The Award of Berwick

17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision

Edward chose John Balliol

This was no surprise – even 29 auditors Bruce had chosen voted for Balliol

26 Dec 1292

2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I

During the ceremony Balliol:

• Knelt in front of Edward I (his master)

• Promised to obey Edward

• Accepted Edward as his overlord

• Accepted if he broke his promise he would be punished severely

My Lord, Lord Edward, lord superior of the realm of Scotland, I, John Balliol, King of the Scots, hereby become your liegeman for the whole realm of Scotland….and I will maintain faith and fealty to you and your heirs, the kings of England.

Balliol was to become a puppet King

King John and King Edward

• Balliol had agreed Edward was his overlord

• No one was quite sure what this meant or what it would lead to…

• The Kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the Kingdom of England.

• The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.

• No Parliament of Scotland shall be held outside the Kingdom of Scotland

• The ruler of Scotland and the ruler of England shall freely rule their own kingdoms.

Treaty of Birgham

• Edward had promised in 1290 that Scotland would…

• He now said the Treaty was only a marriage agreement and it was no longer valid

Edward takes control

Edward gave orders to King John

But sometimes sent them directly to the nobles

Edward takes control

Edward made King John take part in Royal Ceremonies in England

Edward takes control

Edward began hearing appeals from the Scottish Courts of Law

The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.

Treaty of Birgham

Edward takes control

The Nobles were annoyed and persuaded King John to protest…but this made Edward angry

In 1293 King John attended a meeting of the English Parliament to argue his case….

Standing in court in front of him, John carried out Edward’s orders and having experienced many insults from all, contrary to his kingly rank and dignity, he returned home greatly crestfallen

Chronicler

War Between England and France 1294

May 1294 war broke out between England and France

• Why did war break out ?

• How did this affect Scotland ?

Why did war break out?

King Philip IV (The Fair King) Edward I

• Edward ruled land in France

• 1294 Philip said Gascony was part of France and wanted Edward to do homage for it

Why did war break out?

• Edward refused to do homage

• King Philip decided to take the land from Edward

• May 1294 England declared war on France

King Philip IV Edward I

In 1294 Edward asked

• King John

• Ten Scottish earls

• Sixteen Scottish barons

• Fighting men

to join him in his war against France

The Scots did not want this - they had no problem with France

How did this affect Scotland

Scots Army invades North England

11 March 1296 Scottish leaders gathered feudal army near Selkirk

Scots army was led by Sir John Comyn

Scots army invaded north of England and attacked Carlisle

Selkirk

Carlisle

Scots Army invades North England

• Carlisle castle was commanded by Robert Bruce (stayed loyal to Edward)

• Carlisle was too strong to capture

• The Scots withdrew but continued to carry out brutal raids on north of England Sir John Comyn invaded England

with an army of Scots, burning houses, slaughtering men and driving

off cattle English Chronicler

Edward’s response

Edward marched his army to Berwick

Berwick

Scotland’s chief port and wool trade centre

Attack on Berwick

Berwick was preparing for an attack

• Wooden wall built around the town • Soldiers sent from Fife to defend the town• Women and children were moved out

Attack on Berwick

• 30 March he subjected the town to 3 days of destruction and killing

• Soldiers charged across wall

• Ships sailed into the harbour to attack from sea

• Edward ordered no life should be spared

When Edward arrived he gave the town 3 days to surrender The Scots replied with insults

Attack on Berwick

• Town was burned to the ground

• Edward’s men killed without mercy

• 20,000 were killed• Bodies were hung on

spikes on town walls

Berwick now became the headquarters of Edward’s administration

• Houses were looted

The Scots revenge

• Scottish army burned towns in north of England

• In Northumberland they burning towns, villages, and churches

• However, Edward was not going to be distracted from his attack on Scotland…..

Berwick

Dunbar

Capture of John Balliol 1296

EdinburghStirling

Montrose

Aberdeen

BanffElgin

Perth

Whilst Edward was invading Scotland King John had fled to Aberdeen

At Perth Edward received letters of submission from King John

8 July Balliol surrendered in person at Montrose

Toom Tabard

Balliol was then imprisoned in the Tower of London

Edward held a ceremony in which he:

• Renounced the treaty made with France

• Ripped Balliol’s royal crest from his jacket and threw it on the floor

• Toom Tabard – Empty Coat

• Removed Balliol’s crown

• Broke Balliol’s seal of office

What eventually became of Balliol

• After a request from the Pope he was sent to France in 1299

• 1301 he was released to live on his land in France

• Many Scots hoped he would return to Scotland

• However, he died in France in 1313

Edward takes control of Scotland

With Balliol in prison Robert Bruce asked Edward to make him King of Scots

Edward replied

Have we nothing else to do but win Kingdoms for you

Edward takes control of Scotland

Edward did 4 things to show he controlled Scotland

1. Ragman Roll

2000 important Scots were made to sign an oath of loyalty to Edward

Edward takes control of Scotland

2. Important Scots documents taken to England so Edward could rule Scotland

Edward takes control of Scotland

3. Symbols of Scottish Nationhood were taken to England

1) Stone of Destiny

Taken to Westminster Abbey

2) Holyrood of St Margaret

Taken to Westminster Abbey

Edward takes control of Scotland

4. English officials appointed to control Scotland

John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’

Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances)

Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor

Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice

Reasons for the Scottish Rebellion

Edward left Scotland in 1296

He believed he had the country firmly under his control...

Why?

Edward’s control over Scotland

Nobles

Many had paid homage to Edward

Some were given lands in England

Edward’s control over Scotland

Prison

John Balliol was in the Tower of London

Many Scottish leaders and nobles were imprisoned

Edward’s control over Scotland

Hostages

Sons and relations of noblemen were taken to England

Edward’s control over Scotland

Promises of Loyalty

2000 Important Scots signed the Ragman Rolls

Edward’s control over Scotland

Castles

English garrisons controlled Scottish castles

Edward’s control over Scotland

Government

Englishmen governed Scotland

John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’

Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances)

Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor

Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice

Edward’s control over Scotland

Church

Only Englishmen were promoted

Many continued to resist Edward

Bishop Fraser of St Andrews never agreed Edward was King

Despite this the Scots still rebelled...