The Art and Science of Depiction Linear Perspective...The Art and Science of Depiction Fredo Durand...
Transcript of The Art and Science of Depiction Linear Perspective...The Art and Science of Depiction Fredo Durand...
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The Art and Science of Depiction
Fredo DurandMIT- Lab for Computer Science
Linear Perspective
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Perspective 2
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Perspective 3
Assignments for Monday 30.• Solso Cognition and the Visual Arts
– Chapter 8 & 9
• Final project– Firm subject
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Perspective 4
Plan of the next sessions• Drawing and projection
• Denotation• Tone & color
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Perspective 5
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 6
Perspective• Does linear perspective “occur” in nature
– E.g. we “experience” foreshortening
• Perspective or perspectives?
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Perspective 7
Pictorial depth cues• Occlusion
• Size• Position relative to the horizon
• Convergence of parallels, linear perspective
• Shading, shadow• Texture gradient
• Aerial perspective
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Perspective 8
Introduction to Perspective• Importance of the single viewpoint
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Perspective 9
Linear Perspective• Image as a window
• St Jerome In His StudyAntonello da Messina 1475
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Perspective 10
Some accompanying concepts• Viewpoint
• Foreshortening• Vanishing point
• Very linked to architectural spaces
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Perspective 11
Primary/secondary geometry• Primary geometry
– Description in 3D object-space
• Secondary geometry– Description in 2D image-space
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Perspective 12
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 13
Early attempts• St John the Baptist Retiring to the Desert
Giovanni di Paolo 1454
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Perspective 14
Early attempts• Giotto, 1297-1299
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Perspective 15
Early attempts• Lorenzetti 1337-1340
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Perspective 16
Early attempts• Lorenzetti 1337-1340
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Perspective 17
Giotto’s rules• Lines and planes above eye level incline
downwards when they move away
• Below eye level upwards when they move away• Lines to the left incline inwards to the right
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Perspective 18
Giotto• Confirmation of the Rule of St Francis 1325
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Perspective 19
Giotto• Confirmation of the Rule of St Francis 1325
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Perspective 20
Early attempts• Pietro Lorenzetti,
Birth of the Virgin 1342
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Perspective 21
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 22
Bruneleschi’s experiments, 1413• Existing buildings
• Measurement, surveying• Single viewpoint
• First scientific mimesis
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Perspective 23
Bruneleschi’s experiment, 1413
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Perspective 24
Bruneleschi’s second experiment• Cut out
• Note that this is 2-point perspective
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Perspective 25
Limitations• Existing buildings
• Requires measurement
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Perspective 26
Masaccio, The Trinity, 1427• The oldest perspective
painting
• Probably measurement• Maybe helped
by Bruneleschi
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Perspective 27
Masaccio, The Trinity, 1427• The oldest perspective
painting
• Santa Maria Novella (Florence)
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Perspective 28
Masaccio, The Trinity, 1427• The oldest perspective
painting
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Perspective 29
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 30
Leon Battista Alberti, On Painting• 1435
• Intersections of pyramids with image surface
• Proportional triangles
• Use side view for foreshortening
• Check with diagonal• Use pavement as reference
• Center = prince of rays
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Perspective 31
Leon Battista Alberti, On Painting• Paolo Uccello, The Selling of the Host, 1468
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Perspective 32
Legitimate construction• Carlo Criveli
Annunciation 1486
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Perspective 33
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 34
Piero de la Francesca• De Prospectiva Pingendi, 1474
(On the perspective of painting)
• Ratios of distance and size• Use plan and elevation view
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Perspective 35
Piero de la Francesca• Use plan and
elevation view
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Perspective 36
Piero de la Francesca• De Prospectiva Pingendi, 1474
(On the perspective of painting)
• Ratios of distance and size• Use plan and elevation view
• Deformation of square – Angle of view less than 90º
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Perspective 37
Piero de la Francesca• Flagellation of Christ, 1460
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Perspective 38
Piero de la Francesca• Invention of the true cross 1452-59
• “wrong perspective on the left
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Perspective 39
Piero de la Francesca• Invention of the true cross 1452-59
• “wrong perspective on the left
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Perspective 40
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 41
Leonardo & perspective• Techniques of artists’ perspective in theory and
practice
• Geometry of visual rays• Devices and instruments
• Optics and the eye
• Curiosities of vision (e.g. anamorphosis)• Apparent contradictions
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Perspective 42
Leonardo• Last Supper, 1497
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Perspective 43
Leonardo• Last Supper, 1497
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Perspective 44
Leonardo & contradictions• Wide angle vision
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Perspective 45
Leonardo & contradictions• Wide angle vision
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Perspective 46
Leonardo & contradictions• Wide angle vision
• Lateral recession
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Perspective 47
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 48
Dürer• Traveled to Italy
• Mainly influenced by de la Francesca• Instruction in
Measurement withCompass and Ruler in Lines, Planes and Solid Bodies, 1525
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Perspective 49
Dürer• St Jerome in his
Study 1514
• Very off-center• Note the verticals
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Perspective 50
Dürer• The artist’s
glass
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Perspective 51
Dürer• The draftsman's net
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Perspective 52
Dürer• Jacob de Keyser's invention
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Perspective 53
Dürer• Dürer’s device
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Perspective 54
Conclusions about Renaissance• Different techniques, refinement
• Measurement• Mainly central perspective
• No notion of infinity, no vanishing point
• Spiritual notion of mathematical harmony
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Perspective 55
After Renaissance• 17th
– Vanishing point
– Abstraction– Desargues, Descartes
• Flourished until 19th
• 20th century– Come-back for computer graphics and computer
vision
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Perspective 56
After Renaissance• Thomas Malton
A Complete Treatise on Perspective, 1779
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Perspective 57
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 58
Gadgets• Camera obscura
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Perspective 59
Vermeer 1660• Camera obscura
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Perspective 60
Gadgets• Baldassare Lanci’s universal instrument for
surveying and perspective 1557
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Perspective 61
Gadgets• Camera Lucida
• E.g. Talbot
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Perspective 62
Perspective grids
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Perspective 63
Plan• Intro to perspective
• History of Renaissance perspective– Early attempts– Bruneleschi
– Alberti– De la Francesca– Leonardo– Dürer
• Gadgets
• Distortion issues
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Perspective 64
Leonardo & contradictions• Wide angle vision
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Perspective 65
Leonardo & contradictions• Wide angle vision
![Page 66: The Art and Science of Depiction Linear Perspective...The Art and Science of Depiction Fredo Durand MIT- Lab for Computer Science Linear Perspective Perspective 2 Perspective 3 Assignments](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022041115/5f264a074f8f9f224810e691/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Perspective 66
Leonardo & contradictions• Wide angle vision
• Lateral recession
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Perspective 67
Perspective distortion• The sphere is projected
as an ellipse
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Perspective 68
Perspective distortion• The sphere is projected
as an ellipse