Step .t. the path of the assassin's hullers.

At the Warren Commission re-enacted the crime: Step I, the rifle. wirii

camera attached. is aimed at President Kennedy', automobile.

Detectives reconstruct the Warren Commission', hypothesis that Kennedy. in the

back seat. and Connally, in front of him, were hit by the some bullet .

Bullet hole in Kennedy', jacket.

By lames B. Phelan

Because of the difficulty of "proving negatives' —proving that something did not occur—"the pos-sibility of others being involved with either Oswald Or Ruby cannot he established categorically," wrote the Warren Commission, "but if them is any such evidence it has been beyond the reach of all the investigative agencies and resources of the United *Hates and has not come to the attention of this Commission."

Yet today, 12 year after the assassination of President Kennedy, public-opinion polls Indicate that the great majority of the American people—two-thirds or even more—reject the commission's finding that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone as-sassin. Since the alternative in two or more as-sassins, most Americans have apparently come to believe what the Warren Commission said it could not entatalish—that John F. Kennedy's life wss muffed out by a conspiracy .

This shift in public opinion is not the result of any hand new evidence. No other gunmen firing in Dailey Plaza have been identified or accused. No guns besides Oswald's Mannlicher-Car-cano have been tied to the murder. No bullets besides thole from Oswald's rifle have been uncov-ered and linked ballistically to the assassination. There have been no confessions of complicity. In the single Instance where a person was charged as a conspirator against Kennedy. the case proved • fiasco and collapsed in a heap of rubble. In spite of all this, the will to disbelieve the Warren Report has spread from a small group of conspiracy buffs into the American mainstream,

In the past year or so. a fresh outpouring of books and articles attacking the Warren Report has crested on the surge of pose-Watergate distrust of any Government-endorsed finding. Complaining that the Warren Commission "failed to adequately explain various situations which possibly contra-dicted the theory of the one assassin," the lower house of the California Legislature, by a vote of 47 to I, has approved a resolution urging that the assassination be re-examined by an independent agency. In the House of Representatives, Henry Gonzalez, Democrat of Texas, and Thomas Down. ing, Democrat of Virginia, have introduced resolu-tions seeking a new investigation. In the Senate, under oithority from the Select Committee on In-telligence Activities, Republican Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania end Democrat Gary Hart of Col-orado have begun looking into three possible hypo-theses—that Kennedy was killed in a foreign Com munint plot. that he was the victim of a domestic right-wmg conspiracy, or that he was done in by Anti-Castro Cubans. -The only thing I'm certain about." Schweiker said, "is that we don't know the truth about the Kennedy assassination."

In appealing to the House for support for his resolution, Representative Gonzalez declared. "We must settle once and for all, in the interest of the welfare of our country and the future of its people, the truth of what happened at Dallas on NOV. 22, 1963, and what Lee Harvey Oswald carried to his grave , .. There are many more disquieting questions to be resolved . . but they must be answered with calmness, objectivity. dispassion and fairness." These are admirable words. Unfortunately, they fly in the face of a harsh reality, The Kennedy assassination has become a bitter battleground In which calmness. objectivity, dispassion and fairness were the ear-liest casualties.

The murder in Dallas was a tangle of events observed in ■ sudden eruption of chaos, confu-sion and horror, leaving a legacy of wildly con-tradictory accounts. Felix Frankfurter once observed that the greatest single source of miscarriage of justice is eyewitness testimony. That people saw Oswald in various places that would indicate his innocence, or remembered other men running with guns, or heard sue shots instead of three, or felt bullets whistle pant them from directions other than the Texas Bonk Depository—these were the expectable product of hum. frailty. The case was muddied by inept Dallas law-enforce-ment work, and enormously complicated by the killing of police officer J. D. Tippit by Oswald, and of Oswald by Jack Ruby. The swift sequence of three murders, all lacking clear motive, and the circumstantial nature of the evidence against Os-wald in the Preikient's death, laid down a hothouse bed for the cultivation of doubt and conjecture.

The Warren Commission, which sat from Dec. 5, 1963, to Sept. 24, 146-1, rested its ease against Oswald on these principal points:

tlj The consensus of witnesses was that three shots were fired at the President's car as it moved

alowty along Elm Street, with John Kennedy sit-ting in the back and Gov, John Connally sitting on the jump scat in front of hint

at Three empty cartridge cases were found on the sixth floor of the Texas Book Depository. where Oswald worked, and where he was on duly at the time of the assassination.

(3) Ballistic tests showed that these cartridge cases were fired by the Mannlicher-Careen rifle ordered by Oswald, in his handwriting, from a Chicago mail-order firm under the alias of A. 3.

Hidell. The rifle had been shipped to a post-office box rented by Oswald and was found on the sixth floor of the Book Depository after the assassin. lion. In Oswald's possession when he was arrested was an identification card in the name of HideIt with the signature In Oswald's handwriting

(4) Ballistic tests of two bullet fragments recov-ered from the Kennedy car, and of a nearly whole bullet recovered from a stretcher at Parkland Hos-pital, where Kennedy and the wounded Governor Connally had been taken, determined that they were fired from Oswald's rifle.

(5) The three doctors who performed the au-topsy on Kennedy testified that the two shots that

THE ASSASSINATION ritics of the Warren Report ave produced no hard new evidence,but their irresponsible

Mark Lane, one of the critics of the Warren Report. tapas over a model of the assassination scene . Lee Harvey One/old Is killed by Jock Ruby In a Dada, police station, as millions

watch, on TV. This is a picture of the murder taken by a news photographer,

a The may it happened.' A movie taken by a bystander shows John Kennedy, (with Jacqueline beside him and Governor Connally in front of him) at the ,natanc he was hit by the first shot.

Commis;Ilan exhibiL A sketch of haw the first shot pierced ifernsedy's neck.

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hit him came from behind and above him—from the direction of the Beek Depository.

A witness; on the street saw a gunman fire the third and lost shot from a sixth-floor window of the Rook Depository, and two newsmen saw a rifle being withdrawn at the some window,

(7) A Book Depository worker oil the (dth flair heard the cartridges drop on the floor above him after the shale were fired. -(6) Oswald had been working on the sixth floor

Of the Reek Depoultary. 0114 minutes after the il1P. sassinatton he left the building without telling any-one.

(11) Oswald went by has and taxi to his room, and then left hurriedly with a pistol, which had been ordered from another mail-order firm in the name of Hidell. In Oswald's handwriting, and had been delivered to Oswald's pest-office box.

(10) Witnesses now Oswald stopped by pollee Officer Vippit Shortly afterward—why remains a mystery to this day—and they identified Oswald as the man who shut the policeman And fled, shuekine empty cartridge shells as he went. The cartridge cases were retrieved, and were identified by ballistic tests as having bran fired from Oswald's Nineteen.

(II) Oswald was tracked by a series of witnesses to the Texas Theater, where he was arrested with the handgun in his pesse.selon,

The Warren Commission distilled the case into an SEIB-page report. Then. in what it viewed as an act of candor, the commission published 26 volumes of testimony, affidavits and exhibits lt was from these 26 volumes that the material for the early attacks on the Warren Report were largely mined.

As experienced lawyers, the commission staff had weighed the contradittlons between witnesses and the other anomalies in this vast, disorganized mass, and had discarded some accounts because of the observed demeanor of witnesses ar the thrust of other evidence. But to the early critics, few of whom were trained criminologists or experienced lawyers, the discovery or some materiel that did not support the summary of the one-volume War-ren Report came as evidence of a biased or imper-fect investigation. Much of the "research" of the early Critics seer the work of a dedicated group of women tailing themselves the "Housewives Under. ground," who combed the 26 volumes for what they Interpreted as "suppressed evidence" and who traded their findings in indignant chain letters

This soon led to an uglier charge—that the Warren Commission had deliberately concealed some unpalatable truths. Harold Weisberg, a Mary. land farmer, published four books at his own expense—"Whitewash I" to "Whitewash IV"—angrily impugning the motives of the commission and its staff, as well as of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central intelligence Agency, the Secret Service, the Dallas police and anyone who had a good word for the Warren Report "White-wash V" is now in preparation.

Others took up the cry. Their assaults came at a time when the public was already becoming auspicious of Government veracity, in view of disclosures of official deception about the Vietnam war. The thrust of this new wave of criticism was that the Warren Commission' had presented only incriminating evidence against Oswald, while clos-ing its eyes to evidence (Continued on Page 105)

James H. Phelun is a magazine writer who has been following the Kennedy assassinetiOn contro. ..Pray Ion the peat eight penes.

THAT WILL NOT DIE polemics and absurd theories have left the public more dubious than ever

Assassination Continued from Pao 24

pointing to his innocence, In 1967. the critics round a pub-Ile official wpling to arm their suspicions with subpoena power—New Orleans District Attorney .lm Garman.

Largely as the result of reading Weiaberg'a first "Whitewash" volume, Garrison launched hts awn re-Investi-gation. After four months of part.tinw douching. he an-nounced that he had an. covered a plot to kill Kennedy. that he knew the people in-volved, and that he would ar-rest and convict them and thus legally destroy the "greatest fraud In history." Echoing Weisberg, Garrison claimed that Oswald had not fired at anyone on Nov. 22. 1963. This claim was based on a paraffin test, mute by the Denali police after Os-wald's arrest, which had not shown any powder marks gn Oswald's cheek. Whit Weis. berg and GarrWon chose to ignore was that both the F.B.I. and ■n international seminar of 50 entomologists conducted by Interpol had found the paraffin test so faulty as to be useless even ey e guide fur investigators.

Some of the foremost lu-

minaries among the Warren cntics flocked to Garrison's banner. They included Mark Lane, author of the book "Rush to Judgment," who served as a volunteer prnsecu• tor's adviser, Weisberg, who boasted of his role as Garri-son's menton Prof. Richard Popkin. author of —Me Second Oswald," who assert. ell his faith in Garrison In a lengthy article in The New York Review of Boole,. and William Turner, a former F.B.I. agent, who turned out ■ series of pro-Garrison ar-ticles for Ramparts magazine. They followed Garrison on his erratic count for two years while he brought financial ruin to a retired New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw, whom he charged with con-spiring to kill Mita Kennedy.

In pretrial magazine, tele-vision and radio interviews, Garrvion made a series of claims that changed from month to month. He first asserted that Kennedy had been slain by a cabal of horocanauals in a "thrill kill-ing" similar to the Loeb and Leopold murder of Bobby Freaks. He soon abandoned that solution in fiver of a

An operative in the 1987 inueifigatian by Jim Garrison, then New' Orleans District Attorney. enters a sewer complex to support one of Garrison's theonn: that the shot that killed Kennedy was fired from a sewer opening, aglow, en RIM Street.

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plot by entirCastro Cubans Incensed of Kennedy Over his mismanagement of the Roy of Pigs invasion. The web of the conspiracy he described grew steadily to include F.H.I. agents, the Dallas police. ultrerightist paramilitary Min-utemen, Texas oil elements of the defense establishment, White Russian emigres. Jock Ruby, and a former Dallas song-and-dance man who had later taken his act to L. Vegas. Garrison even dispatched an investi. gator to Las Vegas to covertly tape-record the entertainer's act In search of incriminating evidence.

At one point, Garrison asserted that Kennedy was assassinated "by a precision guerrilla team of At least seven men.-''At another time, ha said the fatal Shot had been fired by a man who had wormed his way through a

sewer pipe and had fired from a curt, grating. He asserted natty, that this elm-lay crew was orchestrated by the C.I.A. When he finally tor* Shaw to trial In 1860, the }cry acquitted Shaw on Its first ballot,

The Garrison fizzle damp-ened the Warren Commission Critics fur four or five year,. Yet many of them remained convinced that the New Or-leans prosecutor was on the right trail and had been cunningly nudged ield a ditch by powerful hidden forces. The latest spate of hooks and magazine articles on the J.E.K.

assassination owes a good deal to the cache of leads and theories he left behind. In fact, only loot month. Mark Lane brought Damson out from obscurity and presented

him at a "first national con-ference" on the Kennedy assassination at the Univer. oily of Hartford. Garrison told the convention that the

has destroyed democ-racy In the United States and replaced it with a Fascist police state. He was given a standing ovation.

ro resident Kennedy we,, struck twice — by a bullet that went through his

neck and then by another bullet that Mt his head and killed him. A short movie strip capturing the fatal shat, and the events Immediately before end of ter, was made by a bystander named Abra-ham Zapruder, and the film has provided the Warren Com-mission critics with their best recruiting tool. The key frames show the top of the President's head being blown off. The film was purchased by Life magazine and was

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As Kennedy is hit by the fatal shot, his head moves briefly forward — and then is slammed sharply back and to the left. To the critics, this is "indisputable evidence" that this shot, which killed the President, came from the right front—not, like the First shot, from the Texas Book Depository behind him. That, so the argument goes, would mean that there were two guns firing. And two guns

imply a conspiracy. To the front and right of

the President there was II grassy knoll, and the critics cite material culled from the Warren Report to bolster their argument that that was where the fatal shot came from One witness testified that he saw a "puff of smoke" come from the trees on the knoll. Others sew two motorcycle officers lump the curb and race up the knoll as though in pursuit. A substantial number of wit- nesses testified that the gun- fire sounded as though it came from the direction of the knoll. If, say the critics. the laws of physics have not been repealed by the Warren

Commission, and if the com- mission hasn't moved the Book Depository, then Pres- ident Kennedy was shot in the head from the front right —by someone other than Os-wald.

The Zapruder film has won over many of Its view- ers. especially among college audiences. Representative Downing. according to press reports, introduced his resolu- tion for a new Investigation after his son was persuaded that the film invalidated the

lone • assassin finding. Yet there are other possible expla- nations for the backward head movement that the believers in the conspiracy theory never mention. The movement could have been a neuromuscular spasm triggered by the head wound. Since Kennedy was trussed In a corsetiike device for his Injured back, a spasm that straightened his legs could have driven his heed backward with even greater toren than otherwise. to any event, there is hard pri-mary evidence that renders the Zapruder film irrelevant

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• For people Ow heap their flonering planes in a sun-filled out window; &A Akir4 that shouldn't he there

• Five great plants you can gnaw in really dam light.

hower. As a matter of fact. ?resident Roosevelt was horn in a house not far away,

for this was the era when Gramercy Park, Like the lower Fifth Avenue area generally, was the part or town that taunted. These were the days when front and back doormen bowed guests inside, footmen were waiting to light the way and maid service was a 24-hour convenience.

Now the club tries to man-age without even a superine tendent—just an electrician, a plumber and a porter. backed up by a diligent house committer. And while the dire Leg room still functions (in-deed, resident members ale each expected to take at :east $35 worth of merit there monthly) it is a rare member who eats there every night_ Still, the club can say it in "la the black."

"We've had our trials and tribulations," reflected Rich-ard Seyffert. who teaches at the Art Students League and has lived in the N.A_C. since

There is something in the atmosphere of a 130-year-old, house that inhibits ill-considered improvements.

1951 He recalled that there had been a time before the Third Avenue El was torn down and after the gradual relocation of the affluent to the Upper East Side when the neighborhood suffered something of a decline. Things have been steadily changing for the better. however, and, like his fellow residents, Mr. Seytfnrt wouldn't live any-where else. It isn't simply being In a quiet, gelid building or having your own key to your own private Gramercy Park for a sore walk whenev-er you wish—or even having that good north light on im-portant for painters. It is all

of those things—the rich his-torical associations. the build-ing's physical ch•nr, the ca-maraderie—that make It an-other one of New York's matchless rarities. •

The New York Times

• A FLOWERING PLANTTHAT BLOOMS BEST IN THE BATHROOM. Page 110. If you've aver laded with an may house Flynt and wondered why for glIttlreded effortlessly with a plant that other people fend hard to grow Indoors—and found yourself just as rays LIfied, thin book can tell you what happened. Some of the thines it explains are:

Rules worth breaking: Neat time people tare you to water an African viokt tar eny thing elsel train the bottom, show them page 13.

2 - What you me earn NOM your pieta. In-cluding what the leaves of • plant you are about to hay can tell you about how much watering it will need and how often (page 31.

3. Things you may be doing right without knowing it.

4 Thing, you may be doing wrong. For exam-pie. a plant with yellowing leaves can be helped by plant food, but it can /deo be hurt. How to tell the dilferenee? See page 48. 5. FOR PEOPLE W HO LOVE PLANTS BUT HAVEN'T THE TIME OR PATIENCE TO FULLS WITH THEM. How to keep Owns in the condition for two months without watering

(pages 43-451.

6 Plants you should have tried long ago. Far instonce,a boom plant whose flowers look like petanlas and bloom moat of the year (page I101 and a cactus that looks marvelous in a hanging basket. (A corms? See page 931.

7. How to know when you're licked. A mem. rutty email number Of Lime, when smart gar. rimers give up. including one bind of insect in. Imitation you can do Absolutely nothing about. A fed Insect pests that can he at your merry, Read pages 52-58 caretalty

• BROW N SPOTS ON LEAVES. SEE PAGE 49 FOR WRY AND W HAT TO DO. BROWN EDGES! THE TROUBLE IS DIFFERENT AND SO IS THE CURE.

The New York Times Book of House Plana show, you haw to do a lot of things you never knew you could—like turning an ordinary lan-tana into a 4-foot tree-shaped "standard" that would coot iota of money at a nunery (and how

to do the lame spectacular thing with gera. Mums or even Lavender4 It also allow. you how to do a lot better at the thins you've been doing all along like watering. priming, feeding, transplanting, and training your plants to prosper t room temperatures that are Coin. [enable for you. (Five plants not to try this with, page 181.

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How to tell whether a plant in in trouble and needs help, or is juat enjoying a perfectly normal rest pante!.

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The New York Times Magnate/November 23. 1971 119

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The Warren panel, says one of its attorneys, helped foster 'all those wild stories' by agreeing to the sequestering of the autopsy data.

Continued from Page 111

Winn: much was made of the fact that no one on the Warren Commission or Its staff bad actually viewed the autopsy material. Joseph Ball. the attorney who headed the staff team that put together the case against Oswald, says Chief Justice Earl Warren ac-ceded to the sequestering of the X-rays and photographs nut of concern for the sensibil-ities of the Kennedy family and against the bitter opposi-tion of the staff lawyers. ''All those wild stories that circu-lated In the mid-1960's were unnecessary," Ball says. "We finally got Burke Marshall, who was given control of the autopsy material by the Kennedy family, to make them available at the National Archives for inspection by medical experts." The X-rays and color photographs of the President's wounds, taken during the autopsy, were ex-amined by a tour-man panel of physicians in 1958, by three other physicians in the early 1970's and by a five-man pan. el early this year. All 12 agreed with the finding of the original three-man autop-sy team that Kennedy was shot from behind.

The critics continue to gain

converts by showing the Zapruder flint without men-tioning the autopsy reviews. One of them, Mark Lane, has taken account of the review findings, and has attempted to counter them by citing a later comment by one of the 12 physicians — Dr. Cyril Wecht, coroner of Allegheny County, Pa.

Dr. Wecht had long been known as a critic of the War• ren Commission and an op-ponent of the single-gunman finding. Nonetheless, after viewing the autopsy material, he wrote: "So far as the avail. able medical evidence shows, all shots were fired from the rear Na support can he found for theories which postulate gunmen to the front or right-front of the Presidential car. The medical evidence indi-cates that the President's back was hit by one bullet and that his head was hit by one other bullet only."

Since filing his original finding, however, Dr. Wecht has written a letter to a Mark Lane fan saying, "The Zapru-der film and other evidence is not inconsistent with a shot from the side. Please differen-tiate this with a shot fired from the front."

Although all the other ex-perts have stood firm in their

120

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I ive d

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testimony, Es-. Weehrs after-

thought has been added to

the critics' anthology—along

with grainy blowups of photo-

graphs purporting to show a

gunman on the "grassy knoll."

lists of witnesses who heard

gunfire from that direction,

and the Zapsooder film's "in-

disputable evidence" of a con-

spiracy

Apart from the

grassy knoll. the

most hotly argued

aspect of the

Kennedy assassination dells

with the so-called "single-

bullet theory.- This is the

postulate that the bullet that

pierced the President's neck

went on to pierce Governor

Connally's chest, go through

his right wrist and enter his

left thigh—and then to fall

out onto Connally's stretcher

at the Parkland Hospital,

having retained its near-

pristine shape and weight_

The questions raised by this

postulate are: Haw did the

bullet fall out at the final wound it indicted. and why

wasn't It shattered or et least

distorted after no many ins.

PACES during its flight? These

questions have provided a po-

tent weapon for assaults on

the report's credibility. The

"magic huller," as the critics

have labeled It, Is their FA-

hibit A.

To sort out the issues in-

volved. it is necessary to trace

this aspect of the Warren

Investigation.

In the early days of the

inquiry, it was believed that

Oswald had scored three hits

with three shots. The first

bullet. the Investigators ad-

duced, pierced the President's

neck. The second, they

thought, wounded Connally:

the Governor testified that

he braid the Solt shot, turned

to look, and then. while Lord-

ing again to look over the

other shoulder, felt himself

hit In Ike back. The third

bullet struck the President's

head.

Then the investigators ran

Into tremble

The bullet thel shattered the President's head frag-mented, and pieces of a bullet were found in the car.

The bullet that wounded

Connally swiss, presumably,

the nee found in Parkland

Hospital. Governor Connally

had been removed train his

%thatcher; the stretcher stood

next to another one in a corri-

dor. a hospital orderly remem-

bers shoving one of the two

stretchers against the wall,

and the bullet fell out The

three autopsy doctors agreed

'fhb Hew York Maas MunaLftiNove.I., Sl. ISM

121

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SANLSEll OF NORTH 411011Cli O. 31-311 Ten ST.. illaa0SIDE Lt. I OTT WIZ eff,lairi

that Ibis one bullet could have

caused all his wounds. Rut where was the bullet

that pierced the President's

neck? Since It had pierced

only tissue, it would hove

exited at high speed, on a

downward course, and pre-

sumably would have caused

severe damage to the interior

of the car. No such damage

was found during an inch-by-

inch examination of the car—

end no bullet_ Moreover. tests of the Os-

weld rifle determined that af-

ter a gunman fired one shot,

he would require a minimum

of 2.25 seconds to get off

the next shot. Yet analysis

of the Zepruder film indicated

that Kennedy's neck and Con-nally's hack were struck al-

most simultaneously. within

ten brief an interval for a

lone gunman to fire two shots

from that rifle. But to theorize

that there were two gunmen

firing from the rear would

be to postulate something for which the investtgators had

no credible evidence. The explanation that recon-

ciled these apparent anoma-

lies was offered by David

Btlln, a staff attorney, This

was that Kennedy's neck

wound and Connally's wounds

were inflicted by she some

bullet, the one found at Park-

land Hospital, and that the

third shot fired from Oswald's

rink had missed. Supporting

this theory was physicsl evi.

dence that one bullet had

missed, and had ricocheted

oft a curb, nicking a bystand-

er. Joseph Ball and David

Bello found further support

for the hypothesis in a re-

staging of the critical few

seconds when the shots were

fired,

"We sent the car [to Dal-

las)." Ball says, "with two

dummies marked with the

spots for the wounds. We

had a man in the sixth-Boor

room [of the Book Depository-1

with the gun, with a movie

camera on It. We moved the

car on the route at It miles

per hour, and we found that

for a considerable length of

time the two bodies were di-

rectly In line, no that a bullet

fired from that gun had to

go through those two bodies." In that case, what of Con-

nally's testimony that he had heard the first shot but had

not been hit by it? In being

forced to accept the single-

bullet theory, Belie and Ball

discounted the Governor's rec-

ollection on that sore. They

concluded that he had simply

suffered a delayed perception

of his wounds. As Befin writes

in his book "Nov. 22, 063:

You Are the Jury," a detailed

reconstruction of the Warren

Commission's work, "Gover-

nor Connally was simply

wrong in his testimony .

just es every witness to a sud-

den and startling event Is In-

capable of being completely

accurate,"

The full commission, It most

be noted, waffled on this

point. to a relevant passage

in its report, it said (1) that

"there is very persuasive

evidence from the experts to

indicate that the same bullet

which pierced the President's

throat also caused Governor

Connally', wounds"; 121 that,

on the other hand, "Gover-

nor Connally's testimony and

certain other factors have

given rise to some differ-

ence of opinion as to this

probabliiry". but 0) that "it is not necessary to any

essential finding of the

Commission to determine

Just which shot hit Governor

Connally." Belie and Ball flat-

ly disagree, As Bolin wrote

In his book. "The plain fact

is that it is absolutely neces-

sary to the findings of the

Commission to determine

whether the same bullet that

pierced the President's throat

also caused Governor Connal-

ly's wounds The uncertainty

flowing from this passage in

the Warren Report has doubt-

less contributed to the contro-

versy. It appears that the com-

mission fudged its language

here to satisfy one of its mem-

hers. the late Senator Richard

B. Russell, who had trouhle ac-

cepting the single-bullet theo-

ry. And ever since, the

evidence for and against the

"Single bullet" has been a sort

of Rorschach ink blot In

which different examiners

seem to see what they wish

to find. Dr. Wecht says his exami-

nation of the autopsy material

leads him to the conclusion

that the single-bullet theory

is "untenable." He maintains

that because of the right-to-

left lateral angle of Kennedy's

throat wound, the bullet could

not have hit Connally where

'The single-bullet theory has been a sort of Rorschach ink blot in which different examiners seem to see what they wish to find.'

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It did without making "an acute angular tarn to the right In midair." To him, that "strongly Suggests" a second gunman firing from the Texas Book Depository,

Jacob Cohen, an instructor in the Department of Amen. can Studies at Brandeis versity, draws an opposite conclusion from Ks study of the Zepruder film. to view of Connally's movements and changes of posture during those fateful seconds, Cohen writes In a recent Issue of Commentary magazine. the Governor could hive received hla several wounds from ens bullet at the precise Instant when the President was shot through the neck—and only at that Instant. A bullet strik. ing Connally • second or no later (which is when the critics claim he was ND "would have had to exit from the chest at a downward angle. to have taken at least two Sharp turns upward In ▪ — right and then left into the knuckle Side of the wrist: and then, upon exiting an the palm Side, further up in the air Man the wound at entry, would have had to execute a very sharp Li-turn into the thigh: plainly Impel-sible."

Then there is the question of the "magic Indies" • undamaged awe. The tiny amount or metal loan by the bullet as it struck flesh and bane was quite ran-so-neat with the inflnitesimild amount found in the wounds it Is said to have Inflicted on Kennedy end Connally: still. Its imperaiovsnesa h)

&teeter &Morton was abnor-mal. Dr. Wecht emphasizes that paint in arguing that the single-bullet theory is unto,. able. For the bullet to have suffered no little damage does some improbable. But it is not impossible.

Perhaps the strongest ar. guments for the single-bullet theory flaw from the impli-cations of the alternatives. Those who claim there was a conspiracy imply, or flatly charge, that the "magic bul-let" was fired earlier (by en unnamed Someone) into cot-ton or water, tram Oswald's rifle. nod then planted at Parkland Respite] to incrimin-ate hire. Any conspirators who did that would have had to be both cunning and stupid. Why go through the extraor-dinary convolutions of obtain-ing a bullet fired in advance from Osweld's rine and rush-ing it to the hospital to incrim-inate hun—then plant a near. perfect bullet that would im-mediately arouse everyone's suspicions? Why not a badly

(Continued on Page 120

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Continued (corn Page 123

damaged bullet? And if the bullet was a plant, where was the bullet that did hit Connal-ly? Where was the bullet that pierced Kennedy's neck? Did they disappear? Were they hidden? if so. how many people how close Lo the assas-sination scene would have had to have acted with' uncanny prescience to secrete the two bullets—end without anyone else seeing them do it?

0

rte charge that may

feisty be laid againat the Critics is that in propa-

gating their conspiracy theories they do not let their audiences in on any-thing that would tend to un-dermine or demolish this or that part of their grand mce

attic. In a decade of largely unchallenged smaa111t on the Warren Report, the critics have compiled a record at irre-sponsible pOlernica, misrepre• sedation of evidence, uncrit-ical acceptance of unproven allegations. presentation of theory as though it were fact. and straining after soh'. tions that violate evidence, logic and common sense On the other hand, it could also be said that the Warren Com-mission, working under in-tense pressure from President Johnson to resolve the rumors that were sweeping the country, tried to Impose a greater certainly on its cen-tral findings than was war-rented by the evidence, there-by leaving the inevitable con-fusions and contradictions in the report all the more vul-nerable to criticism. Also, what nags at many Americans, and reinforces the doubts played on by the critics, Is the stamp of secrecy that contin-ues to keep much of the com-mission material from the public eye. After brandishing unnamed demons before their audiences, the critics say there is a dreadful truth locked up in the Government filet.

There is, in fact, a widely held belief that the "secret files" have been locked up until the year 2639. This date is the product of a 1984 state. merit by Dr. Robert Dahmer, of the National Archives, that investigatory records of the C.I.A.. the F.B.I. and the Secret Service are normally not made public for 75 years, Nicholas deB. Kassenbech, then Attorney General, urged in 1965 that oil agencies that had contributed to the Warren investigation seek early dis-closure of their classified filet. Some of the docu-ments have since been re-leased, but Bernard Fender. weld, director of a group of critics named the Committee

(continued on Page $32)

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Continued from Page 126

on Assassinations, has

compiled a list of 146

Warren Commission doc-

uments still being with-

held. They bear such

titles as "West German

Federal Intelligence Serv-

ice." "Statement of Fidel Castro."' "Canberra Em-

bassy telephone call."

and "Oswald safety de-posit boxes in Laredo,

Houston, Dallas - Fort

Worth, Texas," "If the

Government is certain

of its case and has no-

thing to hide," Fenster-

weld says, "why not just

bring everything out In

the open?" "I'm all for

that," says Ball. "There

was nothing f saw that couldn't stand the light

of day."

The need for disclosure

ems been heightened by

recent reports that the

F.B.I. withheld informa-

tion from the commission,

including an alleged letter

from Oswald threatening

to bomb the Dallas police

headquarters it the F.B.I

continued interrogations

of his Russian-born wife.

Ball says the commission

was plagued by hostility

from J. Edgar Hoover.

who had wanted the Ken-

nedy investigation for his

own agency, Hoover had

a long record of suppress-

ing any information em-

barrassing to his bureau.

and there have been per-

sistent reports that Os-wald's relationship with the F.B.I. might have gone beyond that of inter-

rogates. If he was some

sort of low-level infor-

mast, Hoover might well

have swept that informs-thin under the rug. If

the relationship went still further. that too ought

to be made known. What could a new MI.

dress Investigation, by

Congress or some other

entity. hope to accomp-lish? For 12 years now, the Dallas murder has

been peered at. analyzed,

dissected and speculated

about. The critics feel

they already know the

truth. They want their

truth confirmed and the

Warren Report officially

destroyed. They will not

be satisfied with anything less. The majority of the

critics want some "true assassins" - whom they

cannot name-put into

the dock of history in

the place of Lee Harvey

Oswald. An Investigation that did not accomplish that would undoubtedly

be dismissed by them m

a "new whitewash."

The effect an the gene-ral citizenry is another matter. A new investiga-tion may not discover anything of any great

significance that re new

But by compelling a pub-lic debate of the land

that was aborted when

the Warren Commission

went out of existence in

1964, leaving the field to

the critics, a fresh investi-

WHIM should put the old

evidence-and the ques-

tioning of that evidence -into clearer focus. That

should have a beneficial effect on the country-all the more so if the investi-gators threw open the windows and doors and

examined 411 the locked-

up documents. Whatever

the discoverable truth

may he, it cannot be as

dreadful as the fantasies

spun by the critics from

suppression of informa-

tion. •

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132

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