [“bear’s ogre”] Calthapalustris L. [57–59, 80], Bulg. мeчa cтъпкa [“bear’sstep”] Tussilago farfara L. [81], Eng. bear’s footAlchemilla vulgaris L. [45].
b) spherical organs of plants (e.g. inflorescences),sometimes with thorns and prickles; could becompared with bear’s head or ear: Kaz. ayïwbastiken[“bear’s head”] Cirsium sp. [6], Est. karuohakad,karused uhakad, karuuhak, karuohtjas, karuõhakas[“bear’s thistle”, “bear’s thorn”] Cirsium arvense (L.)Scop. [58], Norw. bjønnehatt [“bear’s hat”] Cirsiumheterophyllum L. [80], Rus. Psk. мeдвeжникбoлoтный [“swamp bear-plant”] Cirsium oleraceumScop. [57]. Estonian name karune ohak for Carlinavulgaris L. literally means “bear thistle” [58]. Therewas also a small group of names for Centaureaspp.: Est. karukellad [“bear’s bells”] [58] and Rus.мeдвeдник [“bear’s plant”], мeдвeжья лaпa [“bear’spaw”] [75], Turk. ayıkulaği [“bear’s ear”] Arctotissp.; Aster amellus [6]. Names of mushrooms withuntypical shape, for example, Liv. okš-šõrməz [“bear’sseptum”] Gyromitra esculenta (Pers. ex Pers.) Fr.[81] could also be put here.
This type of nomination still stays productive; itshows, for example, in Rus. Novosib. мeдвeжьялaпa [“bear’s paw”] for some species of cacti; at that,the phytonym has obviously been derived recently.c) Plants with small flowers pressed in bunches,looking fluffy (often compared with ears or paws):Turk. ayıkulaği [“bear’s ear”] Glycyrrhiza glabra,Tat. ayu bašï [“bear’s head”] Trifolium sp. [6], Rus.Psk. мeдвeжьe уxo [“bear’s ear”] Verbascumnigrum L. [57], Fin. karhunkukka [“bear’s flower”],karhunruoho [“bear’s grass”] Achillea millefoliumL. [82].
As the reason for nomination was seldom indicated ex-plicitly in sources, it seems sound to draw typological ar-guments. For example, a number of names for Antennariadioica (L.) Gaertn. – Germ. Bärentatze, Bärenpratze, Cz.medvědí tlapičky, Sloven. medvedove tačice, Est. karukäpp,all literally meaning “bear’s paw(s)” [58, 65, 83, 84], − findsa typological parallel in Rus. кoшaчьи лaпки, Germ.Katzenpfoetle [“cat’s paws”]. This sub-group may also beenlarged by names for Clavaria spp., compared inGerman, Slovenian, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croat dialectswith bear’s paws, and in Slovenian also with bear’s mane[65, 84, 85].
Nomination by toxicity/inedibility for humans/lower statusin comparison with cultural analoguesThe toxicity along with lower status contribute in sumonly 5% of records. Plants with poisonous or just ined-ible fruits often have the word ‘bear’ as the first elementand the word ‘berry’ (or a name of some specific berryplant) as the second, as in Swedish, Norwegian, Bulgar-ian, Russian, Lithuanian, Estonian, and Finnish namesfor Paris quadrifolia L. [15, 55, 57, 58, 80, 82, 86–88].The same may be found in many other plants names:for instance, Crataegus spp. was compared with ap-ples in Bulgarian, and pears in Slovenian and Italian[84, 86, 89, 90]; Paeonia spp. was compared withroses in Turkish [91–94]; Ribes spp. was comparedwith grapes in Italian and Serbo-Croat [84, 90, 91],Corylus colurna L. – with hazelnut in Albanian [95],Lathyrus sylvestris and Vicia sepium L. was comparedwith peas, in Lithuanian [87, 96], Oxalis acetosellawas compared with sorrel in Hungarian [97, 98] – inall these cases the abovementioned species have the‘bear’ prefix. The scornful, negative character of nom-ination is confirmed by the fact that many of theplants analysed received other folk names with ‘dog’,‘wolf ’, ‘pig’, ‘snake’, etc. as the first component. To stepbeyond the scope of zoological code, the plants sup-posed to be unpleasant, harmful, or “not real” werealso often named in ethnic terms, specific for eachnominating language.Nevertheless, as bear is taken as the dominating
European animal, in Russian dialects (Novgorod, Tver,Vologda, Olonets) the bear’s name was used for nom-ination of Boletus edulis as the best mushroom, the
Table
2Thetw
enty
mostlistedtaxa
andthoselang
uage
s/territo
rieshaving
themostpo
pularmotivations
fortheirbe
ar-related
phyton
yms
Species/motivationmod
elsize
surface
form
poisione
ss/
dang
erined
ibility/lo
wer
status
placeof
grow
ing,
wild
bears’food
motif/
belief
Latin
calques
Arctostaph
ylos
uva-ursi(L.)
Spreng
.Az,It,Po
l,Lit,
Turk
Est,It,Hun
g,Lat
Hun
g,It
Alb,Bel,C
z,It,Lith,
Pol,Ru
s,Ru
th,Slov,
Turk,U
kr
Bulg,C
r,Cz,Dan,Est,G
er,Izh,
Rus,Norw,Sloven,Sw
,Ukr/(?)
Cr,Cz,Ru
s,S-C,
Slov,Slov,
Sorb,U
kr,Lat
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
L.incl
Heracleum
spho
ndylium
subsp.
sibiricum
(L.)Simon
k.
Hun
g,Fin,Vo
tBlg,
Eng,
Est,
Fin,IF,Izh,Vot
Chu
v,Hun
g,Po
l.Bu
lg/(?)Germ
ItGer
Az,Bash,C
r,Cz,Dan,Pol,Rus,
S-C,
Slov,Slov,Tat,Sorb/(?)
Ruth,Sorb,
S-C
RubuscaesiusL.
Est,Vo
tGerm,Est,Vot
Bel,Cz,It,Ukr
It,Lith
Bel,Cz,Ukr,Lith
Acan
thus
mollis
L.Turk/(?)Germ
Uz/(?)Ru
th,S-C,Slov,Sorb
Allium
ursin
umL.
ItHun
g,It,Turk
Alb,G
erm,Lith
Az,Bash,Bulg,
Dan,Est,Kirg
,Ru
s,Turk,U
kr,Lith
/(?)Po
l,Ru
th,S-C,Slov
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Cz,Hun
g,It/(?)
Sw,C
z,Ger
Est,Po
l/(?)Cz,
Germ
Lith
Lith
Verbascum
thapsusL.
(?)R
usEst/(?)Ru
s,Ukr
Az,Chu
v,Cr-Tat,
Kaz,Ru
s,Tat,Ru
s,Ukr/(?)Kirg
(?)G
er
AngelicasylvestrisL.
Fin,IF,Izh,
Rus,Sw
SwSw
/(?)Ru
Fin,IF,Izh
Meum
atha
man
ticum
Garsault
Turk/(?)Ger
Ger
Rus
PrimulaauriculaL.
Eng,
It/(?)Ger
Bulg,C
r,Dan,Fr,S-C,U
kr/(?)
Cz,Ru
s
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Fin,Ingr,Izh/(?)
Rus,Sw
Fin,Ingr,
Izh
Polytrichu
mcommun
eHed
w.
Rus
Est,Fin,Izh,Lith,
Sw,Vot/(?)Germ
Empetrum
nigrum
L.Sw
,Rus
Rus
Lith/(?)Norw,Sw
Geum
rivaleL.
Est,IF,Izh
Sw
Paris
quadrifoliaL.
Est,Fin,
Lith/(?)Ru
sNorw,Sw,
Lith/(?)Bu
lg
Crataegusmon
ogynaJacq.
(?)Slov
(?)It
It
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Est,Hun
g,Bu
lg,
Lith
Lit
(?)–motivationhy
pothesized
,asno
tconfirm
edby
thesource
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 63 of 72
Table 3 Frequency of different phytonyms related to bears for the most named taxa in the “bear-richest” languages
Taxa/languages Est Germ Rus Sw Turk It Ukr S-C Bulg Sloven Cz Cr Lith Fin Bel Norw Eng Hung Sorb
Heracleum sphondylium L. incl.Heracleum sibiricum L.
5 14 1 3 3 2 2 4 4 3 1 3 4
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 8 4 5 1 1 7 4 5 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2
Rubus caesius L. 3 1 3 1 5 3 1 2
Acanthus mollis L. 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 2
Allium ursinum L. 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Lycopodium clavatum L. 1 5 1 3 2 1 1
Primula auricula L. 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Polytrichum commune Hedw. 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Empetrum nigrum L. 3 1 1 1 2 1
Paris quadrifolia L. 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
Arctous alpina (L.) Nied. 1 1 1 1 1
Verbascum spp. 1 1 1 1 1 2
Equisetum arvense L. 1 1 1 1 3
Heracleum spp. 1 2 1 1 1
Calla palustris L. 1 1 1 1 1
Only those languages are included with at least 20 records of bear-related phytonyms, and only those taxa that have bear-related phytonyms in at least five differentlanguages among these. The numbers show the number of different meanings bear-related phytonyms have for a specific plant in the corresponding language. In thosecases where the two names have a similar meaning, but different words are used to express it, they are considered as different. Abbreviations: Est – Estonian, Germ –German, Rus – Russian, Sw – Swedish, Turk – Turkish, Ukr – Ukrainian, It – Italian. S-C – Serbo-Croat, Bulg – Bulgarian, Sloven – Slovenian, Cz – Czech, Cr – Croatian, Lith– Lithuanian, Fin – Finnish, Hung – Hungarian, Norw – Norwegian, Bel – Belarussian, Eng – English, Sorb – Sorbian
Fig. 3 Proportional division of motivations. Both motivationsidentified as the source and also hypothesized are counted here
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 64 of 72
mushroom par excellence [57]. The same can be saidabout Hungarian folk names for B. edulis and otherBoletus spp. in Transylvania [99, 100], and others; seethe Table 1, though there is no information on moti-vations for corresponding cases in Turkish.
Nomination by placePerhaps here “bear nomination” was a particular, nar-rower case of “wild nomination”. The location in thewild is a “background feature” of the plants, growing farfrom the human dwelling, in the places where animalslive, which serves as a basis for metaphorical alikeningof a plant and an animal. Here it seems appropriate toconsider a number of names for the fungus Lycoperdonspp. In this case, the ability to produce a cloud of sporescaused a set of second components of phytonyms, con-necting them to bathing, smoking, etc.: Germ. Bärenfurz[“bear’s fart”], Bulg. мeчкинь пуфeш [“bear’s puff”], Rus.Middle Ob мeдвeжий дым [“bear’s smoke”], мeдвeжийтaбaк [“bear’s tobacco”], Rus. Vlad. мeдвeжьи бaни[“bear’s baths”], Rus. Perm. мeдвeжьe куpeвo [“bear’s to-bacco”] [65, 86, 101–103]. It is noteworthy that the samefungus was known as Fr. vesse-de-loup [“wolf ’s fart”],which is the literal translation from Greek. Here we seeagain, how a bear and a wolf, being similar in folk ideas,could be interchangeable also in folk plant nomencla-ture. Another example is Lychnis chalcedonica L. whichhas names not only Rus. Ob мeдвeжьe мылo [“bear’s
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 65 of 72
soap”], but also Rus. Ob coбaчьe мылo, [“dogs’s soap”][101], Rus. Samar. кукушкинo мылo [“cuckoo’s soap”] aswell a number of other names [12]. Although this motiv-ation can be perceived as the background in many morecases, especially in case of several possible motivations,it has explicitly contributed to only 2% all records.
Nomination by usage for food in bearsBears are typically omnivorous animals, their diet in-cludes succulent shoots and leaves, fruits, insects, andmeat [104], although recent studies have shown that car-nivory is positively correlated with latitude among om-nivorous mammals [105]. Omnivority of the bear gave itin many cultures the attribute of medicine animal,knowing all the plants and foods in general. As bearswere often believed to have supernatural powers (due totheir size and long hibernation period) people observedwith great attention bear’s way and the way they foraged.We can thus assume that a large proportion of bearnames in plants referred to their diet. The literature onbear ecology gave us dozens of bear food plants, andsome of them had bear-related names in some lan-guages. The main example of such plants is hogweed(the genus Heracleum) reported as one of the mainspring foods of the bear from many countries, e.g. theUSA, China, Japan, and Poland, e.g. ([106–109], TomaszKozica – pers. comm.). Also “bear’s garlic”, Allium ursi-num, was reported as important bear food in Croatia[110]. There was also an evidence from Mr. SándorTímár (Eastern Carpathians) of bears eating Allium ursi-num and A. victorialis (Hung. vadfokhagyma, wild gar-lic), though the plant was not named after bear in thisarea: “The bear does not eat anything during winter, helicks his paws, and licks so much that by spring they arewhite. And then he eats first from that plant (wild gar-lic), in order to clean his stomach from the “deposits”.He is such a clever animal. He searches for what he hasto eat after the winter sleep”.1 Bears eat a large diversityof wild fruits so it is not surprising that some of themgot the names of bear berries, though it is probably im-possible to say if it was because they were main fruitseaten by bears or rather those fruits which are less eatenby humans, left for the bears, like Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Bears have also been observed using plants for self-medication, so some of the plants which are not typicalbear food or do not resemble bears in any way may haveacquired their names from incidents of humans observ-ing a bear using this plant as medicine. This was thecase with Ligusticum porter which was observed as beingsought after by bears and was regarded as bear medicineby Native Americans [111].It is possible to assume that some plants – their fruits,
stalks or rhizomes – were eaten by bears, though dialectdictionaries seldom give explanations, and we do not
always know the folk ideas behind this or that nomin-ation. Sw. björnbär [“bear berries”] for Vaccinium myrtil-lus L. [15], Cz. medvědice [“bear’s plant”] for Rubuscaesius L. [72], Rus. мeдвeжьи ягoды [“bear’s berries”]for Rubus idaeus L. [57] seem rather reliable. Arctosta-phylos alpina (L.) Spreng was also known as “bearberries” in many languages, such as N.S. guovžžamuorji,Sw. björnbär and Norw. bjønnbær (recorded already in1766 by Gunnerus [112]) [15].However, not all scholars agreed that there was a ne-
cessary connection with the bear- prefix and the berriesconsumed by the animal. Many different kinds of berrieswere named björnbär locally in northern Scandinavia.Black shining fruit varieties of Vaccinium myrtillus L.and Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup were for in-stance known as björnbär “bear berries” in northernSweden. But normal bluish-coloured fruits, although be-ing eaten by bears, were not called “bear berries” (cf.[37]). However, in some areas the normal-coloured ber-ries were also known as “bear berries”, and known to beeaten by bears as well. Swedish plant name scholar andlinguist Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt [15], who studied thenorth-Scandinavian berry-names in particular, stressedthat the naming motif sometimes could be pejorative,for instance for Paris quadrifolia and maybe, but not ne-cessary, for Vaccinium oxycoccos. Dahlstedt concludedthat it was not easy to find one explanation for whymany different kinds of berries were known as “bear ber-ries” in northern Scandinavia [15]. Why Rubus caesiuswas called karuu-marja “bear-berry” in Votic is not cleareither [113].Another example of a bear food plant is Cicerbita
alpina (L.) Wallr., which was known as björnmat [“bearfood”] in Dalecarlia, björngräs [“bear grass”] and björnkål[“bear cabbage”] in Lapland, as well as bjønnturt [“bearplant”] and bjønnmat [“bear food”] in Norway. The plantwas well-known as appreciated by bears among thepeasantry in northern Scandinavia [114]. The same maybe assumed about It. pan d’ors(o) [“bear’s bread”] Sorbusaria L. [74, 115], and Hung. medvesaláta [“bear’s let-tuce”] which was a name for some woodland fringe tallherbs (Cirsium erisithales, C. oleraceum, C. rivulare,Carduus personatus) in the Eastern Carpathians.This motivation group contributed 7% to all records
and the list of plants assumingly motivated by bear foodcontains 66 plant taxa, among which are the taxa withseveral possible motivations. Very limited list of taxa de-tected as bear food in [105], however, only partially over-lap with our extended list, as obviously not all bear foodwas called related to bear (like for example Populus tre-mula L.). Yet for example Aegopodium podagraria L.,which has unknown motivation, or Taraxacum spp.,Tussilago farfara L. and Trifolium spp. assumingly moti-vated by the form in our sources, or Urtica dioica L.
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 66 of 72
motivated by surface have been detected as bear food in[105], which can indicate possible earlier motivation thatwas later over interpreted.
Nomination by folklore motif or beliefThis motivation group is not numerous (5%). Rus. Perm.мeдвeжий тaбaк [“bear’s tobacco”] Lycoperdon wasbased on the belief that “a bear, to exterminate fleas,rolls about the clearing dotted with puff-balls” [102].Another case is presented by folk nominations of Poly-
trichum commune. It was called Rus. Orl. мeдвeдь[“bear”], Germ. Bärenmoos, Est. karusammal, Izh. kar-unsammõl, Sw. björnmossa (first recorded in 1638),Norw. bjørnemose, Liv. okš-šōmal, Vot. karasamma[“bear’s moss”], Lith. meškakūšis [“bear’s penis”] [11, 56,65, 80, 81, 87, 113, 116].Slavonic sources did not say anything about the rea-
sons for naming, Finno-Ugrian researchers surmise formnomination type. Really, one could suppose that thick,densely growing small stalks were compared with bearfur (see Lycopodium spp. above). But there were severalinterpretations of this specific name on Nordic material,all of them as good as the others [17, 80] admitted itwas not easy to interpret the name: it could be explainedby the fact that the moss turned red-brown and couldremind one of a bear skin, but more probable, he said,was the connection with the belief that the bears used itin their winter-home. Also the moss Rhacomitriumlanuginosum was, on the same reason, named “bearmoss” in Norwegian [80].
(Partial) translation from LatinA very important phenomenon mentioned in the begin-ning of the article is Latin loan translations (calques) innational phyto-taxonomies contributes 15% to allrecords. The most remarkable cases seem to be Arctos-taphylos spp., especially Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.)Spreng.; its names (and over 80 of these have been re-corded) have as their inner form “bear’s grapes” or“bear’s berries” in Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, Danish,English, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Hungarian,Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croat, Slovenian, Turkish, andUkrainian.Of course, there is no guarantee that some folk names
might not appear independently of learned ones, as vari-ous second components are also possible; but the greaterthe number of semantically identical plant names wefind all over Europe, the greater the chances that theyare the result of borrowing, as seems to be the case withAllium ursinum, called “bear’s onion” or “bear’s garlic” inItalian, German, Lithuanian, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish,Slovenian, Serbo-Croat, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Romanian,Albanian, Estonian, Turkish, Azeri, Bashkir, and Kirghiz.Böhling [117] discussed why Allium ursinum had been
referred to as “bear’s onion” already by the ancient Greeks.He suggested that bear in the plant epithet referred toUrsa Major (Big Dipper), − the constellation which couldbe seen in northern skies (other Allium species occurredin southern Europe, while A. ursinum was one of the mostnortherly distributed species of onions). His hypothesis isnot convincing. First of all, for typological reasons, theredo not seem to be any plants named after stars inany of the Germanic or Slavonic languages; the above-mentioned motivation by bear food or lower status seemsmuch more logical.William T. Stearn [118] analysed the means of coining
the medieval Latin name branca ursina [“bear’s paw”]for Acanthus mollis –someone “noted a resemblance be-tween a floral bract of Acanthus mollis and a bear’sclawed paw” – and then transferred it (first in France) toHeracleum sphondylium which “has large divided leavessomewhat like those of Acanthus mollis” [118, 119]. Thename branc (branque, branche) ursine Acanthus mollis,evidently, provoked the French form patte d’ours [2].It seems that the model turned out to be rather product-
ive, as numerous names for both plants, mostly translatedas “bear’s paw” (but also ‘foot’, ‘palm’, ‘claw’, ‘nail’, ‘finger’,etc.), are spread all over Europe – in Upper Sorbian,Slovak, Polish, Czech, Ruthenian (in Vojvodina), Serbian,Croat, Slovenian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, French,Hungarian, English, German, Swedish, Danish, Dutch,North Saami, Votic, Tatar, Chuvash, Azeri, and Bashkir [6,16, 45, 61–63, 65, 68, 84, 86, 87, 89, 113, 116, 120–129].The model might also concern other Heracleum species; alarger group was made by folk names for Heracleumsphondylium L., mostly in Northern Europe.In these cases we may suggest that first corresponding
phytonyms penetrated to Indo-European languages, andlater – very likely, through their mediation – to Finno-Ugrian and Turkic ones.A noteworthy unity of nominations was demonstrated
by a number of names for Primula auricula L.: Germ.Bärenohr [65], S.-C. мeдвиђe уxo [84], Cz. medvědíouško [60, 61], Eng. bear’s ears, bazier, ba(i)sier [45],Rus. мeдвeжьe ушкo [116], It. urie/orie d’ours, orecchiod’orso, recchietta d’urss [74], Fr. oreille d’ours [2], Ukr.medved’ače uxo [130], Bulg. мeчo уxo [86]. The seman-tically analogous Turkish name ayı kulağı referred toPrimula auriculata, P. elatior subsp. pseudoelatior, P.longipes, P. veris subsp. columnae and P. veris subsp.macrocalyx [131]. All of them have the inner form“bear’s ear(s)” – thanks to loan translation from Latin. Ithad a pre-Linnaean name Auricula ursi (because of itsleaves which seem to be very much shaped as bear ears),which has been translated into many languages, and ren-dered in the medicinal and botanical literature, for in-stance in Germ. Berenohrlein [132], Dan. bjørnsøre[133], Sw. björnöron [134, 135].
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Several nomination typesAs it was said above, there are often reasons to assumethe existence of more than one basis for nomination,and this group constituted 22% of all motivations. Thus,Rus. Perm мeдвeжий гpиб [“bear’s mushroom”] Sarco-don imbricatus (L.) P/Karst. was explained by respon-dents reasoning from its bitter taste; the researcherpreferred to mention the size of the mushroom (reach-ing 30 cm), as well as dark and velvety colouring of thecap [102]. But it also seems important to note that thespecies has greyish brittle teeth instead of gills on hyme-nophore which could cause comparison with bear’s heador ear in Bulgarian, Czech, and Belorussian [61, 79, 86].We have already discussed the case of Heracleum spe-cies, combining language borrowing and motivation byshape; at the same time, the plants of Heracleum genusare used by bears for food. The names for Allium ursi-num also seem to combine bear-food motivation andloan translation.
Motivation unknownFolk nomination is sometimes so doubtful and dubious thatthe question of motivation may remain unsolved, as it is,for example, for Alb. bar i ariut [“bear grass”] Erica herba-cea L. [136], and in many other cases. Unfortunately, dialectdictionaries, while recording plant names, seldom give themotivation. This was the case in 13% of all records.
Fig. 4 Relation between language groups and the number of recorded bearmean number of names within the language group
Discussion and conclusionsThe material presented gives wide opportunities forlinguo-geographical and ethno-cultural observations andstudies. Bear phytonyms were quite widespread in somecountries/languages such as Estonian (140), German(125), Russian (122), Swedish (92) and rather rare in theothers – Macedonian and Ruthenian (7), Albanian andSlovak (6), Danish (5), Bashkir (4), Chuvash (3), Livonian(2) (these numbers are not absolute, as it is not alwayseasy to differentiate phonetical variants and differentphytonyms). This fact can hardly be explained only byenvironment differences (like for example speakers ofEstonian and Livonian inhabited the same ecologicalniche) nor to linguistic peculiarities (as for examplethere are bear-rich and bear-poor languages in all mainlanguage groups) and needs deeper cultural anthropo-logical studies combined with folklore and ethnology. Avery interesting situation was observed in the Turkic lan-guages. There are 93 recorded Turkish bear names,while the other members of the language group demon-strate a much weaker interest in this kind of nomination: 7(in Tatar), 6 (Kazakh), 5 (Kirghiz), 2 (Turkmen and Uzbek),and 1 (in Gagauz, Uyghur, and Karachay-Balkar) – andeven here, around half of these are Latin calques. However,this may, at least to certain extent, be related to theamount of the historical ethnolinguistic research done onthe selected languages. Nevertheless, a rough approxima-tion based on the mean number of names in all languages
-phytonyms. names – the number of recorded bear-names. mean – the
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belonging to a language group allowed to list the lan-guage groups according to the bear-richness: Germanic,Slavonic, Finno-Ungarian, Romance, Other (Albanian andLithuanian) and Turkic (Fig. 4). However, such approxima-tion should not be taken too literary, as much depended onthe presence of small languages and the languages weresearched do not cover all languages of the groups.From structural point of view, we may conclude that
bear-names might be created according to severalmodels: 1) bear/she-bear, 2) bear + a body part of thebear, 3) bear + a part of the plant, 4) bear + a plant name,5) bear + a plant group name, 6) bear + an object name.On the one hand, some plants are “champions” in
bear-nomination, while others have only one or two bearnames. On the other hand, some features – form and/orsurface, in our case – cause a very rich pool of names,while such features as colour seem to provoke ratherfew associations with bear.Some names recorded in a certain tradition may be
used for explanation of dark spots in another one. Forexample, Serbo-Croat, Hungarian, and Turkish bear-names for Boletus spp., having no explanations insidethese traditions, may be ascribed to status nominationby analogy with Russian folk names. The case of Polytri-chum commune, analysed above, allows us to surmisenot only form nomination in Russian, Estonian, etc.(based on Nordic explanations), but also borrowing fromthe Scandinavian languages, as all the names in the poolare recorded in the Northern regions of Europe.The database we assemble is also valuable for com-
parative and typological studies. For example, it showscorrespondence of names in Latin and in other lan-guages and demonstrates the deep influence of Latinnatural-science scholarship upon European culture. Com-paring names in neighbouring cultures (e.g. NorthernRussian and Estonian; Baltic and Nordic) could become agood basis for studying the question of the borrowing ofplant names.
Endnotes1Special thanks to Dániel Babai for this fieldwork
evidence.
Abbreviations
Geographical marksGomel.: Gomelj province, Belarus; Kostrom.: Kostroma province, Russia;Middle Ob: middle part of the river Ob; Novosib.: Novosibirsk area; Orl.: Orelprovince, Russia; Perm.: Perm province, Russia; Psk.: Pskov province, Russia;Smol.: Smolensk province, Russia; Tobol.: Tobolsk region, Russia;Vlad.: Vladimir province, RussiaLanguagesAlb.: Albanian; Az.: Azeri; Bash.: Bashkir; Bel.: Belarusian; Bulg.: Bulgarian;Chuv.: Chuvash; Cr.: Croat; Cr.-Tat.: Crimean Tatar; Cz.: Czech; Dan.: Danish;Eng.: English; Est.: Estonian; Fin.: Finnish; Fr.: French; Germ.: German;Gr.: Greek; Hung.: Hungarian; I.F.: Ingrian Finnish; It.: Italian; Izh.: Izhorian;K.-B.: Karachay-Balkar; Kaz.: Kazakh; Kirg.: Kirghiz; Lat.: Latin; Lith.: Lithuanian;Liv.: Livonian; N.S.: North Saami; Norw.: Norwegian; Pol.: Polish; Rus.: Russian;
Ruth.: Ruthenian; S.-C.: Serbo-Croat; Serb.: Serbian; Slov.: Slovak;Sloven.: Slovenian; Sorb.: Sorbian; Sw.: Swedish; Tat.: Tatar; Turk.: Turkish;Uyg.: Uyghur; Ukr.: Ukrainian; Uz.: Uzbek; Vot.: VoticHistorical parishes in EstoniaÄks: Äksi; Amb: Ambla; Aud: Audru; Ha: Harjumaa; Hää: Häädemeeste;Hag: Hageri; Han: Hanila; Har: Hargla; Hel: Helme; HJn: Harju-Jaani; Hlj: Haljala;Hls: Halliste; Iis: Iisaku; JJn: Järva-Jaani; JMd: Järva-Madise; Jõe: Jõelähtme;Jõh: Jõhvi; Jür: Jüri; Juu: Juuru; Kaa: Kaarma; Kad: Kadrina; Käi: Käina;Kam: Kambja; Kan: Kanepi; Kei: Keila; Khk: Kihelkonna; Kod: Kodavere;Kos: Kose; Krl: Karula; Kse: Karuse; Ksi: Kursi; Kul: Kullamaa; Kuu: Kuusalu;Lai: Laiuse; Lih: Lihula; LNg: Lääne-Nigula; Lüg: Lüganuse; Mar: Martna;Mih: Mihkli; MMg: Maarja-Magdaleena; Mus: Mustjala; Nis: Nissi;Noa: Noarootsi; Nrv: Narva; Ote: Otepää; Pal: Palamuse; Pär: Pärnu;Phl: Pühalepa; PJg: Pärnu-Jaagupi; Plt: Põltsamaa; Puh: Puhja; Rap: Rapla;Rid: Ridala; Rõu: Rõuge; Saa: Saarde; Se: Setumaa; SJn: Suure-Jaani; Tln: Tallinn;Tõs: Tõstamaa; Trm: Torma; Trt: Tartu; Trv: Tarvastu; Tür: Türi; Vai: Vaivara;Var: Varbla; Vig: Vigala; Vil: Viljandi; Vll: Valjala; Võn: Võnnu
AcknowledgementsWe are thankful to Professor Raimo Raag, Uppsala University, for fruitfuldiscussions. We would like to thank Professor Lars-Erik Edlund for providingus with material from the Swedish and Norwegian plant name in theDiabas Database at Umeå University. Special thanks for the opportunity tocollect the data from the Turkish Plant Names’ Database of İstanbul NezahatGökyiğit Botanic Garden (http://www.ngbb.org.tr/tr/) in 2014.
FundingOTKA (Hungarian Scientific Research Fund) grant (PD 108534) supportedwork of NP; Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (EKKM14-300)supported fieldwork of RS and RK, Estonian Research Council (IUT22-5), andEuropean Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Centreof Excellence in Estonian Studies) supported research made by RK and RS.
Availability of data and materialsThe dataset supporting the conclusions of this article was included withinthe article as its (Table 1).
Authors’ contributionsInitiation and assembling of the article (VK, IS, AP, RS, JR), “Introduction“(VK, IS, RS), identification of original and modern nomenclatures (LS), Fig.1 (VK), all other figures and tables (RS) and various languagecontribution: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian, Macedonian,Slovenian, Sorbian, Czech, Ruthenian (VK), Swedish (including Swedish inFinland and Estonia), Norwegian, Danish, French, Finnish, South Saami,North Saami, Livonian, Votic, Azeri, Bashkir, Chuvash, Karachay-Balkar, Kaz-akh, Kirghiz, Tatar, Turkish, Uyghur, Uzbek (IS), Estonian, Finnish, IngrianFinnish, Izhorian, Votic (RS, RK), Turkish (AMGÖ), Polish, Slovak, Croatian,Ukrainian (ŁŁ), Italian (AP, KC), German (LS, IS), Hungarian (ZM, NP), Lithu-anian (DŠ), English (JR, IS), Bulgarian (DD), Albanian (AH). All authors readand approved the final manuscript.
Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publicationNot applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participateAll fieldworks followed the ethical guidances of Code of Ethics ofInternational Society of Ethnobiology, whereas prior oral informed consentwas obtained from every interviewed person. The approval of EthicCommittee for such studies is not applicable.
Author details1Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tuchkovpereulok 9, Saint-Petersburg 199053, Russia. 2Uppsala Centre for Russian andEurasian Studies, Uppsala University, Box 514SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.3Estonian Literary Museum, Vanemuise 42, Tartu 51003, Estonia. 4Departmentof Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7720,USA. 5Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, AnkaraUniversity, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey. 6University of Gastronomic
Kolosova et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:14 Page 69 of 72
Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, I-12042 Pollenzo/Bra, Italy. 7School ofBiosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni, 562032 Camerino, (MC), Italy. 8MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute ofEcology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary.9Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs, Rókus 2, 7624 Pécs,Hungary. 10Department of Botany; Institute of Applied Biotechnology andBasic Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa,Poland. 11Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, BulgarianAcademy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., bl. 23, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.12Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University Kaunas, Sargeliai LT 60433, Žaiginiopaštas, Lithuania. 13Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore, TartuUniversity, Ülikooli 16, 50090 Tartu, Estonia. 14Department of Biology,University of Prishtina, St. Mother Teresa, Prishtinë, Kosovo.
Received: 4 May 2016 Accepted: 19 December 2016
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