The Astroparticle Road Ahead

The Astroparticle Road Ahead

Uli KatzECAP / Univ. Erlangen

28.09.2012

Splinter Meeting on Multi-Messenger Astroparticle PhysicsHamburg, 27 – 28 September 2012

U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 2

• What is astroparticle physics ?

• Selected aspects:

• Multimessenger searches for cosmic accelerators

• Dark Matter

• A topic in neutrino physics

• An outlook beyond

The plan for the next 25 minutes:

Warning: This presentation will not provide a full coverage ofastroparticle physics and will contain personal views.

Note: Various slides from German astroparticle workshop

(Zeuthen, 20-21 September 2012)


What is astroparticle physics ?


• Extraterrestrial particles: 100 years

• Several decades until 50’s:Fundamental discoveries in particle physics (µ,,e+)

• From ~80’s: Particle physics methods and expertise for astroparticle experiments

• Further breakthroughs (neutrino oscillations)

• Coining the name (90’s):astroparticle physics vs. particle astrophysics

Historical aspects

Interpretation depends on perspective!


1. What is the Universe made of? In particular: What is dark matter?

2. Do protons have a finite life time?

3. What are the properties of neutrinos? What is their role in cosmic evolution?

4. What do neutrinos tell us about the interior of the Sun and the Earth, and

about Supernova explosions?

5. What is the origin of cosmic rays? What is the view of the sky at extreme

energies?

6. Can we detect gravitational waves? What will they tell us about violent

cosmic processes and about the nature of gravity?

ASPERA: Basic questions (roadmap 2007)

Note: There are political/administrative aspectsFunding agencies need practical structures


1. What can astroparticles tell us about the Universe?

2. What can we learn about particle physics from observations of astroparticles?

3. How do particles fit into the Universe?

4. What else can we learn from experiments dedicated to these questions?

My preferred definition (generic)

Astrophysics

Particle physics

Cosmology

?


Multimessenger searches for cosmic accelerators


• TeV gamma observatories:H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS → CTA

• Neutrino telescopes:IceCube, ANTARES, Baikal → GNO, KM3NeT

• Cosmic rays:Auger → Radio detection, JEM/EUSO?

• Gravitational waves:GEO600, VIRGO, LIGO → Upgrades, ET

• Inter-instrument correlations: First “bilateral” approaches → AMON

The astroparticle instruments


CTA: From vision to reality

Martin Raue, Zeuthen 2012


.. first data 2018 or so: Martin Raue, Zeuthen 2012


Neutrino telescopes

• IceCube, ANTARES, Baikal:Taking data but no discoveries yet

• Increased sensitivities required!

• KM3NeT: Multi-km3 neutrino telescope in Mediterranean Sea

• Discuss and coordinate future activitiesin Global Neutrino Observatory (GNO)


KM3NeT• Technical Design Report

2010: ~6 km3 for 220 M€• Meanwhile: Optimisation for

Galactic sources → smaller, lower energies,

multiple building blocks• Baseline design:

Flexible strings with multi-PMT digital optical modules

• 40 M€ available for first construction phase(option: ORCA, see below)

IceCube

KM3NeT


The Global Neutrino Observatory

• GNO could be an “umbrella” over neutrino astronomy projects

• The experiments/partners are autonomous, independent entities participating in GNO

• GNO offers a forum for exchanges and consultations and can represent neutrino astronomy vs. science and science policy

IceCube ANTARES,KM3NeT

FA 2

FA 1

FA 3

Global Neutrino Observatory

Further partners


Status of “cosmic ray astronomy”

• Auger: Observes anisotropies at E >1019.7 eV.

• But:• No conclusive evidence for specific sources

• Low statistics

• Chemical composition unclear (if heavy, no astronomy!)

• Conclusion: Larger and even better detectors needed• “Auger North” not approved

• “Auger Next” under discussion

• Radio detection of air showers

• JEM/EUSO


Radio detection

• Impressive progress in exploration, theoretical understanding and simulation

• LOFAR

• New installations• Auger Engineering

Array (AERA)

• South Pole (ARA)

• TUNKA Rex

• SKA F. Schroeder et al. ARENA 2012

±20%


JEM-EUSO

• Highest-energy cosmic ray observation from space

• Preparation in progress

• Launch in 2017?

• Questions:• Calibration

• Precision

• Control of conditions

Markus Roth, Zeuthen 2012


Gravitational waves: The global network …

Michèle Heurs, Zeuthen 2012


… and the next step: Einstein Telescope (ET)

Future: Also eLISA/NGO ?



Expected sensitivitiesFirst detections imminent ?• mergers of BH and NS• rotating NS• asymmetric SN• …



Multimessenger status

• Multimessenger studies require the detection and identification of multiple messengers

• No single neutrino, cosmic ray or gravitational wave assigned to a high-energy astrophysical source!

• We are at the beginning, perseverance required.

• Make best use of existing experiments → AMON


AMON

• Multimessenger network to identify coincident signals

• Sensitivity at sub-significance and sub-triggerlevel of single experiments

• Lead by Penn State Univ., to include ground- and space-based experiments

• amon.gravity.psu.edu


Dark Matter


Impressive progress in direct searches …

Manfred Lindner, Zeuthen 2012

Another order of magnitudeexpected from XENON1T

and others


… and further limits, hints and questions

• What about DAMA, CoGent, CRESST?Just detector effects?

• Indirect searches:• intriguing features in e+ e- spectra

(Fermi-LAT, PAMELA, …)

• limits from neutrinos

• the Fermi 130 GeV line

Warning: Comparisons of experimental results are strongly model-dependent (particle physics, DM density)


How to consolidate the picture?

• We need a consistent picture in all reaction modes

• We need to prepareproper strategiesfor 4 possible cases:

LHCyes

LHCno

directyes ● ●

directno ● ●


Neutrino physics


Neutrino telescopes and low-E neutrinos

• Here: Low-E means E < 20 GeV or so• IceCube/Deep Core: First results emerging,

down to O(10 GeV)• ANTARES: Oscillation analysis down to 20 GeV• IceCube: Plans for further instrumentation in

Deep Core region: PINGU• Publication on possible neutrino mass hierarchy

measurement (Akhmedov, Razzaque and Smirnov, arXiv1205.7071v4)

• … reactions on the experimental side:• Feasibility study for PINGU• Also under discussion for first KM3NeT phase (ORCA)


Possible configurations

Alexander Kappes, Zeuthen 2012


• Neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry induced by inhomogeneous matter distribution in Earth

• Result: zenith/energy dependence of event numbers, since

• Requires event identification, good energy/zenith resolution and precise knowledge of efficiencies

The signal (theoretical perspective)


• Feasibility studies for PINGU and ORCA ongoing

• Critical questions:• Trigger efficiencies• Event identification• Backgrounds and

event migrations• Event reconstruction

and resolutions• Systematics in Earth

density distribution• …

• Time line: Answers by late 2012 or mid-2013

The signal (experimental perspective)

Expected result:

?If feasible, it might

change future ofneutrino telescopes


Conclusions & Outlook


A few personal remarks

1. We have made impressive experimental progressbut we still have not answered the central questions

2. Perseverance and scientific rigor are required to succeed

3. Planning of future activities must be coherent, coordinated at international scale and science-driven

4. Astroparticle physics is dynamically evolving – we must not limit our objectives and visions to amomentary snapshot

The Astroparticle Road Ahead

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