The Battle Against AIDS The Battle Against AIDS

Unit 5Unit 5

Stage 1: Pre-reading ActivitiesStage 1: Pre-reading Activities Stage 1: Pre-reading ActivitiesStage 1: Pre-reading Activities

Stage 2: While-Stage 2: While-Reading ActivitiesReading Activities Stage 2: While-Stage 2: While-Reading ActivitiesReading Activities

Stage 3: Post-reading ActivitiesStage 3: Post-reading Activities Stage 3: Post-reading ActivitiesStage 3: Post-reading Activities

Warming-up ActivitiesWarming-up ActivitiesWarming-up ActivitiesWarming-up Activities

Listening and discussingListening and discussing

Enriching your vocabularyEnriching your vocabulary

Comparing the following wordsComparing the following words

Listening and discussingListening and discussing

Enriching your vocabularyEnriching your vocabulary

Comparing the following wordsComparing the following words

• Background Information of Unit Five • 1. AIDS: AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a disease w

hich destroys the natural method the body uses to protect against other diseases. It is a disease caused by the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), but AIDS is different from HIV in that the former usually causes death while HIV may lead to AIDS. HIV is spread in three ways: (1) contact with infected blood; (2) sex; (3) mother-to-child. AIDS usually develops in four stages: (1) In the first stage, there is only infection by HIV and antibody ( 抗体 ) production. (2) In the second stage, the lymph nodes ( 淋巴结 ) enlarge ( 肿大 ). (3) In the third stage, an infected person may begin to have such signs ( 症状 ) as tiredness, fever, and night sweats. (4) In the last stage, AIDS is diagnosed when a person develops certain uncommon, life-threatening illnesses, for example Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia( 卡氏肺囊虫肺炎 ). In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS__HIV

• 2. Latino (pl. Latinos): Latino (pl. Latinos) is the name given to Hispanic American citizens in the United States who share the Spanish language in common but may be from different races or religions and different Spanish speaking countries. Latinos are the fastest growing group in the U.S. and expected to more than double in size by 2020. For a comprehensive list of latino resources on the internet, you can check out the webpage at http://www.tenet.edu/latino/latino.html

• 3. HIV: HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus. This is the virus that spreads through contact with infected blood, infected sexual partners or within the womb of an infected pregnant mother. After infecting a person, HIV can remain hidden in the body for long and different periods of time until it becomes active and develops into AIDS for which no known cure exists. The virus spreads very fast once contact has been made with an infected source. In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS___HIV

• 4. the federal government: The federal government in the United States is a national republic whose members are elected to hold office for a limited period of time by citizens over 18 years of age. This republic has an elected president who is head of the nation as well as head of the federal or national government. For introduction to the U. S. government, please visit http://bensguide.gpo.gov

• 5. a state government: A state government is the political structure that includes an area of land, citizens, and an elected governing body with the right to control and change all powers within the state that are not given by constitution to the federal government. Fifty state governments exist in the United States.

• 6. a beauty shop: A beauty shop is a business place where women go "to have their hair done," i.e., washed, curled, coloured, etc., or their fingernails or skin treated. The shop sells the 'thought' of beauty. A client should feel/look more beautiful after a visit to the beauty shop. Women who use such shops often have weekly appointments.

Let-in Activity

• After introducing the background information about this unit, ask the students to talk about how to fight against AIDS?

New Words and Phrases

• 1.       acquire• vt. get by one's own work, skill, etc.• 获得；学到• He acquired a knowledge of the language by caref

ul study. • 他通过认真学习掌握了这门语言。• The company has recently acquired a new office b

uilding in central Shanghai. • 这家公司最近在上海市中心买了一栋新的办公楼。

• Immune a. 1. unable to be diseased or hurt because of special powers in oneself 免疫的

• HIV damages the human defense method which makes humans immune to diseases.

• 艾滋病毒破坏人体中抵御疾病侵袭的防御机制。 • The medicine will make you immune to the disease.

• 这种药可以使你免于感染这种疾病。• 2. protected from 免除的• The man was told that he would be immune from punis

hment if he helped the police.

• 这个人得知如果他帮助警察，就可免受处罚。• These goods are not immune from customs duties.

• 这些商品不免税。

• diagnose

• vt. discover the nature of (a disease)

• 诊断 ; 判断• The doctor diagnosed my disease as a uniqu

e bone disease.

• 医生把我的病诊断为罕见的骨骼疾病。• After diagnosing the patient's disease, these

doctors discussed how to treat it.

• 医生们经过对这个病人的病情诊断之后 , 就讨论如何治疗的问题。

• infect vt. 1. put disease into the body of (someone) 感染

• Anyone with a bad cold may infect the people around him. 得重感冒的人会使周围的人受到感染。

• He was shocked when he knew he was infected with the HIV virus. 当他知道自己染上艾滋病毒时感到很震惊。

• 2. affect; influence 影响• He thought that parents might infect their ch

ildren with their ideas. 他认为家长的观念会影响孩子。

• 5. constitute

• vt. make up; form

• 组成• Girls constitute 20 percent of the student

population in the university.

• 女生占这所大学学生总数的百分之二十。

• Twelve people constitute a research group.

• 12 个人组成一个研究小组。

• 6. alarm n. sudden fear and worry; a warning of danger 惊慌；警报

• vt. sudden fear and worry; a warning of danger 使惊慌，使担心

• Hearing a scream, she sat up in alarm.

• 听到尖叫声，她慌忙坐起来。• In his speech the worker emphasized the government's

alarm over the strike.

• 这个工人在演讲中强调了政府对这次罢工事件所表现出的慌恐。

• cause sudden fear or worry 使惊恐 , 使担心• The news that war might break out alarmed the people.

• 战争可能爆发的消息使人们惊恐不安。

• implement

• vt. carry out or put into practice

• 实施，执行• The group's idea will be implemented imme

diately.

• 这个小组的建议将很快得到实施。• The government promised to implement a n

ew program to control pollution.

• 政府承诺要执行新的计划以控制污染。

• emerge

• vi. come or appear

• 出现• The sun emerged from behind the clouds.

• 太阳从云层后面钻了出来。• A man with a gun in his hand suddenly eme

rged from behind a tree.

• 一个手中持枪的男子突然从树后出现。

• Combat: vt. fight or struggle against 斗争• The doctor spent his life combating disease. • 这位医生一生都在与疾病作斗争。• The policeman lost his life when combating the

thief with a gun. • 这位警察在与持枪小偷搏斗时牺牲了。• n. fighting or battle: 斗争• The combat between good and evil will continu

e forever.

• 善与恶的斗争将永远持续下去。

• creative

• a. producing new and fresh ideas and things

• 创造性的 ; 有创造力的• This is an example of the creative use of the

idea.

• 这是创造性运用这一理论的实例。 • creatively

• ad. 创造性地 ; 有创造力地

• Client n. 1. a person who pays a business person, esp. a lawyer for help and advice 当事人

• The lawyer spent a whole day talking with his client about the case. 律师就该案子与当事人谈了一天。

• His client was a middle-aged man who lost his wife two months ago. 他的当事人是一位两个月前丧偶的男性。

• 2. a customer 顾客• The company required its clients to pay their bills in adva

nce.

• 这家公司要求顾客预先支付费用。• The shop took some new measures to attract more clients.

• 这家商店采取一些新措施以吸引更多的顾客。

• solve • vt. find an answer to or a way of dealing with• 解决，解答• It took him three hours to solve the mathemati

cs problem. • 他花了三个小时解答这道数学难题。 • How are you going to solve the questions put f

orward ？• 你打算怎样解决人们所提出的这些问题？

• illustrate

• vt. show the meaning of (sth.) by giving related pictures or examples

• 说明• His story illustrates her skill in dealing with t

he problem.

• 他所讲的故事说明了她处理这个问题的技巧。

• He illustrated his idea with many examples and pictures.

• 他用许多实例和图片说明自己的观点。

• relate vt. 1. tell (a story) 讲述• We related our troubles to him, asking his advice.

我们向他讲述我们的困难，征求他的意见。• She had no opportunity to relate the situation to

him. 她没有机会对他说这些情况。 • 2. see or show a joining between 将 ... ... 联系起

来• I can't relate the two ideas. • 我不能把这两个观点联系起来。• I can' relate what he does to what he says.

• 我不能把他说的和他做的联系起来。

• risk n. a danger 危险，风险• The disease is spreading and all the children ar

e at risk. • 这种疾病正在蔓延，所有孩子都处于危险之中。

• You have to take a lot of risks in my job. • 做我的工作，你要冒诸多风险。• vt. place in danger; take the chance of losing • 冒着 ... ... 的危险 • He would like to risk his life to save his friend.

• 他愿意冒生命危险救自己的朋友。

• solution

• n. (to) an answer to a problem

• 解决 , 解答• It's difficult to find a solution to this proble

m.

• 很难找到一个解决这个问题的办法。• If a solution is found, then go on with the ne

xt stage.

• 如果找到了解决办法，那就着手做下一步的工作。

• at risk : in danger 有危险 , 有风险• The doctor said that everyone was at risk fo

r AIDS.

• 医生说每个人都有染上艾滋病的危险。 • regardless of : not influenced by 不顾 , 不

管• She married the young man regardless of he

r parents' objecting.

• 她不顾父母的反对，嫁给了这个年轻人。

• the solution to • the answer to • ...... 的解答 ; 解决 ( 解答 ) ...... 的办法• So far a solution to the crisis hasn't been found

yet.

• 迄今为止还没有找到解决危机的办法。 • threaten to do sth. • give warning that one may hurt or punish• 扬言要 ......• Bob threatened to set fire to Jane's house.

• 鲍勃扬言要烧毁简的房子。

Language Points

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s. (Para.1)

• Meaning: AIDS was discovered by doctors in the last few years of the 1970's.

• diagnose: vt. decide what illness a person has; discover the nature (a disease) by making a careful examination

• Note: To talk about a doctor's finding someone ill with a certain disease we often say "diagnose with."

• Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. (Para.2) 被诊断感染艾滋病病毒的人有一半是黑人和来自拉丁美洲的人。

• Women will soon make up 80 percent of those diagnosed with HIV. (Para.11) 妇女将占感染艾滋病病毒人口的 80% 。

• But when we decide what illness a person has, we say "diagnose as."

• The doctor diagnosed his condition as a stomach problem. 医生诊断他得了胃病。

• Please pay attention to the following time expressions:

• in the late 1970s: 20世纪 70年代末期• in the early 1970s: 20世纪 70年代初期• in the middle 1970s: 20世纪 70年代中期

• Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204,000 Americans—half in the past few years alone. (Para.1)

• Meaning: Since then, 204,000 Americans have died of AIDS—about 102,000 died of the disease only in the past few years.

• Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV virus are also expected to die. (Para.1)

• Meaning: Of the one million people who have the HIV virus, 185,000 are also likely to die.

• infect: vt. put disease into the body of

• The blood test shows that the man was infected with the HIV virus. 血检表明这个人染上了艾滋病病毒。

• The disease infected her eyes, and she became blind. 这种病使她眼睛受感染，并致使她双目失明。

• expect sb. to do sth.: think, believe, or hope that sb. would do sth.

• I didn't expect so many people to be in the room. 我没想到房间里有这么多人。

• I expected John to meet me at the airport. 我原以为约翰会到机场接我。

• Women and youth in rural Southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS. (Para.2)

• Meaning: The number of women and young people who are infected with AIDS is growing fastest in the countryside in the South.

• constitute: vt. make up; form

• Seven days constitute a week. 一周有 7 天。

• Twelve scientists constituted a research group to study air pollution.12 位科学家组成一个研究小组研究空气污染。

• Real familiarity with a 3,000 word vocabulary constitutes a good base for further English language learning. 真正掌握了 3000单词，就具备了进一步学习英语的基础。

• segment: n. any of the parts into which something may be divided

• The company controls this segment of the market. 这个公司控制了这部分市场。

• Despite such alarming numbers, the federal and state governments have been slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS. (Para.3)

• Meaning: Although the number of people infected with AIDS is very large and surprising, the federal and state governments haven't taken actions in time to carry out the programs to stop the spread of AIDS.

• alarm: n. sudden fear or worry; v. cause sudden fear and worry

• Everybody was alarmed at the news that a war might break out. 大家听到战争可能爆发的消息都很惊慌。

• Small earthquakes are so common here that people don't feel very alarmed at

• them. 这个地方小地震很常见，大家对地震都不感到惊慌。

• be slow in: do sth. slowly• The man is getting on in years and he is slow to

respond. 那男人老了，反应慢了。• implement: vt. put into practice • The government is implementing its program o

f helping the poor. 政府在实施扶贫政策。• Money is needed to implement our child-care p

rograms. 要实施儿童保健项目，需要资金。

• In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged. (Para.3)

• Meaning: Because the government is not active in stopping the spread of AIDS, some local organizations have formed to help prevent its spread.

• in place of: instead of • In place of a lecture we will be showing a film.

我们不去作报告，而是放场电影。• John is to attend the meeting in place of the ma

nager, who has come down with a bad cold. 约翰代替经理参加会议，因为经理患了重感冒。

• emerge: vi. come or appear; become known 出现

• Richard was waiting outside the door as Mary emerged. 玛丽出现时，理查德正在门外等候。

• Many ideas are likely to emerge after such an interesting finding. 在发现这一有趣的现象之后，许多想法都有可能出现。

• Vietnam has emerged as the world's third biggest rice trader. 越南已成为世界第三大大米贸易国。

• ... formed in 1985 to combat the growing number of AIDS cases.(Para.4)

• Meaning: ... formed in 1985 to fight against the increasing number of AIDS cases.

• combat: vt. fight against; • The new government promised to take measure

s to combat crime. 新政府承诺采取措施与犯罪行为作斗争。

• combat: n. a struggle between two sides, ideas, etc.

• He took part in a street combat in which two people were killed. 他参与了一起街头打斗，打斗中两个人被打死。

• ... this organization suffers from a lack of money, forcing it to use its resources creatively. (Para.4)

• Meaning: ... this organization lacks money, and so it has to make use of its people, materials and ideas in a creative way.

• suffer from: be badly influenced by• Within a few days, she has become seriously ill,

suffering from great pain.只几天时间，她的病情加重了，她被折磨得痛苦不堪。

• He was diagnosed as suffering from AIDS. 他被诊断为染上了艾滋病。

• resources: n. the materials, money or other things an organization or a family has and can use in order to function properly; the things a country has and can use to increase its wealth

• Some families are so poor that they don't have enough resources to feed themselves.有些家庭很穷，不能养活自己。

• The country is rich in oil resources but lacks money and technology to develop them. 这个国家有丰富的石油资源，但缺乏资金和技术开发这些资源。

• She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments.(Para.5)

• Meaning: She also puts some books and magazines in the shop, so customers can read them when they wait for haircut.

• publication: sth. printed

• Publications in this country are checked for the political opinions they contain. 这个国家的出版物都要因其中的政治内容而受到检查。

• They are also valuable resources in spreading information to their schools,community groups and churches. (Para.6)

• Meaning: They also do a good job in spreading information to their schools,

• community groups and churches.• valuable: a. 1. worth a lot• Her grandmother left her a valuable ring. 祖母给

她留下一枚贵重的戒指。• There are some very valuable things in that house;

they should lock the door carefully. 那个屋内有些贵重的东西；他们应该小心把门锁好。

• 2. very useful• I‘m sorry to have taken up much of your valua

ble time.很抱歉占用了你许多宝贵的时间。• While no one way of winning the war against AIDS exists, the network shares these lessons learned in its battle against AIDS.(Para.7)

• Meaning: Although there is not just one way of stopping the spread of AIDS, the network lets others know about these experiences which is learned in their battle against AIDS.

• Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it. (Para.8)

• Meaning: Most of the people in many communities are not able to read and write,

• and this makes it impossible to hand out the materials about AIDS and expect them to read them.

• Please pay attention to the following expressions using "rate".

• a low literacy rate or a low rate of literacy 受教育比例低

• a high death rate 高死亡率 • When the birth-rate increases and the death rate drops,

the population increases. 当出生率上升，死亡率下降时，人口就会增加。

• These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of "sad faces" and "happy faces" to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS. (Para.9)

• Meaning: Simple pictures of "sad faces" and "happy faces", drawn by hand, are used in these books to show how people can prevent AIDS.

• illustrate: vt. add pictures to (sth. written); show the meaning of (sth.) by giving pictures or examples

• The case illustrates that women can do much better than men in some fields. 这个事例说明了妇女在某些领域可以比男性干得出色得多。

• Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult point. 我再举个例子说明这个难点。

• They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces and language they can understand. (Para. 9)

• Meaning: They also use pictures that look like those people that need the education so they can understand more when they find familiar faces and language they know.

• relate: say or tell

• After seeing the film, the student was able to relate every point in English. 看了电影之后，那个学生能用英语讲述每一个细节。

• The traveler related his journey with joy. 那位旅行者愉快地讲述了他的旅途情况。

• As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications,... (Para.9)

• Meaning: It turns out that such books are in fact more effective in the communities where they are used than the books or magazines printed by the government.

• ... the stylists have established an "AIDS Busters" program ... (Para.10)

• Meaning: ... the stylists have carried out a program known as "AIDS Busters",

• that is, a program which can help win the war against the spread of AIDS...

• They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can.(Para.10)

• Meaning: They make the lessons of "AIDS 101" easy to understand, and explain to their peers the danger of getting AIDS much better than an adult can.

• risk: n. danger

• He thinks there is no risk of a war now. 他认为目前没有战争的风险。

• This kind of crime constitutes a big risk to our nation. 此种犯罪构成了我们国家的巨大危险。

• risk: vt. place in danger; take the chance of

• The captain didn't want to risk taking his ship across the sea until he could see where he was going. 这位船长在了解其行驶方向之前不想冒险驾船穿越大海。

• Don't risk it. It isn't worth it. 不要冒险，这不值得。• at risk: in danger of • Redefine "at risk" to include women from differen

t backgrounds and marriage • status. (Para.11) 重新理解 " 有危险 "问题，从而

把不同背景，不同婚姻状况的妇女考虑在内。• The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk.

(Para. 12) 发型设计师也强调每个人都有危险。

• Redefine "at risk" to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status.(Para.11)

• Meaning: Consider again the problem of "who is at risk for AIDS" in a new way,

• as women from different backgrounds and marriage status should be included in the people who are at risk for AIDS.

• redefine: vt. consider sth. in a new way• The scientist redefined the relations between po

pulation and economic affairs. 这位科学家重新说明了人口和经济之间的关系。

• The government was asked to redefine its program on birth control. 政府被要求重新考虑其人口控制计划。

• Please pay attention to the following expressions with "status":

• marriage status 婚姻状况• economic status 经济状况• job status 就业情况• legal status 法律地位

• Such misinformation plagues the medical establishment.(Para.11)

• Meaning: The medical organization is bothered by such wrong ideas as the one that women are not at risk for AIDS.

• plague: n. a disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people

• A plague has killed thousands of people in Africa since 1995. 1995年以来一场瘟疫使非洲成千上万的人丧生。

• Air pollution is regarded as a plague of the nation. 空气污染被认为是这个国家的严重问题。

• plague: vt. cause sb. a lot of trouble or pain

• Fears about the war plagued nearly half the population in the country. 这个国家有一半的人口害怕战争。

• He said he wasn't going to plague the teacher with a lot of questions. 他说他不再提许多问题将老师的军了。

• The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk and that all of us have a right to protect ourselves — regardless of marriage status.(Para.12)

• Meaning: The stylists also showthat everyone is in danger of catching AIDS and that all of us have a right to protect ourselves — whether we are married or not.

• emphasize: vt. stress sth. is very important• Robert emphasized the difference between the i

nterests of the single person and those of the community.罗伯特强调了个人利益和社区利益的区别。

• The official emphasized that his government would implement the program. 这位官员强调政府将执行这项计划。

• regardless of : not consider or be influenced by

• Regardless of whether he is right or wrong, we have to obey his orders. 不管他是对还是错，我们都得服从他的命令。

• We decide to go out regardless of the weather. 不管天气如何，我们都决定出门。

• These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis but until there is a cure for AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus. (Para.13)

• Meaning: The experiences of the stylists are not the only ways to deal with the crisis of AIDS, but before a cure for AIDS is found, education is the only safe method to fight against the spread of the AIDS virus.

• solution: n. an answer to a problem• Please note: "solution" is often followed by "to".• It took him three days to give a solution to the math

ematics problem. 他花了三天时间才解出这道数学难题。

• It is difficult to find a solution to this question. 这个问题很难找到解决办法。

• represent: vt. show; be a sign of; stand for; describe• He got a chance to represent China at the Olympic

Games the next year. 他有机会在第二年代表中国参加奥运会。

• He does not clearly represent the stages of painting a picture. 他没有讲清楚绘画的步骤。

• guard against: watch over in order to protect from hurt or damage

• This is an open house and there is little way to guard against strangers. 这是一幢开放式的房子，很难防范陌生人的进入。

• Like no other plague before, the AIDS epidemic threatens to wipe out an entire generation and leave another without parents.(Para.14)

• Meaning: Unlike other plagues before, the AIDS plague is likely to kill an entire generation and make another generation lose their parents.

• threaten: v. be a warning that one is going to hurt, punish, etc.; give warning of (sth. bad)

• If you threaten me or use any force, I shall inform the police. 如果你威胁我，或动武的话，我就报警。

• The verb "threaten" is often followed by an infinitive.

• The fighting is threatening to turn into a war. 这场战斗有可能变成一场战争。

• The father threatened to punish the child if the child did not obey his orders. 父亲威胁说要是孩子不听话，就要给以惩罚。

• We must not let cultural, racial, or social barriers distract us from the job that must be done.(Para.14)

• Meaning: We must not let cultural, racial or social barriers take our attention from the job that must be done.

• barrier: n. sth. that makes it impossible or difficult for sth. else to happen

• Taxes are the biggest barrier to free trade. 税收是自由贸易的最大障碍。

• There is no reason why love shouldn't cross the age barrier.认为爱情不可以跨越年龄障碍的说法是没有道理的。

• distract sb. from sth.: take one's attention from sth.

• Don't let social activities distract you from your study. 不要让社会活动影响你的学习。

• The music soon distracted the boy from his homework.音乐声很快使这个男孩分心了，以致不能专心做家庭作业。

• This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for it in order for us to win.(Para.14)

• Meaning: This is a war that is fought without any announcement, and everyone must take part in it if we wish to win the war.

• sign up: sign an agreement to take part in sth.• I've signed up to take a course at the local colle

ge. 我已报名在当地学院学一门课程。• He persuaded the company to sign up the singe

r. 他说服公司与这位歌手签约。

• We simply cannot let people continue to die because we don't feel comfortable talking about AIDS. (Para.14)

• Meaning: We really cannot let people continue to die just because we are not happy to talk about AIDS.

• feel comfortable doing/with sth.: feel happy about doing sth.

• Do your feel comfortable with the plan? 你对这个计划满意吗？

• Keys to the Exercises•  • Ⅴ Vocabulary• 1.       regardless of • 2.       at risk• 3.       passed out• 4.       distracts…from• 5.       sign up• 6.       infected with• 7.       a solution to/for• 8.       provide…for

• Ⅵ Structure

• 1.       Despite his illness

• 2.       Despite a lot of difficulties

• 3.       despite his old age

• 4.       Despite the bad weather

• 5. despite his hard work

• Ⅶ Translation

• Translate the following sentences into English.

• 1.       We’ll do our best to help the girl infected with the AIDS virus to live longer, regardless of the cost.

• 2.       Please turn off the TV, because the noise will disturb her from her homework.

• 3.       It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.

• 4.       When giving a lecture, Bob often prepared some pictures to illustrate how the situations mentioned in a text took place.

• An able and successful businessman is good at making use of all the resources to make money.