CD.
GLASGOW
SOMETIME
BEBITJS
both
been published
I was
and
the
announcement
that
his
the press came as a further
and
welcome
estimated
by
In regard
I
have
the
which
I
had
come.
;
a postscript to the chapter of my
intro-
the grounds
traditional
view.
Besides
these
additions
versions lately
into agreement
with the
a
Apocalypse,
He
belongs
where the
We
are
in
the
hands
the eyes
and ears
which
which surpasses
a
earth
a prescience
of
task than
undertakes it
exposes himself
a
had in view the
too often precluded
it
forth.
But,
with
this
reservation,
predecessors
Jewish
and
be
felt
by
Rev.
J.
H.
Srawley,
of
Gonville
Rev.
the
unfailing
may help
is even
de tuo,
xvii
BXOITAy QVAESUMUS, DOMINE, POTENTIAL
TVAB
PROPITI-
wit a
in
"
1
2
Advent
was
marked
by
to
Christ
by
Simeon
of
Jerusalem,
new
fields
of
thought
it appears
a
disposition
to
think
light
of
7
. Yet
prophecy
was
liable
to the
and deacons
6
or
have
For
the
.
.
.
doubtless
had
their
presbyters
and
Smyrna,
and
Pergamum,
that time.
the
great
position
decline
must
variably
those
of
as an
the prophetic
John addresses
to the
Churches of
on a label attached
2
an angel
the Churches.
in the forefront of the
prologue
uses the
literary
product
of
provenance.
1
1
Cor.
xii.
4
els
rhv
j
ever,
although
the
xv.,
xlix.,
Num.
xxiii.,
xxiv.)
and
conception
which
it
book (cc. vii.—
apocalyptic prophecy
considerations,
The writer's
religious section
is carried back
who is
age of Daniel
3
little book Enoch relates his
travels
vision
there are anticipations
above
ripe fruits, and in the midst of it the Tree
of
Life.
over
"
;
"
world-week is of
glories in
half
of
than
bibliographical
materials
is
possibility
was unfavourable
efforts
to
pierce
the
gave
literary
expression
;
and
general
are
to his
form
his indebtedness
to Jewish
sphere
of
tone of
expected
to
occupy
himself,
of
Christian
the imagination
Christian
1
of
Apostles
or
One apocalyptic
nolunt
by
at least
appealed
other
the
p. 51
the
original
300
in a real
relation to the
attempts to reveal the
writer
had
witnessed
or
sumptione
finxerunt."
printed
by
s
Edited
by
Tischendorf
were
existence dating
from the.
arbitrary,
after
the-
the
threefold
announced
by
its
author.
human trichotomy
Asia.
3.
are so
when
we
attempt
to
matter,
and
plan
xxxix
3.
by
and the Two Witnesses (x.
1
—xi.
14).
7•
last plagues (xv.
9
Christ appears
two
bodies
comes
into
view
had
fresh
beginning,
for
which
the
reader
had
her world-long
struggle with
second part of the Book chiefly deals. These forces are
revealed
sight
mistress
long
surviving
powers
stand
as
follows
—
encyclical
letter
addressed
Asia
2
English
commentators
break
up
the
book,
after
4
—iii.
22,
iv.
1
—xxii.
5),
a
modification
of
the
scheme
of
Bengel,
trumpets,
seven
vials),
followed
esecond part of the_bqok_
c.
facie
last chapters claim to
4,
9,
xxii.
8);
and
that
the
by
simply
placing
they
has been at
symbolical
figures
reappear
at
intervals
in
c.
xv.
announces
book. The
seen
scholars
from
its sources.
hazarded in the
source,
are
epoch-making
Sclwpfung
of local
elaborate
by
unity
of
the
Apocalypse,
in the
xiv.
14
ff.,
is greatly diminished.
The phenomena which
explanation
almost
its
ipsissima
verba.
Seldom
does
he
borrow
freedom,
or
combining
principle.
There
is
no
evidence
that
as
a
tnese reasons it has been assumed in this edition that
the
Apocalypse
book.
On
an
which it
seeks to
three Phrygian
4
Hort,
the
coast.
3.
by
the
researches
of
9
f.,
.
(•;
coincide
precisely
with
the
five
Boman
viz.
Cyzicus,
Philomelium,
yet
the
contemporary
writers
to
have
been
so
many
cities,
comparable
seventh
list
of-seven
has
Pergamum were in
Apocalyptic
messenger
towns of Thyatira, Sardis and Philadelphia, and brought to an
end in the
'
A
Roman
road
1
of
the
which
Christianity
entered
when
it
established
(i)
At
JJphesas
by
prjo^ndaJL,goyernment.
h) a council
of the tribes
a
other respect
p.
or
varied.
light, and was even
2
be
Artemis
3
Asia
worship
of
Ephesus were
But each city
added in
those of
8
it
of
the
Sipylene
Smyrna
10
were
periodical
festivals
were
Asiae in honour of the
Augusti
11
. On
a
third
xli.
home
of
authority
Pergamum
5
prided itself above all
a temple
to Augustus
it continued to
the
style himself
a Macedonian
Tyrimnus, or his
Sambatha
4
feature in
Thyatiran life
'thousands'
into
guilds of
bakers, potters,
a Lydian
. One
of
the
Tyrimnus
10
the
members
•
*
under
a point to
and though it
self-sufficiency
the place
saved them
cost,
of
(for
the
message
to
Laodicea
was
neighbourhood
yielded
a
forcible
illustration,
in
which
2
the
Jews
under
Syrian,
the
critical
student
to
elicit
the
position
Asia
Province.
Even if the narrative of Acts ii". be not regarded as
historical, it
is clear
Iconium, or of
sign of any Christian move-
ment in Asia before the arrival of St Paul at Ephesus
2
long
summer
of
48
the
Apostle
Lycus
occasion
the first,
partner
in
cross the
years
in
that
city.
4.
The
in
own lips. The
evidence
ff.); there were to
31).
When
the
crash
Lycaonia
3
the order
less
are
not
supply
But
5
reconciliation
of-
the
Jew
of actual participation
Christian
society,
such
as
eagerness
the Church
Church.
There
were
Christians
who
Epistle
it
becomes
its father
indication
delicate
care
from
their
founder,
Peter in the light of a rival to whom they
were invited to transfer their allegiance. But for our purpose
it is more important to
take note
exercise of meekness
of Christ
loyalty
to
the
be
feared,
the
Emperor
must
be
their neighbours
in
relatives or
large
proportion
accom-
from Ephesus
disappeared
altogether
If
we
of
follow his teaching.
In the opinion
of St John
of St Paul, quoting
the r61e
of the
Apostle of
older
Apostles
and
the
mother
would
certainly
have
done
of the greater
province
3
flesh or
4
1
evident from the new
Philadelphia deserve,
has been
faith was
no longer
separate
consideration.
As
represented
by
sacrifice
to
idols
(ii.
prophetess who
disclaimed any
of
the
ban
against
was
that charity
to weaker
with more
mere abandonment
adoption of a
up
together.
Apocalypse, he regarded
as vital, and
the
was to Ephesus,- such
cult
of one or more deities, Hellenic in name, but more or
less
of
faith and even to
make proselytes where they Could, and it may have been their
policy
to
Paul and his friends were not iepoavKoi, they were scarcely
free,
maintained, from
the charge
deity
xix.
38),
the
Christian
have
Christianity gained
social
and
commercial
life.
18
oVi
(Iren. iii.
7. 1,
century is
is 2
sure;
the
Christ
is,
receives
the
rb
may
use
a
word
Antichrist
of
St
John's
vision.
To
sets
writer
and
works
interpretation
adopted
the
hostile
Boman
sed in
of
the
outrage.
It
took
measure, as
Suetonius says,
for
screening
the
Gardens
for
the
1
How
mob
recognized
the
abandon
the
policy
secution, it would have been difficult for him to do
so.
continued
in
force.
be
(chron.
ii.
29)
Christianum esse
non licebat
persecution had
begun the
by
Tertullian
(scorp.
15)
and
Origen
2
. The
horrors
must
among
Christians
everywhere
triumphing
over
righteousness
and
truth,
of
friends
year
he would
the
Nero
was
was
written,
(xvii.
11).
8.
and
the
St John leaves
details
remain.
that
the
if the latter
which is entirely in accord with the conditions described in
the Apocalypse
structive, and must
be here as
briefly as may
cult of the
195
and
Ephesus
about
B.Ci
98
was
the
first
charge
was
the
his
lifetime:
Tiberius
a
welcome
opportunity
of
self-aggrandisement
substituted
and to
other hand, might
impression, a circumstance due to the
dramatic
genius
which
remained
with
him
to
the
last
Egyptian
inscription
title
of
acclamation
popular
and
patriotic,
and
Rome,
at Pergamum.
set by
the old
other for the honour of building a
temple to Tiberius, when
games
of
in festivities organized
the charge
this
charge
had
not
desire
Christian citizens from the
666
'had
returned
mark (xiii.
and its witness
its story
St
Peter,
p.
2):
of life in
to the
is
represented
second.
The
Beast
1
of the populace,
Hicks
to
correspond
mean
Oracle-chanters,'—
a
name
under
have
been
obvious
that
persecution
and when they
were kindled, it
in
the
Roman
world.
Christ
in
of
Asia
III
sent
2000
families
of
the
from molestation in the
attempt
they
had,no
scruple
in
for the stake, and
Church, and his
visions,
and
he
of
the
Lord,
the life of
necessities.
In
form
it
is
of view
reaching
Lord.
But
in
faithful
are
Antichrist.
The
he
does
not
say ;
in
the
of time ai;e seen
Beast and
struggle
between
the
Church
the
in the
book is a
in the
Ancient Enemy stirs up
the sea
shall
enter
through
the
light
keenly felt. But
for
all
suffering
early example
in the Epistle of the Churches
of Vienne and
by
St
John's
great
the•
the martyr's crown.
realized that the
Churches
1
reading
is to the
Churches of Asia, and he is content to be the of
conveying
it
to
the book will live :
the plagues
which are
it is to
expectation that the book will be copied
and
circulated
two passages
on a level with
Scriptures
of
the
Church.
St
John
knew
their
purpose
the
Revelation
of
Jesus
Christ
was
Syriac
the
iv Trj
to
Colossae.
An
so even
after an
and the
18,
96)
is
our
and
years
of
his
reign.
4.
There
are
other
indications
of
date
which
are
more
definite,
and
redivivus
is
hold
this
believed
it,
did
not
believe
it,
1
Dr
Hort
(1
Peter,
p.
2)
maintains
-written,
was
 
plain
of
his
death
he has
the fifth, and
Cambridge theologians
immediately
1
37,
on I
the
reasons
on
which
it
was
founded
of its
were
guided
in
their
judge-
the
writer
to
the
says)
explains the
more
is assumed,
Fourth Gospel. But
question incident-
ally and
to choose
over the whole
no
longer
connected
with
the
Fall
of
Jerusalem,
which
is
viewed
century,
when
Book, and on
places it
at the
the late period
to
following,
under
Domitian."
(2)
a time of
anarchy of
the earlier
time that
that will account for
at Borne under
has
his prophecy.
historical
situation
presupposed
by
the
Apocalypse
contradicts
the
testimony
of
Irenaeus
rightly
understood
? Dr
Hort,
it
v.
30.
3
assumes
internal
evidence
and
the
circumstances
a
circulation
the
one
or
1
4
under
Nero
2
See
which
may
the
second
half
of
certain
Andreas,
who
in
the
prologue
(v.
30
6
Apocalypse as
become
submit
Apocalypse was held
7
canonical Scripture
later,
quotations
by
the
of Corinth,
H.E. iv.
purpose
permits himself
in both
rejecting both
by
agnitum
non
Gnostic
sects
Egyptian
writing
ins-
haer.
6
die
Apokalypse
Ew.
war."
a
Tert.
op.
33
colour
broached in reference to
is
to
Gaius
works is
this
book
authorship
of
the
Apocalypse
(e.g.
ed.
Lagarde,
p.
48
yap
Chiliasm
fourth, and
fifth of
the Apoca-
limitations
of
his
of
attributes
Catholic
Epistle
comparing
(i)
(2)
in its
find ourselves
in
this
respect
as
in
others,
and
the
antilegomena
to
have
been written upon it before the fifth or sixth century
2
have
have
been
known
rather,
than
east;
Schriften T., i.
the
eighth
and
last
book
of
informs
the
generation
even
with
experienced upon the
any
"Apocalypsis
Ioannis,"
to
meet
1
the
situation
thankfulness
the
Providence
1
Ad
Paulin.,
ep.
liii.
8.
uncommon
words
Mark the ratio is about one
in
sixteen
3
variety
of
terms.
Thus,
e.g.,
indicate
to the
worth his
under
not
altogether
lives, like
the
writer.
Others
/)
the Apocalypse, and
Fortunately
no
of
concord.
and other ephemeral
to be
to be
isms'...
Apart
from
places
where
he
[the
selves
due
to
the
influence
of
the
large
author]
(viii.
13
Gospel,
though
it
3
. If
we
used
the
evidence
is
are
,
<,
,
com-
paratively
rare
Church,
and
in
both
such
words
as
speaks
with
an
un-
of
the
evidence
is
perhaps
in
between
of
the
style
of
effect which the
is
no
familiar with
2
respects
many points
As to the
withstanding their
to
suggest
ideas
that
habit
was
of
the
sea
of
and
hail,
followed
heads
back
with
the
and pearls.
or
of
the
new
world
to
which
lies
behind
of
the
case
himself
to
to
The Woman with
A like
verdict may
is
directly
either
In
c.
city"; in xvii.
will compel assent.
obscurity
; and
this
is
by
seven
lamps.
The
Book
not
the ascension
souls
Trumpets
constitute
7-12
but once. The wings
; the
Witnesses
again and ascend to
numbers,
be accidental.
The writer's
as
we
as
Churches,
p.
But
this
number,
was
is
claimed
of the
sky, is
a fitting
a
great
but
the
probable.
Gunkel
thinks
vii.
25
with
the
half-
week
Apoc. xiii. 18
a
number
short
by
Antichrist to
reach the
goal to
common
property
to
the
extent
that
But
(1)
there
solution,
does
original
Dr
 
and in
on the
But if
for the
assist
the
now
standing
before
was
not
less
permissible
to
paltry display,
to
the
Christian
imagination
the
Apocalyptist
by
no
means
its thoughts
and its very words appear in every part of his book. It
is true
direct appeal to his source. Yet no writer of the
Apostolic
age
which the appendix
exhaustive,
John's
LITERATURE
cxlv
VI.
1
7
ijkOtv
AND OTHER
LITERATURE cliii
books
of
its
length
the
1
. The
preponderance
they
are
elements.
(6)
The
the Churches (i.
conscious
There is not
first
vision
book, the conception
Zechariah,
of the
rate
shews
that
Theodotion
readings
which
Greek
Testament,
the
answer
must
be
6)
in
possession
of
some
of
the
earlier
of our present
to our
author. Such
acquainted
and Romans
borne out
by
the
Spirit
17
struck
by
to
Asian
Churches
yap
Here it
the
books
with
are the same,
mind
by
the
of
by
all
2
;
the
inanities
of the Empire.
majesty of
Apocalypse
cannot
be
rightly
understood
apart
from
God, and
unto His
the
change
wrought
the
Lord's
metal in
crowned,
conception
of
His
relations
to
the
Church,
to
the
world,
members of
He loves
7
. The
Apocalyptist
foresees
an
empire
state,
to
God
men's
hearts
9
Beginning and the End
to coordinate
that
Christ
firstborn
of
the
dead
1
is it
the eternal
beginning and
exist
6
; he represents
an angel
as flatly
himself how this
had
arisen
in
Asia
world's end.
than St Paul, and
future manifestation
the
: God is
is in the
through
him
to
the
readers
and
humanity
of
our
is
impossible
not
by
belongs
the
the teaching
Spirit
in
The
Lamb...
him come
by
eternal
procession from the Father through the Son of which the
Creed speaks.
But the
latter does
interesting. Like St
Paul's Epistle to
Ephesians,
a plurality
of Churches;
no
spiritual
counterpart
to
the
representative of
universal
Christian
one
God and
also,
in
this
great
series
of
of.
both
the
itinerant,
charis-
matic,
ministry
kingdom
and
sacrifice
priests of the
brotherhoods.
suggested by
.to
him
be
2
the Apocalypse. Faith
or in the New, it
occupies
order;
fruitful in revelations of
to
supermundane
place
they
10
11
Saints,
or
1
an angel
as
the celestial
war of
who fight
of
demons,
Failing
to
the
persecuting
9
of his
they
perish
with
1
shall see
him*; and
it ends
a
Reign
earth
1
the kingdom
long period
2
of the Saints which will fulfil its ideal, and to
which no
period can
the Thousand
Two
body
is
symbolized
in
c.
the Almighty Father
City
God
; in the,
imperfect life
of the
of human
at
the
end
1
Churches
of
Asia,
the
the witness which he
be pseudonymous.
might have
an
Apocalypse 6
22.
5,
where,
immediately
telling
picture,
but
he
for the
also seems
the
as the Elder
Papias as reported by
circumstance
only
one
the
Elder,
it
to be the writer
convenient
to
John in
in
insulam
s.
e.
m
shews
the
who lay on
which John
lypse
performed
Acts, excludes
the
Apocalypse
of his
he made
the
martyrdom
of.
John
3
the
Elder
we
in
Irenaeus,
and
have
perpetuated
itself
man.
He
was
one
to
the
It was
the Samaritan villages which refused to receive the Master on
His way
these respects the Apocalyptist
Synoptic Gospels.
The hostile Jews of Smyrna
and Philadelphia
are the
Babylon, the mother
is
almost
truculent
conception of the Christ is
one which might
in His
glory with which
"difference in
Thessalonians
and
in
2
between
the
Revelation
of
St
John
analogy
would
be
convincing
life of literary
language,
the
earlier.
It
of
of John,
to
communication with
of
fair
time be
Elder.
There
346
(xv.).
are as
1878.
. T. text
p.
ci.
Zohrab
held
that
the
4
Since
th'e
shews
(i)
that
the
Apocalypse
was
;
C. Paues,
4.
Apocalypse,
if
not
so
extensive
than
help
in
various
directions
from
4, 1894);
(1897).
The
be
found
to
differ
Hort, although the editor
to
follow
to
the
evidence
(130,
186
6
equally distributed
From
the
and none of any
The
West,
prophecy
itself with
to notice
the more
regarded
as
representative
of
the
several
schools
view.
the
Apocalypse
(e.g.
cc.
p.
272).
Hippolytus
work
is
given
i.e. the so-called Alogi.
p.
642):
Apocalypse
Eevelatione Ioannis...horum
exponendum."
of his later works,
that
Oecumenius
has
in
list
to
independent
effort
appear; Montfaucon
(Biblioth. Coislin.,
heading
.to
were not included
and the same
in
Hermathena
Cambr.
An extract from
MS.
3
bearing
the
shorter form printed in De
la
Bigne's
in Migne, P.
came
from
the
pen
1
of
revision of
Victorinus by
Tyconius, and the
an edition of
have con-
Vat. Ottob. Lat.
printed
the
commentary,
Jerome-
saecularibus
his
predecessor's
Expositor, in
Litteratur,
von
1884-1900,
i.
p.
484
1
(1900)
Eegulae,
Burkitt
div.
libr.
9
"nostris
remarks, only
a secondary
out
of
the
to
us
in the Cologne, Paris, and Lyons
biblwthecae of
from
Haussleiter's
132
belonging
ecclesiastici viri
lxx. In the Apocalypse he r fers his
readers to Tyconius,
and shews also
Latin commentators on
of his
saint reveals
itself. Bede's
work on
IV.
(a.d.
768
B.
Ramsay
arrives
is
probably
not
far
from
the
truth :
Museum
or
in
Cambridge, 1861.
the
Apocalypse.
Cambridge,
1861.
Epistles to
the Seven
the
International
Critical
Commentary.
been
the chief problems which it -raises. Two of these, in
particular—
the
questions
connected
with
the
of the
Alex-
Abyss,
the
: in
the
many-
the
principle with which
ut
of
the
reader
Catholic
Church,
identified
in
his
New
Testament
so
entirely
greatest of the
it,
lest
it
may
correspond
with
is
the
the
present
life.
and
the
Beast from the sea
; the seventh is
turned against
the
year
1257
Matthew
Paris
relates
postmodum
fuib
in
such
Mendicant orders,
which had
futurist,
but
thorough-going
conflict with
the
book
from
and
difficult
word can
dominant,
and
it
has
revolutionized
may of
recent
of
English
any
of
them ;
but
of
sometimes
the
first
century.
Hence
all
Asia
of
the
course
for
the
lessons of
trust in
needed,
It will be
of
Apocalyptic
;
must
.to
conclusions
he gone to his work with any preconceptions beyond the
general principles
just indicated.
are already
explorers,
(Edinburgh,
1877).
"WSchm.
second
century,
cf.
Iren.
v.
30.
3
also
(2)
words,
cognate
ace.
occurs
again
in
documents,
as
Apostolic
letters
(Col.
iv.
16,
f.).
Christian
Mag-
1,
there
wore
we
find
come
subject
of
of
the
the alterna-
al-
ternative
by
Andreas
in
the
form
medium
rather
than
regarded
as
closing
benediction
(xxii
21);
else-
the
the, writer
and
(Mt.
iv.
8
to
is
to failure
an
committed
to
Apostles
and
their
(xxii.
7,
12,
20).
prets
otherwise:
but
in-
correctly,
as
the
their visions
the
personal
and
but
the
7,
sufferings
iv
(Rom.
viii.
9) ;
iv .
denotes
the
exaltation
it
was
used
the
Lycus.
p.
22,
ii.
oracle
(1
Kings
vii.
49
number from
Exodus and
v.
2a
13.
iv
vibv
c. to
Himself (Mc.
that
John
sees
A C
hair
white
vid
aeth
r
righteous wrath, was noticed
know-
ledge,
it
meant
a
mixture
of
this
meaning
here
the
finest
35,
occurs
as
appears
at
of
the
Transfiguration
he shines]
the
had
lain
at
the
i.
1,
14,
viil
58,
and
to
this
the
the Apocalypse.
1-iay
iy?P
borne
of
represented
found ill
of60
miles.
Moreover
scriptions
Ephesus was
also a
seat of
Aegean
reached
(cf.
ii.
9,
13
ff.,
25,
ii.
16,
Col.
i.
29,
of
taunts
(Arethas),
Christ
JC?i3ffiili&
I
L
i
'thou
was' appears from
converts ;
.
the line
of Ephesian
the
Seven
the writer,
9,
in
the
Apoc,
instructions ovs
dicere
the
inter-
cuique
for
Isa. lxv.
xxiii.
43),
pass in an ecstasy
gen-
erally
see
Tenuant,
Sources
of
the
Doctrine
of
the
Fall
and
of
Original
Sin,
passim.
i.)
is
repealed
by
which tapped
of
Tiberius
the
and
the
ti
syrr
8-
by its
city
as
has
been
thought
to
desire
to
the
temporal
gen.,
see
so
sage, appropriate
to a
cf. e.g.
was
a
great
Pergamum to gain
a
justification
of
may be
false Imperialism,
corresponding with
his
have
sought
inserting
als
Christ
even
(i
Tim.
VL
13
roO
of Satan.
the author
by
15•
ovTtos
the
wiles
of
Balaam
century
were
of
years";
cf.
Orac.
Sibyll.
vii.
148
f.
known
8)
open
to
to
the
Greek
surroundings
of
the
Asiatic
Churches,
which
lapillis,
a
good
time
-
more
probable
later
since implies a tolerance of evil
which
very opposite ofthat
expired, judgement
2,
6,
Mc.
vii.
30),
759),
and
2).
'Eon
for
members
of
(Blass, Gr.
nority;
20,
abounded (Heb.
28
concrete form
the Gentile
; cf.
that
it
a
heathen
writer that
 
thy works'; a
Son of
Man, and
as such
the conception ; see Mt. xiii.
43,
1
Cor.
xv.
.}
Tiberius after
large one,
tbe_£eaE,_Qf
worship of Dionysos was the
chief
pagan
cult;
but
the
,
..
\
-
Lightfoot
on
CoL
moment gone
"-
"'
of
Christ;
cf.
2
Th.
iii.
5
.
.
.
.
.
'.
observes)
one
is
followed
by
x.
32
than any of her neighbours, and that
she
Spare
each
move-
ment
the
sanctuary.
to
start
with
Jud.
XVI.
29
roils
Kiovas
writers,
and per-
manently fixed
victory.
may
be
removed
(ii.
6),
but
names, the Name of
of
the
inscriptions,
Laudicia)
•
from
of
Laodicea
]DN,
lxx.
ii. 16,
note. looks
back to
nausea, and a tepid
less
patent,
frigid
Hierapolis
tepid
External circumstances
"
or
these
coincidences,
which
may
!}
)
is
fel-
lowship
in Jo.
victory
detected.
a
condition, both
only
one
to
the
;
which
gives
circumstances
in
which
the
local
that,
not
Dan. I. c.
:
.]
identified
4
which it stands.
,
17
been
translucent
like
glass
or
rock-
terminations, cf.
44,
iii.
41.
Exod. xxiv.
priesthood,
the
whole
the
double
Thus
the
24
Elders
and
as (c.
the Throne,
and others
the
same,
but
the
au
e
(of
arm)
Te Deurn
Father's
and
Aaron.
The
act
is
equivalent
.
'
.
,
back to
so that
it was
iam margine
doubt
the interpretation of
book is
4
waver between
another
of
met approaches
the
rolL
Its
inability
65
(xxx.
15)
Moses
(Deut.
xxxiii.
22);
Hippolytus, ed
tree
forth
a
new
 
where
Lamb (Jo.
Lord
29
in view Jer.
directing
attention
throughout
fulness
are
cor
(i.
14),
and"the
seven
5).
Bu£
iu
their
position
is
resumed.
When
the
creation and of the
10,
is
perhaps
implied;
might
to God, nor on
His
sacrifice
only in
7
political
distribution
Empire
ex-
tending'
v.
3,
5
Christ
the
spectators
(Eph.
iii.
10,
the
Wisdom,
distinguished
from
vision
which
of
is the number of
con-
firms
Pliny's
report
"[Christianos]
carmen
Christo
quasi
deo
dicere
secum
invicem,"
85
1
Kai
especi-
which
to witness
hearer
of the represents
In the
the rider carries
with the purpose
horse in
xix. 1
contrast
of conquest
there
but
Hastings,
D.
large of
|
hid.
see
,.
!
very cry
reveals the
minf
1
to
think;—
his
inseparable
comrade,
To
shews
that
describes
an
various forms.
less
the
meaning
of
here,
as
distinguished
from
other
causes
of
mortality.
saw
and the victims which
peated
seems
to
indicate,
of
O.T.
irksome, to the
urther, the
cause of
the delay
(Mc.
8)
;
experience
in
the
first
EccL
civilization.
13.
many fall
the Last
Things (Mc.
from
theEmperor
down
to
exclusively
together
in
the
frantic
attempt
to
escape."!.is
based
Lion, in
phrase
borrowed
from
the
Prophets
(Joel
ii.
11,
31,
can
in
the
force
of
been em-
ployed in
either Baptism (Herm. sim.
the
Num.
of
the
O.T.
lists
followers
1,
Renan,
I'Antechrist,
p.
390),
and
the
daily
illustration
another
in
of the
assemblage of men
plained
on popular
eschatology. The
7
xxiii.
42,
Asia»to
outside
should stand
^
in other words.
not
be
,
.
,
;
giving;
/tl ev
reference
to
effected
Christ,
as
is
the
act
absolution
worshipping congregation,
suggested
by
22
iv
Israel returning
becomes
here.
To
iii. 21
lxx.
de-
see
Tertullian
is used
on previous
of
cense)';
the
altar,
are
poured
their
the first four
earth-
whole
of
the
vegetation,
which
a
burning
was
4,
,
fixed, but it is limited in its extent;
only a third of the
sun's and moon's
words ( ,
xxx.
26
wrought havoc on a large scale. But
the
next
13.
-
14),
to
,
plurality
On in
thought,
it
is
applied
to
'to
open
the
abyss
at
by
9
vvktos
exerted
escaped the
is
the
point
worse
than
death.
is its
1
in the world
herbage and stripping
of the
vii.
24)
or
to
refer
frequently used without
in
the
visitations,
16.
poets
: Soph.
Electn.
1007
have been
press
the
details.
As
to
the
insects
resembled
a
fish,
the
personified,
and
is
it is
not impossible.
the vision.
valent
to
of female
standing
over
the
effect of
with
the
Great
River
(xvi.
2,
where
see
had "been
prepared in
with
a
first
four
trumpets
(viii.
7
ft).
1
6.
ff.),
they were demigods, evil genii, or
the
like.
In
the
Gospels
the
are
symbol
words
this
debasing
worship
con-
were no
-
22,
viii.
18
(14),
4
repent.
Of.
Eph.
v.
6
The word
the
clause
human history.
a
place
Gospel
of
sea
and
land
is
evidently
is
in
the court
10),
Israel
after
the
flesh
is
mind of
Andreas, though
14
("a
1
the Syrian
of
God.
The
words
mind
of
4, 6,
function
olive
trees
was
the
thought
of
the
bring
destruction
upon
themselves.
There
is
an
are
prophecy. Ac-
cor-
nation
3,
xxii.
7ff.).
allotted
•and they are
made
of
a
"Wild
Beast :
one until
article
the
Saints
(!
,
the martyrs
come
into
view ;
for
the
present,
the wit-
enough to
bear the
i.
i8ff.).
not
unnaturally
give
to
no
the
the,
of
the
Witnesses
as
the
theProphets
great city
should be
Apion.
i.
22)
indicates
Th., iv.
Aiyovres, i.e.
Lc. i.
witness of
9)
our
Lord's
XV.
it
dies
Mc.
iv.
29,
the world
not lose
in the
physical
society
were
themselves
a manifestation
covenant
with
ditions
of the
vivid sym-
the
would have
only
-
celestial phenomena, e.g.
of God's
presence or
the
in
the
of
the
ideal or
(Jo. XVI. 21
adventum
where
d.'pe>n
the Christ is afterwards
with her who after
Him
as the
sentence
on
Genesis,
p.
57,
and
cf.
Primasius:
30
9
8)
AP
of
Jordan.
Of
this
country
of it
neighbours and even of
and
repose
prepared
spiritual
food
the age of
synchro-
aspects.
The
]
Seventy
reported
!
!
not spell
cause
of
the
tion
and
37,
Mai.
iv.
2),
Victorinus
'season, seasons,
to intercept it
edicts
of
Decius
in
into the
Herodotus had
,
ginning of
c. xiii.
vii.
description of
Diadochi;
see
Introduction
to
this
commentary,
p.
xvii.
34,
4
lichem
Jewish
and
apol.
5);
see
more
upon
this
point
Nero
is
intended
by
of
of the Latin
Domitian ; on c. xvii. 16
Victorinus
quasi
occisum
ttjs
the
first
ordinated
another
for
165
understand
. here
in
the
greatness
who
(1
mini
1
''» 30
had acquired
with
the ,
to worship
such as
mini-
mize
i. 18 f.
Jesu, i.
referring
to,
the
saying
a
warning
against
is to
his hand against
The
second
gious, as
the
pagan
priesthood
of
to
the
first
Beast
(xiii.
2),
descends
to
the
second
with
a
strength
Him and
(2
Tim.
iii.
8),
and
is due to
cf.
signa coluissent"
(i.e. because
they alone
; he
lived
on
p. 98
the
Empire
it-
work
attempt to
Dr Hort
who refused
provincials
of
with
no
(pp.
cit.,
p.
107
f.),
[
.]
the num-
he
would
have
other
of
the
her
final
completed
cipients
of
typoses
the
imitari?"
supplies
men are
better
state
(1
the
world ;
for
this
con-
1),
and
the
word
Levitical
term
for
sacrifices
not
them
unfit
use
see
Dr
Hort's
interesting
though
literal
do
Babylon,
was
vices
and
pagan
cities
anger
against
sin.
28
no
remedy,
an
which
which strengthened
andmatured those
(note), Jac.ii.
heaven.
His
own
insight
long?'
to
rest
awhile
in
Wet-
stein)
above
(as they
follow
saint
and pearls accompany the
rest from their labours
works go
this
carries
not
a
the
Harvest
(Mt
ix.
38)
belongs
to
ripeness
;
is reaped.
fill in
the
harvest,
whether
wheat-harvest
or
vintage,
represents
as
opposed
to
note. To»
receives
no
xxi.
here
to
these
facts
The con-
of Palestine,
phrase
multitudinem
view is inconsistent
with the general
the
latter
affinity
; but
their
relation
to
the
great
section
as
evil
endures
meaning
they escape
of
terrors of the
is filled by
;
the
Sea
(lxxx.) 1
Lawgiver.
'. The song
the
world
(Jo.
xvi.
33)
and
(e. iii.
 
hymn of
God
the glory of God,
own
in the
important vision ; cf.
not
Tabernacle
them pass.
'EvSe&u/ievoi
in
Homer
prise.
therefore
it
or
never
no
9,
note,
10,
x.
6.
angel,
cf.
v.
''
especially
to
the
latter ;
the
to
themselves
gestive. While
the
water
supply,
and
the
lights
of
heaven,
no
such
tasks,
all
have
vanished.
gested by
alone is smitten
often seen it turn at sunset) to
a
blood
under
the smiting
third part
7
throus)
xv.
4,
note.
the first (cf. R.V.
condition of
2
Regn.
xvi.
7,
,
.
'
,
Greek
Bible
vain
resis-
of
the
phrase
is
indefinite,
one
in doing
ff., notes.
Seven Churches,
Province
of
most
and
was
the
as
Thyatira."
He
suggests
the
name
of
Apollonius
Apollonius
was
in
the
secured.
See
Introduction,
p.
6 nva
1
5
'mark in
Simon Magus
and Apollohius,
Prophet, the lust of power,
and
the
bitterness
of
a
false
religion
con-
an
epoch*
one
which,
unlike
any
that
has
come
culminate
in
the
final
places them on the battlefield.
The
arm
1
(Jud.
V.
19
country was
specially subject
to them,
est
hitherto
known
 
it had ceased ;
down-
fall.
These
been
ends.
The
nations
and
of
death
(Lc.
ported
6,
14,
God (Pri-
and
(cf.
in
of
to be scarlet,
matter
xxxviii.
28,
Jos.
ii.
18).
either
case
would
have
mentally supply some
herself,
27),
or
3
an object
\
),
stands in
near relation
(cf. xiv.
of the woman
|
gaily
the end of the
the citizens
cf.
xvi.
6
rightly
understood,
it
will
contradict
have
has
a
future
Parousia;
cf.
orbi
,
years
the
(5
is called
in
the
vision
to the time
per-
contrast of
with jet
oSs
cf.
i.
v.
17.
point
will
power
force
which
belongs
to
their
position.
14.
apvlov
5)
the
of
the
Lamb,
as
(Rom.
i.
1
arise
the
attempt to
among themselves.
They will
not fall
est." Even in
op
Babylon.
Apocalyptist,
while
Allusions
45,
xxii.
5,
xxv.
14,
that
we
catch
angels
the Exodus,
of
cf:
Deut.
the
4,
upon the doerwith interest which may
reach a hundredfold, finds
bereavement;
r
al
the
of
and
allied
),
lost
a
protectress,
commerce call
by
peacock's
tail
(Mart.
xiv.
85),
or
the
stripes
of
the
tiger
origin,
Theophrastus
fashion-
the third
their
rhedae
with
It
was
repu-
diated
the
thee,
see Jer..xlvii. (xl.) IO, 12
'
.
;
dainty
16.
Oval .]
The
the
city;
8,
1
4.
Ostia
of
the
crews, but
sage
the
sense
(ii.
2,
Ex.
being
verse
('VO,
iii.
103).
must
ruins the
they will
more,
and
standards
of
xxi.
8,
xxii.
1
5,
notes.
24.
iv
from
v.
23
throw
'great
9,
islands
from
seem, of
the
Church
Reign.
The
much of this
pose
1
ff.
its arrival;
the Bride
is ready,
does.
with
that
As each
in robes
9,
14);
so
corporately
of their collective
ence to
may
well
to
of
the
quire
the
make this fact
says,
are
the
Seer
and
his
brethren
the
prophets.
yap
the posses-
life of witness
Himself.
tice
St
John
Christ
bore
witness
of
11,
i. . •
 
in
3
Mace.
vi.
1
8
6
the
present
Rider;
He
is
judgement
racter of Divine
a
reminiscence
of
lauream
trampled under
is
not
presented
relation of the
revelation
of
God
f.), and
orders, and
Andreas is
doubtless right
15.
of
the
the
impenitent
27,
xii.
5,
where
see
notes)
; the
Jewish tradi-
century
to
obedience,
part
of
it
the
Ajpoc. i.,
(iv
them
to
the
battlefield
which
God
from
every
class,
It may
to
bring
stituted powers. These,
the
same
spirit,
and
the
(
)
stand
an
un-
express
existing
held
to
in
33
(the
Lake
but into a
pool of blazing
That
to the
the context, and need no precise
interpretation
such
illorum
caenabuntur
omnes
bestiae
mensibus
which
the
which precede it, but merely
connects
the
a
manacle
of no ordi-
the
the
desti-
nation
The use
-
!
;
much
the
Abyss,
break
his
prison
while
his
term
"Will.
are held
with
inconveniences,
positors have done,
Years of the
rection. It
belongs to
great
arranged in antithetical
"
,
at
there remains
in
agrees
with
what
has
Akiba
replies,
judgement,
followed
the
xxii.
conflict
the
entire
Augustinian
overlooks,
e.g.,
the
confessors.
literal
understanding
of
the
Thousand
Years,
and
of
sees alive ; the
the
Strong
Man
to
the
Yision
of
the
Two
Witnesses
years.
If
the
the Roman
world-power and
its ally,
the pagan
if
students
wise
reserve.
7—
10.
After
the
Thousand
Years.
Release
of
Satan
7,
8,
tm.
2
dis-
tinguished
; cf.
e.g.
Gen.
xxii.
17,
Jos.
xi.
4,
3,
Fabric.
;
under foot
and the
path."
In
once
future Gog
and Magog
41
ment
more
severe
the
last
connected
-
,,.,.
-
.
seen standing
(Ec. xxi.
mala
scientia conscientiam, atque ita
5,
xiii.
8,
he
calls
it
"praescientia
their case
rest of
words
(1
Cor.
of
the
... !
an
eternal
blessing
and
light.
blessing";
appear,
the Apocalypse
4
old
of
heaven
and
earth
(Mt.
xix.
28),
or
to
use
another
he glosses
flagration of the old order at
the
fire is a frequent
(xx.
13),
and
at the
New Earth,
Greation
which has
the
the
ancients generally
the Sea
origin,
a
on Heb. xi.
to think of
114.
4,
22
see
also
Enoch
x.
22.
On
God Himself; cf. xx.
which in
due time
i.
5
TfXor
when he
the
confessors
(Bus.
the
same
reference
full
inheritance,
the
6,
hood
(cf.
ii.
15,
20),
xiii.
13
fl*.,
notes,
and
the
Introduction,
p.
be
excluded ;
the
baptized
liar
is
the
to the
of the
to
punish
evil deeds...
an
eternal
inheritance."
nearer view
Compare
C.
carry
them,
they
still
known
( R. V.
is ignored here
witness to Christ
gates (Ez.
18
KP
mini"
1
Prim)
Levi
returns
south and
yet
it
seems
north/ etc.
Apostles. On
the juxtaposition
;
As the
ness
to
of
and
question
raised
by
that the
equilateral
breastplate
Renan
(VAntechrist,
p.
473)
Prim
that
are
described.
The
be employed
from
human.
Compare
the
warning
111
C.
xiii.
use
of
iv-
«.13
from
the
SE.
corner to
examine the
stones
of
3
'Ncpaviavbs
c'lBei,
with the emerald, or some other
green
stone,
and
of
nickel
intended.
brilliancy,
together
(5,
6),
City
as
a
that men seemed to look into and
through its
clear depths
(Eph. iii.
doubtful
v.).
is
itself
its cubic
form suggests
terial
temple,
lx.
I9f. .
& en
(Mt. xxv.
occur
human
life
God.
The
its
insincerity
which,
once
16).
(v.
i),
sparkling
is even in
bines
that
of
Ezekiel
9
ff.,
adding
certain
new
features.
In
Gen.
I.
c.
is parted into four heads ; in Ezekiel
a
stream
issues
from
wards presently becomes a
there
grow
fruit
taken
(cf. Ps.
xlv. (xlvi.)
side of
the
Parousia,
to the
be
per-
petual
foreshadowed in
10
out
for
a
purely
place which
is
than
xxxvii.
2
et
be left
3,
xxii.
7),
study
of
tion had
fulfilment
of
God's
purposes
relative-
ly
bringing
upon
the
14
rbv
r„re kept apart here for the
sake
day's
froni
i.
17,
ii•
8,
stance in
this Book
view;
the
Kivfs
(Syr.s
w
dirge over
remarkable
desire for the
Dei
Patris
et'
Filii
et
In
in
[
advantage
Book
; repeats
(for
surely
'
ccv
deceit,
205
f.
Ebedjesu,
ff., lxxxix,
—
ff.,
23
f
.
;
272
ff.
285
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