The Atmosphere in Motion
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Transcript of The Atmosphere in Motion
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What is air pressure?What is air pressure?
It is the weight of the atmosphere It is the weight of the atmosphere above as it pushes down on earth’s above as it pushes down on earth’s
surface.surface.
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Air pressure surrounds us from all Air pressure surrounds us from all sides.sides.
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Air pressure decreases Air pressure decreases as you go as you go up in the atmosphere. The balloon up in the atmosphere. The balloon
above will expand as a result.above will expand as a result.
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We use a barometer to measure air We use a barometer to measure air pressure.pressure.
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What are the 3 things that cause What are the 3 things that cause changes in air pressure?changes in air pressure?
ElevationElevation. Higher elevations exert . Higher elevations exert less pressure.less pressure.
HumidityHumidity. More humid air exerts . More humid air exerts less pressure.less pressure.
TemperatureTemperature. Warmer air exerts . Warmer air exerts less pressure.less pressure.
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How do we plot pressure How do we plot pressure differences?differences?
By using By using isobarsisobars on a weather map on a weather map
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How does wind blow?How does wind blow?Wind blows from High to Low Wind blows from High to Low
PressurePressure
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But the But the Coriolis Force Coriolis Force causes wind causes wind to deflect to the right in the to deflect to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere and to Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern the left in the Southern
HemisphereHemisphere
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Will the Will the Coriolis Force Coriolis Force have an have an effect on your bathtub, toilet, or effect on your bathtub, toilet, or
kitchen sink?kitchen sink?
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Absolutely Absolutely NOTNOT! Coriolis only takes ! Coriolis only takes effect when there are large effect when there are large
distances, high velocities, and distances, high velocities, and large time scales!large time scales!
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The Coriolis Effect is greatest near the The Coriolis Effect is greatest near the poles and the least near the Equator.poles and the least near the Equator.
The effect is greater on fast moving The effect is greater on fast moving objects.objects.
The effect does not depend on an The effect does not depend on an object’s direction of movement.object’s direction of movement.
It is only noticeable for objects It is only noticeable for objects traveling great speeds over great traveling great speeds over great
distances.distances.
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This causes This causes wind directions wind directions around around high and low pressure systems high and low pressure systems
to change.to change.
Northern HemisphereNorthern HemisphereClockwise Counter-Clockwise
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This causes This causes wind directions wind directions around around high and low pressure systems high and low pressure systems
to change.to change.
Southern HemisphereSouthern HemisphereClockwise Counter-Clockwise
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FrictionFriction of wind with the ground will of wind with the ground will cause Coriolis Effect to be cause Coriolis Effect to be
weakened. Winds will flow more weakened. Winds will flow more perpendicular to isobars.perpendicular to isobars.
Northern HemisphereNorthern HemisphereClockwise Counter-Clockwise
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The The Jet Stream Jet Stream is a high altitude stream of is a high altitude stream of air at the boundary between warm air air at the boundary between warm air
and cold air.and cold air.
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Global Wind PatternsGlobal Wind Patterns
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Global Wind Patterns are the result of Global Wind Patterns are the result of earth’s rotation and temperature earth’s rotation and temperature
(pressure) differences around the (pressure) differences around the globeglobe
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If the Earth did not rotate, this is what the If the Earth did not rotate, this is what the global wind patterns would look like. global wind patterns would look like.
Winds would only respond to Winds would only respond to temperature (pressure) differences.temperature (pressure) differences.
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Because the Earth rotates, this is what the Because the Earth rotates, this is what the global wind patterns look like. Winds global wind patterns look like. Winds respond to temperature (pressure) respond to temperature (pressure)
differences differences andand Earth’s rotation. Earth’s rotation.
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The rising motion of air at low pressure The rising motion of air at low pressure areas and descending motion of air at areas and descending motion of air at high pressure areas creates Hadley high pressure areas creates Hadley
cells.cells.
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If the Earth did not rotate, one large If the Earth did not rotate, one large circulation cell would occur in each circulation cell would occur in each
hemisphere.hemisphere.
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Because Earth rotates, the circulation Because Earth rotates, the circulation pattern looks like this. We call this the pattern looks like this. We call this the
Three-celled Circulation ModelThree-celled Circulation Model
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Weaknesses of the Three-celled ModelWeaknesses of the Three-celled ModelIt assumes that surface winds are It assumes that surface winds are
uniform. Surface winds can be uniform. Surface winds can be determined by local High and determined by local High and
Low pressure weather systemsLow pressure weather systems
It assumes that all of the It assumes that all of the Earth’s surface is the same. In Earth’s surface is the same. In
actuality, Earth has oceans actuality, Earth has oceans and landmasses.and landmasses.
It assumes that upper-level It assumes that upper-level winds travel north or south. winds travel north or south.
Actually, upper level winds are Actually, upper level winds are primarily westerly, except near primarily westerly, except near the equator where the Coriolis the equator where the Coriolis
effect is weak.effect is weak.
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Prevailing winds are the result of the global Prevailing winds are the result of the global circulation model.circulation model.
Doldrums
Horse Latitudes
Horse Latitudes
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The The Horse LatitudesHorse Latitudes, which have little or no , which have little or no wind, got their name because horses wind, got their name because horses were dumped overboard to lighten the were dumped overboard to lighten the ship’s load and conserve fresh water.ship’s load and conserve fresh water.
Doldrums
Horse Latitudes
Horse Latitudes
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The The DoldrumsDoldrums, which have little or no wind, , which have little or no wind, got their name because sailors would got their name because sailors would get trapped there in between the trade get trapped there in between the trade winds for days or weeks. Hence, the winds for days or weeks. Hence, the
saying “stuck in the doldrums.”saying “stuck in the doldrums.”
Doldrums
Horse Latitudes
Horse Latitudes
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El NiEl Niñño occurs when the tropical easterlies o occurs when the tropical easterlies (trade winds) die off about every 3-5 (trade winds) die off about every 3-5
years. Go here for the latest years. Go here for the latest information.information.
Southeast Trade Winds
Northeast Trade Winds
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Tracking El NiTracking El Niñño was the NOVA video that o was the NOVA video that we saw in class. Click here for the we saw in class. Click here for the latest Topex-Poseidon El Nilatest Topex-Poseidon El Niñño Sea o Sea
Surface Temperature Image.Surface Temperature Image.
The warm flux of ocean water from the 1997-1998 El Niño
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Local Wind PatternsLocal Wind Patterns
The Indian MonsoonThe Indian Monsoon
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Sea BreezesSea Breezes during the day during the day
Rising warm air over the land is replaced by cooler air from the ocean. The wind goes from the ocean to the land, High to Low.
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Valley Breeze during the dayValley Breeze during the day
Rising warm air over the valley flows uphill as a valley breeze.
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Land Breezes Land Breezes during the nightduring the night
Rising warm air over the ocean is replaced by cooler air from the land. The wind goes from the land to the ocean, High to Low.
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Mountain Breezes during the nightMountain Breezes during the night
Cool air at the top of the mountain sinks and causes a mountain breeze.
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The Indian MonsoonThe Indian Monsoon
Increased rainfall occurs over India in the Summer Increased rainfall occurs over India in the Summer months. This is because the warmer continent months. This is because the warmer continent
creates rising air and a sea breeze pattern.creates rising air and a sea breeze pattern.Cooler, moist air from the Indian Ocean brings Cooler, moist air from the Indian Ocean brings
monsoon rains to the Indian landmass.monsoon rains to the Indian landmass.
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The Indian MonsoonThe Indian Monsoon
Decreased rainfall occurs over India in the Winter Decreased rainfall occurs over India in the Winter months. This is because the colder continent months. This is because the colder continent creates sinking air and a land breeze pattern.creates sinking air and a land breeze pattern.Rain stays offshore over the warmer Indian Rain stays offshore over the warmer Indian
Ocean.Ocean.