The Basic Organization of Living Forms
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Transcript of The Basic Organization of Living Forms
The Basic Organization of Living Forms
ESC 556 Environmental Biology
Week 2
Fundamentals of LifeCharacteristics of Life
Living matter vs. Inanimate matterCellular organisationNutritionGrowthRespirationResponsivenessMovementExcretionReproduction
Catabolism vs. Anabolism
The Flame of LifeAnalogies
RespireNutritionReproduceExcreteGrowsMovesResponsivenessOrganized
DifferencesDNA/RNAAnabolic Metabolism
The CellSmallest Unit of Life
prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cellsMembrane bound nucleusOrganelles
Size differencesSurface Area / Volume Ratio
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Differences:
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Genetic material transfer
Cell MembraneSeparate the cell from its environment
Lipid bilayer w/ proteins
Attachment
Movement of water & other bulk items
Transport of molecules & ions
Reception of chemical messages
Passive transportDiffusion, Osmosis, Facilitative diffusion
Active transport (pumps)
EndocytosisPhagocytosis, pinocytosis
Endocytosis
Plant Cell WallsCellulose
Hemicelluloses
Pectin
Lignin
Organic materialHighest in high latititudes
Plant Cell Wall
Energy TransformationsGrowth, maintenance and replication
1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamic
Photosynthesis
Enzymes
ATP (Adenine triphosphate)
Photosynthesis & Respiration3 Bya: Capture photons and synthesize organic molecules
2 – 1.5 Bya: Release Oxygen
Respiration
Formula:
6CO2 +12H2O + Light 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Inefficient
Photosynthesis
Enzymes
Materials of Life97 % N, O, C, H
90 & H and O Water
MacromoleculesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
Water ¾ of the earth’s surface
2/3 of all organisms
Three formsPolar molecule
Universal solvent
Adhesion – transport systems
Stable against temperature changes – high heat of vaporization
Most dense @ 4oC
CarbohydratesSmall molecules to long polymers
Energy storage
Sugars (CH2O)n
Short termMonosaccharidesIsomers
Long TermDisaccharides & PolysaccharidesPolysaccharide Glucose
CarbohydratesStructural Elements
Polysaccharide cellulosePolysaccharide chitinCellulases
LipidsNon-polar
Many different kinds
FatsStorage of energy
PhospholipidsCell membranePolar + non-polar groups : Lipid bilayer
Terpenes
Steroids
ProteinsVarious functions
Fibres, enzymes, hormones, transport, ion-binding, toxins
Chain of amino acid subunits (polypeptide)
20 amino acids
Nucleic AcidsInformation storage
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNAReplicate itselfPass on hereditary materialNucleotides
DNA structure
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Four bases
Nucleic AcidsDNA structure
Nucleic Acids/DNA
Nucleic AcidsRNA
Read the DNA & produce proteins
StructureRiboseUracil instead of thymine
From DNA - Proteins
Genetic Code
The Diversity of LifeAt least 10 million species
1.5 million described
Levels of OrganizationIndividual
Unitary vs. Modular
PopulationDefined area
CommunityPhysical feature of the habitat or dominant species
Ecosystem Interaction between communities & their environmentMaterial recycling
Species conceptSpecies
Morphological species conceptidentical by morphological (anatomical) criteria
Biological species conceptgroups of potentially or actually interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Isolating mechanismsHabitat, seasonal, behavioral, mechanical, gamete, hybrid
failureProblems with fossil & asexual speciesHybrid problem
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species conceptAll those individuals that share a common evolutionary history
Phylogenetic relationships
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species
Classification & the Binomial System
Linnaeus
Felis catus
Ranks
Ranks / Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Three DomainsBacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Bacteria vs. ArchaeaPeptidoglycan layer
Six KingdomsEubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Six KingdomsEubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
ProtistsMulticellularity evolved multiple times
independently
Animalia Blastula
Multicellular heterotrophs
Tripoblasty Ectoderm Endoterm Mesoderm
Movement
Tube-within-tube
Complex nervous systems
PlantaePhotosynthesis
Cell wall
Sessile
350,000 species
Land plants
Land Plants
Nonvascular
Vascular
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
FungiHeterotrophs
Absorb their food
Cell walls
Spores
Decomposition
Evolution of Kingdoms