-The‚RefugeeCrisis‘intheEuropeanUnion-Germany‘sAsylumSeekers:Health/CrimeIssues,Citizens‘AttitudesTheThirdInternationalConferenceLEPH2016inAmsterdam,TheNetherlands2-5October

JoachimKerstenSeniorResearchProfessorGermanPoliceUniversity

Münster/Germany

Topics

• RefugeemovementstoEurope• Crime,Health,Education,Culturaltraditions,Genderrelations

• WhyGermany?• AttitudesofGermancitizenstowardsrefugees• TheNewYear’sEveCologneMob

Refugee routes into WesternEurope/Germany

Konstanzsuburb refugee shelter 1950s(demolished 1961)

Post1945housing

Konstanzschool children getting lunchacrossthe border inKreuzlingen,Switzerland

Children inCologne

Germanrefugee children

Migrationto Germany

• 17th-19thcentury:fromFrance(Huguenots),Poland,ItalytothecitiesandtotheRuhrregion;oneseventhofthepopulation;

• 1945-‘49:11-14milliondisplacedpersons(D.P.);

• 1948-1961:2,7millionrefugeesfromEastGermany;

• 1955-1966‚GuestWorkerImmigration‘;

Postwarmigration to Germany

• Post1989:EastGermansandEasternEuropeans;

• 1991-1993asylumseekers/refugeesfromthecivilwarregions:Balkans(Ex-Yugoslavia)andelsewhere;

• Last25yearsrefugeesandasylumseekersfromAfrica;

Acity walk 1945

Refugee shelter

1960s‚Guest‘-Workers arriving at Munichstation platform 11

WhydorefugeescometoGermany?

Wheredorefugeescomefrom?

• Non-EUentryintoGermany:Syria60%(40%Sept.2016),Afghanistan24%,Iraq8%,Pakistan3%,Eritrea(4th largestgrouptoEU),Somalia1%,other5%;

• 2015acrossMediterraneanSea:741.583;• Male:58%,Female16%,Children26%;• 2015:morethan3000drowned;• SavedbyEUmission:13000;GermanNavy9600;

WhydotheycometoGermany?

• 2015:1.1milltoGermany(2014:worldwide19.5millUNHCR);86%tocountriesofthedevelopingcountries,globalSouth;mostSyrianstoTurkey,Jordan,IraqandLebanon;

• FromSyria,IraqcostsforgettingintoEU:comparativelylow;

• Existingnetworksofcountriesoforigin;contactpointsinGermancities;

• Fairlygoodchanceofbeingaccepted(ortolerated);goodeconomy,favorablelabormarket;welcomingatmosphere(untilNYE2015);

WhydorefugeescometoGermany?

• CollapseofSchengen/DublinEUmultibarriersystem;

• Since‚ArabSpring‘bilateralagreementsb/w:EUandLibya,Tunisia,Morocco,Albania,Ukrainenolongerenforceable;Maghrebcountrieshaveuntilnowblockeddeportation;

• EconomicproblemshavealsodiminishedinternalEUcooperationre:refugeeinfluxmanagement;

• GreeceandItalycannotsystematicallyregistertheincomingrefugees,andprocessthemintoasylumprocedures;

WhydorefugeescometoGermany?

• FranceandUKnolongeracceptlargenumbersofrefugeesandasylumseekers;Hungary,Poland,Denmarkactivelydeterrefugees;Slovakianpolicehaveshotatrefugees,Hungary(‘herdedintofields,…keptincages,…fedlikeanimals’,Kingsley2016,p.267)

• Germanyhasbecome‚Ersatz-destination(Zufluchtsland)‘Oltmer 2016,p.16

Refugees:Healthissues

• Refugeehealthsituation2015arrivals:healthyyoungmen;betterthanthatofaverageGermans(Montgomery,presidentofGermanMedicalAssoc.).MedicalcostbelowthoseofGermans.

• Arenoriskbutareatrisk.• Onethirdofchildrenposttraumaticsymptoms;majorchallenge;

Refugees:Healthissues

• Healthcare:nohealthinsurance,costscoveredbymunicipalities;

• Vaccinations,paintreatment,acuteillness:sameaccess;pregnancy

• 15mths.restrictions:healthservice,mediacl treatmentcanbeprovidedbutobligation;

• Germanyfederalsystem:healthregulationsvaryfromrestrictive(Saxony,Bavaria)togenerousin8Länder:chipcardwithfullhealthcover;

• Psychotherapy,preventivetreatment,rehabilitation,dentistry,prosthesisneedapplicationsbypatient

Refugees:Healthissues

• Inititial examination:respiratorysystem,infectiousdeseases;

• Voluntaryhelperskeepsystemrunning;• Vaccinationsbyfarandwideaccepted;• Lackofqualifiedinterpreters/culturescouts;• Pediatrics:25-50%communicationproblems/barriers;

• Culturalconflictissues,Turks/Kurds;

Criminality• CityofBrunswickpolicereport:Nearprovisionalrefugeehousing,increasedratesofpropertycrime(shop-lifting),noincreaseofseriouscrime.

• Syrians(0.5%)andIraqisleastvisibleincrimestats(September2016BKAdata).

• KosovoandorganizedgroupsfromSoutheasternBalkans:breakandenter,pickpocketing;

• PoliceDüsseldorfspecialsquad‚Casablanca‘:2200Maghreboffenders;theft,robbery,assault,threats;Cologne40%ofpersonsofMaghreboriginareregisteredsuspects;

Refugees:educationandlabour market

• 70%capableofwork,10%haveuniversitydegree(18%ofGermans);twothirdsnoprofessionalqualification(14%ofGermans);55%ofrefugeesagedunder25;

• OECD:15year-oldSyrians:65%belowminimumcompetencies(16%ofGermans);twothirdsofyoungstersfromSyria;400000(of1mill.)schoolage;

• BavariaChamberofCrafts:70%ofprofessionaltrainees(Syria,Iraq,Afghanistan)dropout;

• Menialwork,mini-jobs,lowrankhealthcarejobs;• Sincebeginning2016:MandatorydistributionacrossGermany.

Culturaltraditions,Genderrelations

• Religiouspracticeinasecularsociety;• InsomeMuslimcultures:Acceptanceofphysicalpunishment;Highdomesticviolencerates;

• Reportingattitudes;• Masculinityissues:family‚honor‘,‚protection‘ofvirginity/chastityoffemalefamilymembers;

• Forsomemigrantsinhostsociety:materialstatus/conditionsseemmoreimportantthaneducation;

AttitudesofGermanstowardsrefugees

• 1991-‘93:25%ofGermansagainstnewcomers;

• 2015:initialresponsenotrejection,ratherwelcomingandwillingnesstosupport;

Germanworries:• 65%:EUwillnotbeabletocope;• 63%:xenophobiawillincrease;• 51%:refugeeswilltakeadvantageoftheGermanwelfaresystem;

AttitudesofGermanstowardsrefugees67%ofGermanssawproblems(2015/16):• inadequatehousing/accommodation;• donotwanttohaverefugees‘shelterintheirneighborhood;

• 8%areactivelysupportingrefugees;33%knowpeoplewhoareinvolvedinactivesupport;

• Sincebeginningof2016largerproportionofworriedpersons;

CologneMainStationNewYear‘s Eve2015

• Year2015Cologne:Policeregisterednearly2000North-Africanassuspectsofcrime,mainlyMoroccans;

• 0,5percentofSyrianswerereportedascrimesuspects;NorthAfricans.40percent;

• "taharrusch dschamai ( جماعيتحرش )“766• 766(January,now1700)criminaloffencesreportedinCologne,Hamburgetal.50%includesexualoffences;

• AllsuspectsfromMorocco,Algeria,andTunisia;veryfewidentified(2016July:10%);

CologneMainStationNewYear‘s Eve2015

• TheMaghrebconnection:networksofyoungmenfromNorthAfricancountriesinNorthRhineWestphalia,Düsseldorf;estimate2200;

• toGermanyviaTurkey,somewithSyriandocuments;

• policereportsofrobberies,theft,assault,drugdealing.

• 5500personsfromAlgeria,MoroccansandTunisiansaresubjecttodeportationorders;

• firstsixmonthsof2015:only53couldbereturnedtotheircountriesoforigin.

Colognemob attacks

WhathappenedattheCologneRailwayStation?

• Policewasexpectingterrorattack,hadnocontrol,didnotorderreinforcement,couldnotinformcorrectly;

• Offendersformedaviolentmob;usedthemasssituationandrenderedgroupsoffemalevictimshelpless;

• Screamsforhelpwerenotheard,bystandersdidnotintervene;noriskofdetection;

• Outbreakofviolenceamongamobofradicallyuncivilizedyoungmales.Arefugeeproblem?

• 68cases;3Syriansarrested;20ISmembersexposed;sexualharrassment inpublicpools:fewindivudualcases

Policingthecrisis

• PoliceonbordersandinGermancitiesandtowns:peacefulmaintenanceofsecurityandorder;

• solvingsevereconflictsinthesheltersamonginhabitants;

• Reportsofsexualharrassment/assaultbyrefugeewomen;

Chancellor Merkel:‚Wirschaffendas‘.

EURefugee Situation

• Humanitarian aspects:no limitation to influx;• Chancellor Merkel‘s initial motivation;• Economic aspects:needs immigration policy,dependent onlabour market situation andand needs;

• Identity issues:fear of loss of cultural ornationalidentity;

Cultural/NationalIdentityFears• Substantialrise of populist movements (Pegida etal.);

• Election gains of populist/right-wing parties inEUmember states;

• Populistmovements/parties inTheNetherlands,France,Denmark,Germany(AFD);Italy,Greece.

• InEUcountries15%(+)of electorate:Nationalist,right-wing extremist attitudes,homophobic,misogynist,anti-Semitic etcetera;Hungary morethan half,20%Neo-Nazi;Poland,Slovakia

• Now:Anti-Islamis common denominator;

Refugees onthe move

Berlinerswatching ‚Rosinenbomber‘

CARE

References

• Kingsley,P.(2016),TheNewOdysey – TheStoryof Europe‘s Refugee Crisis.Faber&Faber:London.• Behrendes,U.(2016),DieKölnerSilvesternacht2015/2016undihreFolgen.in:NeueKriminalpolitik

28(3),323-344• Kersten,J.(2016), Flüchtlingskrise,Männergewaltund"Stranger Danger"- Anmerkungen

zurKöln-Debatte.In:NeueKriminalpolitik 28(4),(inprint).• Shane,S.(2016),TheLessons of Anwar al-Awlaki.TheNewYorkTimes;

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/magazine/the-lessons-of-anwar-al-awlaki.html?_r=0• Wößmann,L.(2016),IntegrationdurchBildung,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.10-13.• Oltmer,J.(2016),Ersatz-Zufluchtsland?WarumdieBundesrepublik2015zumZielumfangreicher

Flüchtlingsbewegungengewordenist,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.14-16.• Petersen,T.(2016),SorgenundHilfsbereitschaft.DieEinstellungenderDeutschenzur

Flüchtlingskrise,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.18-21.• Reuman,K.(2016),WahrheitenüberJournalistenundWissenschaftler.DasBeispielder

Flüchtlingsfrage,,inForschung&Lehre1/2016,pp.22-23.• SüddeutscheZeitungOctober 2015- September2016.• Douthat,R.(2016),Germanyonthe brink,inTheNewYorkTimes,OpEd January 9th.• Behr,R.(2016),ÜbergriffeinKöln:"DieHauptsorgederPolizeiwarTerror“.InterviewDerStandard

(Vienna)http://derstandard.at/2000028693096/Uebergriffe-in-Koeln-Die-Hauptsorge-der-Polizei-war-Terror.

References

• DeutschesHistorischesMuseum(1999),1949-1999WegederDeutschen,Rowohlt:Hamburg.

• Rosgartenmuseum Konstanz(2002),mager&knapp.AlltagswelteninderGrenzstadtKonstanz1920-1960.KonstanzerMuseumsjournal:Konstanz.

• Sassen,S.(1999),Guestsand Aliens.TheNewPress:NewYork.• Vaccaro,T.(2001),Entering Germany1944-1949,Taschen:Köln.• Darchinger,J.-H.(2012),Wirtschaftswunder.DeutschlandnachdemKrieg.

Germanyafterthe war.Taschen:Köln.• KölnischerKunstverein(2006),ProjektMigration,Dumont:Köln.

• Contact:Joachim.Kersten@t-online.de