The Atmosphere and Climate Unit 2 Topic 5. The Atmosphere Atmosphere pie Layers of air above us,...
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Transcript of The Atmosphere and Climate Unit 2 Topic 5. The Atmosphere Atmosphere pie Layers of air above us,...
![Page 1: The Atmosphere and Climate Unit 2 Topic 5. The Atmosphere Atmosphere pie Layers of air above us, separated by thermoclines Troposphere –78% N 2 –21% O.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bfea1a28abf838cb7173/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Atmosphere and Climate
Unit 2 Topic 5
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The Atmosphere• Atmosphere pie• Layers of air above us, separated by
thermoclines• Troposphere
– 78% N2
– 21% O2
– 1% Gases, water vapor, dust, soot particulates
– Involved in biogeochemical cycling
• Stratosphere– Similar concentrations of gases with two
exceptions: H2O is much lower and O3 is much higher
– ozone layer= “global sunscreen”– produced when O2 interacts with UV
light
Figure 19.2
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The Earth Greenhouse
• Naturally occurring CO2, H2O, N2O, and CH4 help to keep the earth warm. This supports life.
• Historically, CO2 has been 300 ppm, now it is 392 ppm
© NPS
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• Local climates are affected by– uneven heating of the
earth’s surface by solar energy
– seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation
– rotation of earth on axis
– properties of air, land, and water
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Properties of air
• Density
• Water vapor holding capacity
• Response to pressure changes
• Latent heat release
SO, in the atmosphere there is lots of heat transfer going on. What is the fancy name for this?
CONVECTION!
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Convection Currents
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BASIC PATTERNS OF AIR MOVEMENT
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Reality: factor in the Coriolis Effect
• Earth is spinning faster at the equator than the poles.
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Coriolis Effect
• This causes a deflection of things traveling straight north or straight south.
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Coriolis Effect
• In the northern hemisphere, deflection is to the right of the wind direction.
• In the southern hemisphere, deflection is to the left of the wind direction.
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Prevailing wind patterns= convection cells+Coriolis effect
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Ocean surface currents
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Deeper water currents (thermohaline circulation)
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Local climate is determined by…• Distribution of heat by air and ocean
currents
• Distribution of precipitation by air currents
• Seasonal changes in solar radiation distribution (which in turn affects the two properties above)
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Seasons
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Earth’s Current Climate Zones
Figure 5-2Figure 5-2
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Topography and Local Climate:Land Matters
• Interactions between land and oceans and disruptions of airflows by mountains and cities affect local climates.
Miller 15th edition Miller 15th edition Figure 5-8Figure 5-8
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© McGraw-Hill
“Normal” Circulation in the Pacific Ocean
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© McGraw-Hill
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)