The Basic Organization of Living Forms
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Transcript of The Basic Organization of Living Forms
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The Basic Organization of Living Forms
ESC 556 Environmental Biology
Week 2
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Fundamentals of LifeCharacteristics of Life
Living matter vs. Inanimate matterCellular organisationNutritionGrowthRespirationResponsivenessMovementExcretionReproduction
Catabolism vs. Anabolism
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The Flame of LifeAnalogies
RespireNutritionReproduceExcreteGrowsMovesResponsivenessOrganized
DifferencesDNA/RNAAnabolic Metabolism
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The CellSmallest Unit of Life
prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cellsMembrane bound nucleusOrganelles
Size differencesSurface Area / Volume Ratio
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Differences:
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Genetic material transfer
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Cell MembraneSeparate the cell from its environment
Lipid bilayer w/ proteins
Attachment
Movement of water & other bulk items
Transport of molecules & ions
Reception of chemical messages
Passive transportDiffusion, Osmosis, Facilitative diffusion
Active transport (pumps)
EndocytosisPhagocytosis, pinocytosis
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Endocytosis
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Plant Cell WallsCellulose
Hemicelluloses
Pectin
Lignin
Organic materialHighest in high latititudes
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Plant Cell Wall
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Energy TransformationsGrowth, maintenance and replication
1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamic
Photosynthesis
Enzymes
ATP (Adenine triphosphate)
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Photosynthesis & Respiration3 Bya: Capture photons and synthesize organic molecules
2 – 1.5 Bya: Release Oxygen
Respiration
Formula:
6CO2 +12H2O + Light 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Inefficient
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Photosynthesis
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Enzymes
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Materials of Life97 % N, O, C, H
90 & H and O Water
MacromoleculesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
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Water ¾ of the earth’s surface
2/3 of all organisms
Three formsPolar molecule
Universal solvent
Adhesion – transport systems
Stable against temperature changes – high heat of vaporization
Most dense @ 4oC
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CarbohydratesSmall molecules to long polymers
Energy storage
Sugars (CH2O)n
Short termMonosaccharidesIsomers
Long TermDisaccharides & PolysaccharidesPolysaccharide Glucose
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CarbohydratesStructural Elements
Polysaccharide cellulosePolysaccharide chitinCellulases
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LipidsNon-polar
Many different kinds
FatsStorage of energy
PhospholipidsCell membranePolar + non-polar groups : Lipid bilayer
Terpenes
Steroids
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ProteinsVarious functions
Fibres, enzymes, hormones, transport, ion-binding, toxins
Chain of amino acid subunits (polypeptide)
20 amino acids
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Nucleic AcidsInformation storage
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNAReplicate itselfPass on hereditary materialNucleotides
DNA structure
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Four bases
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Nucleic AcidsDNA structure
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Nucleic Acids/DNA
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Nucleic AcidsRNA
Read the DNA & produce proteins
StructureRiboseUracil instead of thymine
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From DNA - Proteins
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Genetic Code
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The Diversity of LifeAt least 10 million species
1.5 million described
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Levels of OrganizationIndividual
Unitary vs. Modular
PopulationDefined area
CommunityPhysical feature of the habitat or dominant species
Ecosystem Interaction between communities & their environmentMaterial recycling
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Species conceptSpecies
Morphological species conceptidentical by morphological (anatomical) criteria
Biological species conceptgroups of potentially or actually interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Isolating mechanismsHabitat, seasonal, behavioral, mechanical, gamete, hybrid
failureProblems with fossil & asexual speciesHybrid problem
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species conceptAll those individuals that share a common evolutionary history
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Phylogenetic relationships
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Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species
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Classification & the Binomial System
Linnaeus
Felis catus
Ranks
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Ranks / Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
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Three DomainsBacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
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Bacteria vs. ArchaeaPeptidoglycan layer
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Six KingdomsEubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
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Six KingdomsEubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
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ProtistsMulticellularity evolved multiple times
independently
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Animalia Blastula
Multicellular heterotrophs
Tripoblasty Ectoderm Endoterm Mesoderm
Movement
Tube-within-tube
Complex nervous systems
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PlantaePhotosynthesis
Cell wall
Sessile
350,000 species
Land plants
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Land Plants
Nonvascular
Vascular
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
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FungiHeterotrophs
Absorb their food
Cell walls
Spores
Decomposition
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Evolution of Kingdoms