The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1....

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The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7

Transcript of The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1....

Page 1: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

The Axial Skeleton

Chapter 7

Page 2: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones)

A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body

2. Consists of:Skull

Vertebral column

Ribs

Sternum

Page 3: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

B. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)1. Consists of

a. Pectoral girdle

b. Pelvic girdle

c. Bones of the limbs

Page 4: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

II. The Skull (22 bones)

A. Functions1. Protects

2. Guards entrances to digestive & respiratory systems

Page 5: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

B. Cranium (braincase) (8 bones)

Page 6: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

1. Occipital Bone (1 bone)

Forms posterior & inferior surfaces

Page 7: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

2. Parietal Bones (2 bones)

Forms superior & lateral surfaces

Page 8: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

3. Frontal Bone (1 bone)

Forms anterior portion of skull & roof of orbits

Page 9: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

4. Temporal Bones (2 bones)

Surrounds & protects sense organs of inner ear

Page 10: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

5. Sphenoid Bone (1 bone)

Cross-brace that strengthens sides of skull (looks like a bat)

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6. Ethmoid Bone (1 bone)

Forms roof of nasal cavity, part of nasal septum

Page 12: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

C. Facial Bones ( 14 bones)

Page 13: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

1. Maxillary Bones (2 bones)

Supports the teeth

Page 14: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

2. Palatine Bones (2 bones)

Forms portion of hard palate

Page 15: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

3. Lacrimal Bones (2 bones)

Forms medial wall of orbits

Page 16: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

4. Nasal Bones (2 bones)

Supports superior portion of bridge of nose

Page 17: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

5. Zygomatic Bones (2 bones)

Forms rim & lateral wall of orbits

Page 18: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

6. Vomer Bone (1 bone)

Forms interior portion of bony nasal septum

Page 19: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

7. Inferior Nasal Conchae (2 bones)

Creates turbulence in air passing through nasal cavity

WHY???

Page 20: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

8. Mandible Bone (1 bone)

Lower jaw

Page 21: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

D. Sinuses1. Makes bones lighter

2. Produces mucus to moisten & clean air in and near the sinuses

Page 22: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

E. Sutures- Immovable joints connected with dense fibrous connective tissue

1. Lambdoidal Suture- between occipital & parietal bones

2. Coronal Suture- between frontal and parietal bones

3. Sagittal Suture- between parietal bones

Page 23: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

4. Squamosal Sutures- between temporal & parietal bones

5. Fontanels- fibrous area between cranial bones in infants

a. allow skull to be distorted/squished to ease delivery

b. the frontal fontanel persists until a child is nearly 2 yrs. old

Page 24: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

Sutures of the Skull

Page 25: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

F. Associated Bones of the Skull (7)

1. Auditory Ossicles (6 bones)a. 3 bones per ear

b. malleus, incus & staples

Page 26: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

1. Hyoid Bone (1 bone)a. Supports larynx

b. Only free standing bone not connected to another bone

Page 27: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

III. The Vertebral Column

- 33 total bones

Page 28: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

A. Functions of the V.C.

1. Provide a column of support

2. Bear the weight of the head, neck & trunk

2. Protect the spinal cord

3. Helps maintain an upright body position

(Sitting/Standing)

Page 29: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

B. Divisions of the V.C.

1. Cervical Regiona) Made of 7 vertebrae b) Constitutes the neck region

c) Labeled C1-C7 (Superior to Inferior)

i. C1 is called the Atlas-holds up the head- Articulates w/ occipital condyles- Allows “yes” movement

ii. C2 is called the Axis- Pivots around the Atlas- Allows “no” movement

Page 30: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

2. Thoracic Region

a) Made of 12 vertebrae

b) Constitutes the chest/upper back region

c) Labeled T1-T12 (Superior to Inferior)

d) Articulate with the ribs

Page 31: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

3. Lumbar Region

a) Made of 5 vertebrae

b) Constitutes the lower back region

c) Labeled L1-L5 (Superior to Inferior)

d) Large, weight-bearing bones

e) Provides site for muscle attachment

Page 32: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

4. Sacrum

a) Made of 5 fused vertebrae

b) Constitutes the posterior portion of the pelvis

c) Provides protection for reproductive, digestive, & urinary organs

Page 33: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

5. Coccyx

a) Made of 3-5 fused vertebrae

b) Also known as the tailbone

Page 34: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

5 Divisions of the V.C.

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacrum

Coccyx

Page 35: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

C. Spinal Curvatures

1) Thoracic Curvature

2) Sacral Curvature

- 1) & 2) are known as Primary or Accommodation curves b/c they

appear in fetal development

Page 36: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

3) Cervical Curvature

4) Lumbar Curvature

- 3) & 4) are known as Compensation curves b/c they develop as we

learn to walk (help shift weight over legs)

Page 37: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

4 Spinal Curvatures

Page 38: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

IV. The Thoracic Cage

A. Consists of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, & sternum

Page 39: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

B. Functions

1) Protects the heart, lungs, thymus & other structures

2) Serves as an attachment point for muscles

Page 40: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

C. The Ribs

1. 12 pair of curved, flat bones

2. Originate on or between thoracic vertebrae

3. End in the wall of the thoracic cavity

Page 41: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

D. Kinds of Ribs

1) True/Vertebrosternal Ribs

a) First 7 pairs, most superior

b) Connected to sternum by cartilaginous extensions

Page 42: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

2) False/Vertebrochondral Ribs

a) Ribs 8-12

b) The cartilage on the ends of these ribs fuse together with rib 7

Page 43: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

3) Floating Ribs

a) Last 2 pairs (11th & 12th)

b) Not connected to sternum at all

Page 44: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

E. The Sternum (breastbone)

1. Flat bone

2. Forms the anterior midline of the thoracic wall

Page 45: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

F. Divisions of the Sternum

1) Manubrium

a) Most superior part of the sternum

b) Triangular shaped

c) Articulates w/ the clavicles & the cartilage of the 1st pairs of ribs

Page 46: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

2) Body

a) Tongue shaped

b) Costal Cartilage from pairs 2-7 attach here

Page 47: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

3) Xiphoid Process

a) Most inferior part of sternum

b) Smallest part of sternum

c) The diaphragm & some abdominal muscles attach here

Page 48: The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. I. Skeletal Divisions (206 bones) A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) 1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body 2. Consists of: Skull.

The Thoracic Cage