THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY...
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Transcript of THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY...
THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES
D. C. MIKULECKYPROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY
ANDFACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM
THE NATURE OF SOUND
COMPRESSION AND RARIFICATION OF AIR
WAVES OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE
TRANSMIT MECHANICAL FORCES
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE
A
T = WAVELENGTH
A = AMPLITUDE
f = 1/T FREQUENCY
ANATOMY OF THE EAR
OUTER EAR
MIDDLE EAR
INNER EAR
OUTER EAR
ACTS TO FOCUS SOUND WAVES ON THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
SHAPED LIKE A SOUND CONE
OUTER EAR
PINNA
CANAL
MIDDLE EAR
THREE BONES LINK TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TO OVAL WINDOW
VIBRATIONS TRANSMITTED MECHANICALLY
MIDDLE EAR
TYMPANICMEMBRANE
OVALWINDOW
BONES OFMIDDLE EAR COCHLEAR
FLUIDSOUNDWAVE IN EAR CANAL
INNER EAR
SITE OF TRANSDUCTIONVIBRATION OF COCHLEAR FLUID
CAUSES BASILAR MEMBRANE TO VIBRATE
HAIR CELLS ARE DEFORMEDAUDITORY NERVE BECOMES EXCITED
AS HAIR CELLS DEPOLARIZE
INNER EAR
OVALWINDOW
COCHLEA
STRUCTURE OF THE COCHLEA
SCALA VESTIBULI
COCHLEAR DUCT
SCALATYPANI
OVALWINDOW
ROUND WINDOW
STRUCTURE OF COCHLEAR DUCT
BASILAR MEMBRANE
TECTORIAL MEMBRANEORGAN OF CORTI
TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM
BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY
STEROCILIA
AUDITORY NERVE
HAIRCELLS
TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY
BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES
STEROCILIABEND
AUDITORY NERVE HAIR
CELLS
FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION: LOCALIZATION OF DISPLACEMENT OF BASILAR MEMBRANE
BASE APEX
HIGH
LOW
MID
AUDITORY PATHWAYS
COCHLEA
VENTRALCOCHLEARNUCLEUS MIDLINE
VENTRALCOCHLEARNUCLEUS
SUPERIOROLIVE
INFERIOR
COLLICULUS
AUDITORY PATHWAYS (CONT.)
MIDLINE
SUPERIOROLIVE
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
MEDIAL GENICULATE
MEDIAL GENICULATE
TEMPORALCORTEX
TEMPORALCORTEX
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE
A
T = WAVELENGTH
A = AMPLITUDE
f = 1/T FREQUENCY
PROPERTIES OF AUDITORY NERVE CELLS
EACH AUDITORY NERVE FIBER HAS AN OPTIMUM FREQUENCY
THIS TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION ARISES FROM POSITION IN THE COCHLEA
TONIC AND PHASIC NEURONS IN EACH AREASOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN FREQUENCYSOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDE
SOUND LOCALIZATION
INTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE
TIME DELAY BETWEEN TWO EARS
ALSO INTENSITY DIFFERENCES
DISORDERS OF AUDITION
LOSS OF HAIR CELLS: FREQUENCY SPECIFIC
TINNITUS: RINGINGCONDUCTIVE:l DAMAGE TO MIDDLE
EARCENTRAL: BRAIN TUMORS AND
LESIONS
TASTE SENSATION
GUSTATORY RECEPTORS
GUSTATORY PATHWAYS
GUSTATORY RECEPTORS
TASTE BUDS ON TONGUE LOCALIZEDSWEET: TIPBITTER:BACKSOUR SIDESSALT: FRONT
GUSTATORY PATHWAYS
VII, IX, X CRANIAL NERVESTO GUSTATORY NUCLEUS IN BRAIN
STEMVPM NUCLEUS OF THALAMUSGUSTATORY AREA OF NEOCORTEXVIA LIMBIC SYSTEM TO
HYPOTHALAMUS
THE OLIFACTORY SYSTEM
RECEPTOR CELLS IN OLIFACTORY MUCOSAL MEMBRANE
AXONS CROSS CRIBIFORM PLATE AND TERMINATE ON MITRAL CELLS IN OLIFACTORY BULB-FORM OLIFACTORY TRACT
OLIFACTORY TRACT GOES TO LIMBIC SYSTEM AND TO ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX
CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH EATING AND MATING BEHAVIOR