The Antiquities Act The Act Itself The Antiquities Act of 1906 declares: “The President of the...
Transcript of The Antiquities Act The Act Itself The Antiquities Act of 1906 declares: “The President of the...
The Antiquities
Act:
ProtectingAmerica’s Natural Treasures
SECTION ONE: OVERVIEW
A. Introduction: An Irreplaceable Natural and Cultural Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
B. The Antiquities Act (Fact Sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
SECTION TWO: MONUMENTS AND PUBLIC PROCESS
A. Attacks on Newest Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
B. Public Process for Newest National Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
C. What Newspapers Are Saying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
SECTION THREE: OIL AND GAS IN NATIONAL MONUMENTS
A. Economically Recoverable Oil & Gas in BLM Monuments (Fact Sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
SECTION FOUR: NEWEST NATIONAL MONUMENTS
A. Monument Designations: 1996-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
B. New Treasures: Summaries and Pictures of Newest Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
SECTION FIVE: NATIONAL MONUMENTS SINCE 1906
A. Presidentially Designated Monuments: 1908-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
B. Monuments Created by Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Table of Contents
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IntroductionAn Irreplaceable Natural and Cultural Legacy
Rising 1,267 feet above the Belle Fourche River, Devils Tower casts shadows over the rollinghills, pine forests, and prairie grasses that comprise Devils Tower National Monument innortheastern Wyoming. Proclaimed a National Monument on September 24, 1906, byPresident Theodore Roosevelt, Devils Tower is our oldest National Monument and representsthe first time the Antiquities Act of 1906 was used to preserve some of the remarkableresources found throughout the United States. Since that autumn day in Wyoming, 14 of thenext 17 presidents used the Antiquities Act to preserve icons of the American landscape.
From the rocky margin where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Maine coast in Acadia NationalPark, to the sandy point bars along the Colorado River in the bottom of the Grand Canyon,our system of National Monuments allowed for early protection of some of our nation’s mostrevered landscapes, archeological sites, and historical places. Most presidents sinceRoosevelt have continued to build upon this rich tradition by further enhancing our system ofprotected areas through the creation of additional National Monuments.
While the vast majority of American citizens applaud our presidents’ outstanding efforts topreserve vulnerable natural and cultural resources, a vocal minority of Americans and politicalleaders have condemned past presidents for seeking to create a lands legacy for the benefitof current and future generations. During the 106th Congress, a group of representativesand senators repeatedly sought to undercut presidential authority to create new NationalMonuments by attacking the Antiquities Act and by adding anti-monument riders to appropriations measures. Fortunately, these attempts were unsuccessful.
Since the passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, more than one hundred NationalMonuments have been designated. Many of these Monuments, including Grand Canyon,Mount Olympus (Olympic National Park), and Mukuntuweap (Zion National Park), were laterexpanded and re-designated National Parks by acts of Congress. Collectively, our NationalMonuments, past and present, inspire, amaze, educate, and entrance approximately 50 millionvisitors annually. To suggest that National Monuments are anything but a critical facet of theAmerican experience is a gross misunderstanding of United States history.
Explored by John Muirand home to rivers of icestretching from mountaincirques to the ocean,Glacier Bay is a spectacular treasure.Designated as GlacierBay National Monumentby President Coolidge in1925, the Monument wasexpanded in 1980 to formthe 3.2- million-acreGlacier Bay National Parkand Preserve.
On July 18, 1916,President WoodrowWilson declared 5,000acres of breathtakingNew England coastline asSieur de Monts NationalMonument. Thirteenyears later, Congressexpanded the boundaries, creatingAcadia National Park.
In 1936, President F.D.Roosevelt designated378,000 acres of thesouthern California landscape as Joshua TreeNational Monument.Expanded and re-designated JoshuaTree National Park in1994, the Park is home toa rich diversity of plantsand animals.
Only 140 miles fromdowntown Los Angles,Monument designationprotected an irreplaceablelandscape frominevitable development.
Section IOVERVIEW
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The Act Itself
The Antiquities Act of 1906 declares: “The President of the United States is authorized in hisdiscretion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the landsowned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be National Monuments, andmay reserve as a part there of parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confinedto the smallest area compatible with proper care and management of the objects to be protected.”
The Antiquities Act requirement for presidential designation of “ . . .the smallest area compatiblewith the proper care and management . . .” has been widely interpreted by past presidents.Presidents accomplish the designation by issuing a proclamation declaring lands as NationalMonuments. This proclamation is used to carefully describe places, values, and resourcesthat are to be protected. Theodore Roosevelt, the first president to utilize the Act, protectedmore than one million acres by designating 18 National Monuments in 9 states. PresidentCarter, on December 1, 1978, declared 56 million acres spread over 14 areas in Alaska asNational Monuments. More than 25 percent of the presidentially created NationalMonuments exceed 50,000 acres, including many Monuments that ultimately becameNational Parks such as Grand Canyon, Glacier Bay, Bryce Canyon, Death Valley, Olympic,and Joshua Tree. Timely action under the Antiquities Act protected these important placesuntil Congress could act to designate them as National Parks.
The Act: By the Numbers . . .
• Between 1906 and January 2001, 14 U.S. presidents used the Antiquities Act to proclaim118 National Monuments. The only three presidents who did not use the Act werePresidents Nixon, Reagan, and George H.W. Bush.
• Congress has re-designated 30 National Monuments as National Monuments, most recently in 1999 (Black Canyon of the Gunnison in Colorado). In fact, nearly a quarter ofthe Monuments currently in our National Park System were initially protected under theAntiquities Act.
The Antiquities Act
Since its passage by Congress in 1906, the Antiquities Act has been a critically important tool for the
preservation of our public lands–lands that belong to all Americans. Serving as a vital “insurance
policy” for our nation’s natural treasures, the Antiquities Act gives the president the power to grant
National Monument status to areas possessing significant historical, scenic, and/or scientific values. This
bipartisan presidential tool has been used to create a diverse array of National Monuments, ranging from
the small (one acre) and historic Fort Matanzas in Florida to the large (10,600,000 acres) and spectacular
Yukon Flats National Monument in Alaska.
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• Congress has the power to declare National Monuments and has done so in 29 cases.Congress also has the power to abolish National Monuments but has utilized this option onlyon rare occasions and usually to provide some alternative form of protection. More frequently,Congress has acted to enlarge the Monuments, adjust their boundaries, or change their statusfrom National Monuments to National Monuments.
• Thirty-six National Monuments were more than 50,000 acres in size when originally designated, including lands that are now part of Grand Canyon National Park, OlympicNational Park, and Glacier Bay National Park.
Public Support for Monuments
Polling data consistently demonstrates that the public supports Monument designations. TheAmerican public understands that Monument designation is a critical method of protecting landfrom the onslaught of sprawl, development, and unchecked overuse. Similarly, the public understands that Monument designations are not “land grabs” and do not “lock up” and closelands, but rather protect them to ensure that they remain open for recreation and enjoyment inthe years to come.
Attacks on the Act
Although 14 of the past 17 U.S. presidents have used the Antiquities Act to protect dozens ofremarkable national treasures, implementation of the Act often stirs controversy and has been thefocus of numerous attacks since its creation. Recently, in the 106th Congress several bills wereintroduced to limit presidential authority vested in the Antiquities Act. All of these attempts havefailed. Indications are that similar legislation is pending introduction in the 107th Congress.
The Wilderness Society’s Position
The Antiquities Act is one of our nation’s valued conservation statutes. The Act establishes appropriate roles for both the president and Congress in the protection of important federal landresources. It allows the president to act quickly, while maintaining congressional authority to designate National Monuments, change Monument boundaries, direct resources for Monumentmanagement, re-designate Monuments as National Monuments, and even abolish Monuments.
The Wilderness Society supports the Antiquities Act and the fundamental authority it grants to allpresidents. We oppose any legislation that undermines the basic principles of the Act is or inappropriately limits presidential authority to protect our nation’s valuable and unique naturalheritage. The Antiquities Act has played a pivotal role in the protection of many unique Americantreasures and has helped expand our world-renowned National Park System.
For more information, contact:
Dave Alberswerth, BLM Program Director (202/429-2695).Leslie Jones, Staff Attorney, (202/429-2628).Sabrina Williams, Communications Manager (202/429-8441).
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Section IIMonuments and Public Process
Soon after her appointment as U.S. Interior Secretary, Gale Norton proposedshrinking the boundaries of the country’s newest National Monuments inorder to accommodate Big Oil. National Monument status is given to unique
areas of our public lands in order to protect their special values from threatssuch as oil and gas development, off-road vehicles, and mining. What SecretaryNorton is proposing undercuts the very protections that have been granted tothese wild places. She is putting corporate interest ahead of sound environmentalpolicy. In order to justify the Administration’s anti-environmental agenda,Secretary Norton has misrepresented some important facts and has proceededto cultivate opponents of the new Monuments entrusted to her stewardship.
For example, Secretary Norton has repeatedly and erroneously claimed thatthere was no public input or consultation with public officials by the ClintonAdministration prior to designation of our newest National Monuments.However, one of the most notable aspects of last year’s Monument initiativeswas the emphasis local news stories and editorials gave to the broad basedlocal support for protecting these places. In addition, polling data consistentlyshowed that the public supports Monument designations.
In addition, Secretary Norton sent letters to local officials affected by NationalMonuments soliciting input regarding what uses should be accommodated withinthe new Monuments, claiming that she wished “to identify the activities that arebest suited to the needs of local residents and others.” If the BushAdministration is as environmentally friendly as they would like the public tobelieve the tone of Secretary Norton’s letter would have been more balanced byalso requesting ideas regarding how the protection afforded these newestnational treasures could be enhanced. The selective input she requested andsubsequently will receive could prejudice the Bureau of Land Management’sMonument (BLM) planning process.
The conservation community hopes that the BLM will frame the Monument planning process in terms of how to best fulfill the intention of each Monumentproclamation, and offer all Americans meaningful opportunities to participate inthe planning process. The Wilderness Society sees this as opportunity to workwith the BLM and others to explore management options that are respectful oftraditional uses and that will lead to improved ecological conditions in theMonuments.
The following pages outline the level of public outreach and consultation thatpreceded Monument designations, as well as the level of public support.
Efforts to Undercut Protections Afforded to OurNewest National Monuments
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Section IIMonuments and Public Process
Public Process forNewest NationalMonumentsBuck Island: Seeking to provide greater protection for the sensitive coral reef resources in the Caribbean, former U.S.Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt traveled to the U.S. Virgin Islandsin November 1999 and began a dialogue with GovernorCharles Turnbull (D-VI). Since that visit, the Territorial SubmergedLands Act surveys of the U.S. Virgin Islands were completed.These surveys showed submerged lands for which the federalgovernment was responsible. Secretary Babbitt returned to theVirgin Islands in September 2000 to discuss the proposals withthe governor, U.S. Delegate Donna Christian-Christiansen (D-VI),the director of Natural Resources and Planning, other governmentofficials, and the press. Public meetings were subsequently heldon St. John, St. Thomas, and St. Croix to discuss the surveys andmanagement options. On December 22, 2000, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.
California Coastal: In June 1999, Congressman Sam Farr (D-CA) of Monterey, introduced, for the second time, a bill (H.R.2277, 106th Congress) to designate these islands, rocks,exposed reefs, and pinnacles off the coast of California aswilderness. No hearings were held on this bill. In September1999, Secretary Babbitt, accompanied by Congressman Farr aswell as state and community leaders, visited the coastline to discuss protection for the rocks and islands including possibledesignation as a National Monument. On December 10, 1999,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that the areabe designated a National Monument. The president designatedthe area as a National Monument on January 11, 2000.
Canyons of the Ancients: Public discussions regarding protectionof this area date back to 1894 when the Salt Lake Times ran astory detailing interest in protecting the region. In 1979, a billwas introduced in Congress to designate the area as a NationalConservation Area. In the spring of 1999, Interior SecretaryBruce Babbitt began a dialogue with the local communities concerning proper management and protection of the area.The local resource advisory council held five public meetings,consulted with local governments, and forwarded management
recommendations to the secretary in August 1999. SecretaryBabbitt held three meetings in the local community that includedextensive interactions with local ranchers and representatives ofShell, the company that holds most of the CO2 leases atMcElmo Dome. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO) introduced new National Conservation Area legislation inFebruary 2000 (S. 2034, 106th Congress), but he suspended allaction on his bill on March 23, 2000. On May 31, 2000,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that thearea be designated a National Monument. The president designated the area as a National Monument on June 9, 2000.
Carrizo Plain: Congresswoman Lois Capps (D-CA) introducedthe “Carrizo Plain National Conservation Area Act” (H.R. 1751,106th Congress) in May 1999. This began a public process,which included recommendations from the local resource advisory council that were forwarded to the congresswoman andSecretary Babbitt in December 1999 and incorporated into thebill. The RAC recommendations included vigorous managementproscriptions and long-term local involvement mechanisms. Inlate 1999, Secretary Babbitt made two trips to the area to holdpublic meetings. Although the bill was reported from the HouseResources Committee, neither the House nor the Senate actedon the proposed legislation. On December 22, 2000, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.
Craters of the Moon expansion: Presidential Proclamationshave adjusted the boundary of the Monument on four occasions– in 1928, 1930, 1941, and 1962. In 1989, then-Rep. RichardStallings (D-ID) introduced legislation to create Craters of the MoonNational Park, a proposal that included almost twice as manyacres as the Monument expansion affected by this designation.
Between April and July 2000, Secretary Babbitt visited the areathree times and led a process to solicit public input and adviceabout the future management and protection of the Craters ofthe Moon region, meeting with leading geologists, local ranchers,local elected officials, and staff from the Idaho congressionaldelegation. Three public meetings were held in May and June2000 in nearby communities to discuss the area’s possible designation as a National Monument. Senator Larry Craig (R-ID)also held a field hearing on June 17, 2000, on the Monumentexpansion proposal. Secretary Babbitt’s staff held two additionalmeetings with leaders in the ranching community to develop theboundaries for the expansion. The secretary regularly interactedwith the delegation and Governor Dirk Kempthorne (R-ID)regarding the proposal. On August 11, 2000, Secretary Babbittrecommended the expansion of Craters of the Moon National
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Monument to President Clinton. The president expanded theNational Monument on November 9, 2000.
Grand Canyon-Parashant: President Theodore Roosevelt firstset aside a portion of what is now the Grand Canyon NationalPark as a National Monument under the Antiquities Act in 1908.In 1919, Congress converted the Grand Canyon NationalMonument to a National Park. Additional lands were madeNational Monuments by Presidential Proclamation in 1932 and1969. Congress enlarged the Park in 1975 to include theselands, but that act left open whether several drainages north ofthe Grand Canyon should be protected and directed that thesecretary of the Interior Department study the lands and issue areport on them. Most of the studied lands are included withinthe Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument.
In November 1998, Secretary Babbitt came to northern Arizonaand began a dialogue that has included two more secretarialvisits, two large public meetings, and more than 59 other meetings with concerned local governments, tribes, and othergroups regarding the future of these lands. In August 1999,Congressman Bob Stump (R-AZ) introduced a bill (H.R. 2795,106th Congress) that would have established a NationalConservation Area in this region, but this bill actually would havelowered protections in existing law, thus allowing the degradationof these lands in perpetuity. Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ) also introduced legislation on this subject (S. 1560, 106th Congress),but no hearings were held on the bill. On December 10, 1999,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area bedesignated a National Monument. President Clinton designatedthe area as a National Monument on January 11, 2000.
Hanford Reach: In 1988, Congress passed Public Law 100-605, which directed the National Park Service (NPS) to study theHanford Reach of the Columbia to recommend protection measures. In 1994, the NPS completed an Environmental ImpactStatement (EIS) that recommended designation of a NationalWildlife Refuge north and east of the river and a National Wildand Scenic River designation for the Hanford Reach. SenatorPatty Murray (D-WA) promptly introduced legislation in 1995 toimplement the Park Service’s EIS by designating the Reach as aWild and Scenic River. In 1997, Senator Murray andRepresentative Norm Dicks (D-WA) introduced companion bills,S. 200 and H.R. 1477, that would designate the Hanford Reacha wild and scenic river. Intense discussions followed until 1999but failed to produce legislation.
In 1999, after extensive discussions with the state of Washington,tribes, local governments, other federal agencies, environmentalgroups, and the public, the Department of Energy issued a
Record of Decision for future land uses of the entire Hanford sitethat designated the lands covered in the proposed Monumentfor preservation. In the spring of 2000, Senator Patty Murrayasked the secretary of the Interior Department to consider recommending Monument designation to protect the area. InMay 2000, Secretary Babbitt visited the area to discuss protectionfor the Hanford Reach and for surrounding land that had a widevariety of affected interests. On May 31, 2000, Secretary Babbittrecommended to President Clinton that the area be designated aNational Monument. The president designated the area as aNational Monument on June 9, 2000.
Ironwood Forest: The Pima County Board of Supervisors forwarded a resolution to Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt inMarch 2000 seeking National Monument designation for thearea. The secretary toured the area and discussed the proposalwith the Pima County Board of Supervisors and members of thecommunity. The Tohono O’odham Nation and the Pima CountyBoard of Supervisors gave their support to the proposal. On May31, 2000, Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clintonthat the area be designated a National Monument. The presidentdesignated the area as a National Monument on June 9, 2000.
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks: In May 2000, Sandoval Countypetitioned Secretary Babbitt to consider recommending the TentRocks area as a National Monument. In the months that followed, the community developed overwhelming support forprotecting the area. In December 2000, Senator Jeff Bingaman(D-NM) asked Secretary Babbitt to travel to the area and meetwith the local community. The tour and meetings in Decemberdemonstrated a high level of support in the community for thisdesignation. Senator Pete Domenici (R-NM) Bernalillo County,Santa Fe County, and the Pueblo de Cochiti also publicly supported the designation. On January 8, 2001 SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.
Pinnacles expansion: Consisting of 2,060 acres, Pinnacleswas originally designated a National Monument by PresidentTheodore Roosevelt in 1908 and expanded five times by subsequent presidents and once by Congress. Thisexpansion–discussed at length in local communities in recentyears–will bring important pieces of adjacent public land intoPinnacles National Monument. Congressman Sam Farr (D-CA)of Monterey, has on two occasions proposed an expansion,along with wilderness designation. No committee hearings havebeen held on his bill (H.R. 2279, 106th Congress). SecretaryBabbitt visited Pinnacles National Monument and the adjacentpublic lands in October 1999 to discuss the expansion proposal
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with private ranchers and other landowners as well as with community and environmental leaders. At the request of theadjacent landowners, an important section of private land wasincluded on the east side of the Monument. On December 10,1999, Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton thatthe area be designated a National Monument. The presidentdesignated the area as a National Monument on January 11, 2000.
Pompey’s Pillar: The Montana congressional delegation sentletters to Secretary Babbitt in the spring of 2000 asking that thesecretary recommend Pompey’s Pillar to the president forNational Monument designation. Secretary Babbitt toured thearea and held public meetings in Montana in November 2000.On December 22, 2000, Secretary Babbitt recommended toPresident Clinton that the area be designated a NationalMonument. The president designated the area as a NationalMonument on January 17, 2001.
Sonoran Desert: The area has long been considered importantto sustaining the Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Over the pastdecade, National Park and National Conservation Area proposalshave been considered to afford greater protection to the area.Secretary Babbitt made two trips to the area in the fall of 2000,meeting with local community leaders, tribal representatives,hunters, and conservationists. He also met with Governor JaneDee Hull (R-AZ) about the proposal and other local issues. Twoadditional conference calls were held with tribal representativesof the O’odham family and three conference calls were held withrepresentatives of the electric power industry. In each case, language was developed to address their specific managementand use needs. That language was included in the proclamationand associated documents. On January 8, 2001, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.
Upper Missouri River Breaks: In 1976, Congress designatedthe Missouri River segment and corridor in this area as aNational Wild and Scenic River (Pub. L. No. 94-486). SecretaryBabbitt toured the area in May 1999 with Senator Max Baucus(D-MT), author/historian Stephen Ambrose, and author DaytonDuncan. Following that trip, the local Resource Advisory Council(RAC) held numerous meetings over five months and developedrecommendations pertaining to the management of the areathat were sent to the secretary in December 1999. More than800 pieces of testimony were collected by the RAC. SecretaryBabbitt’s office consulted with the governor and the Montanadelegation throughout the process. The secretary made twomore trips and held an additional meeting with the RAC andmembers of the public in the spring of 2000. In June 2000,
Secretary Babbitt met with the Montana delegation in Washington,DC, to discuss the status of the proposal, legislative options, andthe importance of holding true to the recommendations of theResource Advisory Council. On December 22, 2000, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.
Vermilion Cliffs: Approximately 89,000 acres within theMonument were designated by Congress as the Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area in 1984. The Paria Plateau wasdesignated a Resource Conservation Area in the 1992 theBureau of Land Management (BLM) Arizona Strip ResourceManagement Plan. Beginning in June 2000, Secretary Babbittmade three trips to the area and met with local elected officials,lodge owners, ranching interests, chamber of commerce representatives, and other interested groups to discuss protectingthe area. The local BLM office held three additional meetings withthe local community and permit holders. On August 11, 2000,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that thearea be designated a National Monument. The president desig-nated the area as a National Monument on November 9, 2000.
Virgin Islands Coral Reef: Congress created the U.S. VirginIslands National Park in 1956 and expanded it in 1962.Seeking to provide greater protection for the sensitive coral reefresources in the federal submerged lands outside the Park,Secretary Babbitt traveled to the Virgin Islands in November1999 and began a dialogue with Governor Charles Turnbull (D-VI). Since that visit, the Territorial Submerged Lands Act surveysof the U.S. Virgin Islands were completed. These surveys showedsubmerged lands for which the federal government was responsible. Secretary Babbitt returned to the Virgin Islands inSeptember 2000 to discuss the proposals with the governor, U.S.Delegate Donna Christian-Christiansen (D-VI), the director ofNatural Resources and Planning, other government officials, andthe press. Public meetings were subsequently held on St. John,St. Thomas, and St. Croix to discuss the surveys and managementoptions. On December 22, 2000, Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated aNational Monument. The president designated the area as aNational Monument on January 17, 2001.
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What NewspapersAre Saying AboutOur NationalMonumentsOn public process and consultation . . .
“Among the durable achievements of Bill Clinton's presidency,none may outlast the dozen or so National Monuments hehas created on federal lands. These were praiseworthymoves, bold and necessary responses to an era of stalemate,when congressional attitudes toward landscape preservationranged too often from inattention to hostility.
Foes of federal land ownership will say that Clinton abusedhis authority by decreeing what he could not move Congressto enact, but he owes no consideration to those claims.Such authority is precisely the purpose of the Antiquities Actof 1906, which has been applied more than 100 times,without apology, by every chief executive since TheodoreRoosevelt - except for Presidents Nixon, Reagan and Bush.”
Minneapolis Star Tribune, December 23, 2000
“[Norton] has criticized the presidential Monument declarations for the failure to consult “the people whose liveswere most affected. But she has demurred as to what courseof action, if any, she might embark upon…There has beenpublic input on the Arizona Monuments, and Norton woulddo well to devote her energy to moving forward, not creatingangst by turning back the clock on any of these Monuments.”
The Arizona Republic, January 12, 2001
“President-elect George W. Bush has served notice that hewill review all of Clinton's late-term executive orders particularlyMonument designations that are opposed by developmentinterests. In considering whether to undo Clinton's acts,Bush would be wise to note the strong national consensusfor protecting our natural resources from exploitation.”
San Francisco Chronicle, January 19, 2001
“Norton also perpetuated the false, yet widely repeatednotion that the Monuments were created without the knowledgeof local and state officials, and without public input. In fact,officials were informed and public hearing were held longbefore the designations occurred. Polls suggest the GrandCanyon-Parashant and Agua Fria Monument designations inArizona were extraordinarily well received by Arizonans. InUtah, there has been a shift in local opinion in favor of theGrand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.”
Harrisburg Patriot, February 28, 2001
“Indeed, claims that the Monuments were declared withoutconsulting regional officials are based more on partisanshipthan truth. In southwestern Colorado, for instance, Babbittraised his concerns in public comments, traveled to the areaand met with residents. He then waited for Colorado's congressional delegation to devise a compromise. Onlyafter U.S. Sen. Ben Campbell, a Colorado Republican, withdrew his legislative proposal did Babbitt ask Clinton todesignate the Monument.
In the Grand Junction area . . . citizens and local officialsworked with U.S. Rep. Scott McInnis, a Western SlopeRepublican, on a legislative compromise that created theColorado Canyons National Conservation Area. Consequently,Babbitt didn't seek Monument designation for the area.”
Denver Post, March 12, 2001
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“The Bush administration has contended that Clintonrammed the five Monuments in Arizona and nine more inother Western states down the throats of the states' residents.The claim is often made that Clinton did not even consultleaders in affected areas.
Arizona Gov. Jane Hull has been one critic. She complainedthat Clinton and then-Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt actedhastily, without consulting sufficiently with Arizonans. Butsince the Monuments enjoy such popular support, she hasnot joined those who think the Monuments should be undone.
Given that contentious background, it is worth noting in theIronwood Monument's case that both the Pima County andPinal County boards of supervisors urged Clinton to declarethe Monument. The Monument also drew strong supportfrom environmental groups, scientists at the Arizona SonoraDesert Museum, the Tohono O'odham Nation and someneighborhood groups near the Silverbell Mountains.”
Arizona Daily Star, April 8, 2001
“These few voices of complaint should not speak louder than the chorus of the many people who support theCascade-Siskiyou National Monument and agree that thenew protections are needed for this still wild land of rareplants, at least 100 species of butterflies and many otherspecies of wildlife.”
Portland Oregonian, May 17, 2001
On energy development in the Monuments . . .
“Hansen attacked Clinton decisions on roadless forests, newNational Monuments, the banning of snowmobiles inYellowstone and other National Parks, and new protectionsfor Marine Resource Areas and Fish and Wildlife Refuges.All of these, Hansen said, violate “the good stewardship ofour public lands. This is pro-development doublespeakreminiscent of the Ronald Reagan-James Watt era of landmanagement. To them, stewardship meant turning the public lands over to private companies for exploitation andprofit. But the public didn't buy that philosophy in the 1980sand it won't now.”
Los Angeles Times, January 7, 2001
“Bush, our president with an MBA, said his decision to lookand drill for oil in National Monuments and other publiclands would be based partly on a “cost-benefit ratio.” But inreality his announcement offers a glimpse of the extremismthat drives this administration.”
Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, PA), March 21, 2001
“These [Bush administration rollbacks of Clinton environmentalregulations] were minor affronts to the Clinton legacy. Thetwo defining environmental decisions of Mr. Bush's earlymonths have been his renunciation of the Kyoto agreementon global warming and the beginning of what may be abroad effort to turn the oil and mining industries loose onpublic lands, many of which deserve special protection . . .Mr. Bush seems bent on carving out large swaths of publicland to satisfy his appetite for new energy reserves. His interiorsecretary, Gale Norton, is talking about making “boundaryadjustments” to allow commercial activity in some of the 22National Monuments created or expanded by Mr. Clinton.”
New York Times, April 22, 2001
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Section IIIOil and Gas inNational Monuments
Economically Recoverable Oil & Gas inthe New Bureau Of Land Management(BLM) National Monuments
Monument
Agua Fria, AZCalifornia Coastal, CACanyons of Ancients, COCarrizo Plain, CACascade Siskiyou, ORCraters of the Moon, IDGrand Canyon-Parashant, AZGrand Staircase-Escalante, UTIronwood Forest, AZKasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks, NMPompey’s Pillar, MTSanta Rosa & San Jacinto Mts, CASonoran Desert, AZUpper Missouri River Breaks, MTVermillion Cliffs, AZ
TOTALS
Economically Recoverable OIL(As a Portion of Total U.S. Consumption)
013 days3 hours2 days0016 minutes4 hours0Less than 1 minuteLess than 1 minute001 hour10 minutes
15 days, 12 hrs, 28 mins
Economically Recoverable GAS(As a Portion of Total U.S. Consumption)
05 days3 hours19 hours00Less than 1 minute1 hour0Less than 1 minuteLess than 1 minute0015 hours8 minutes
7 days, 2 hrs, 11 mins
This analysis was supervised by Pete Morton, Ph.D., ResourceEconomist at The Wilderness Society.
Data were obtained from the United States GeologicalService (USGS) 1995 National Assessment of United StatesOil and Gas Resources, which divides the U.S. into oil andgas plays. Plays are defined as a set of known or postulatedaccumulations of oil or gas that share similar geologic, geographic and temporal properties. Our estimates utilizedUSGS mean value estimates because they provide the best,unbiased estimate of the expected value oil and gas resources.
Geographic Information System (GIS) software were used todetermine the area of intersection between oil and gas playsand national Monument boundaries in order to derive theeconomically recoverable amount of oil and gas based onfinancial cost functions and recovery rates developed byUSGS scientists. In the table above, economically recoverableoil and gas amounts were estimated with a high price scenarioof $30/barrel of oil and $3.34/thousand cubic feet of gas.
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:Pete Morton, Denver, CO, 303-650-5818, ext. 105Sabrina Williams, Washington, DC 202 429 8441
11
MONUMENT
Agua Fria
Anderson Cottage
Buck Island Reef
[Expansion]
California Coastal
Canyons of the Ancients
Carrizo Plain
Cascade Siskiyou
Craters of the Moon
[Expansion]
Giant Sequoia
Governor's Island
Grand Canyon-Parashant
Grand Staircase-Escalante
Hanford Reach
Ironwood Forest
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
Minidoka Internment
Pinnacles [Expansion]
Pompey's Pillar
Santa Rosa and
San Jacinto Mountains
Sonoran Desert
Upper Missouri
River Breaks
U.S. Virgin Islands
Coral Reef
Vermilion Cliffs
ACREAGE
71,000
2
18,135
840 x 12 miles
164,000
204,107
52,000
661,287
327,769
20
1,014,000
1,700,000
195,000
128,917
4,148
73
2,980
51
272,000
486,149
377,346
12,708
293,000
DESIGNATION
DATE
11-Jan-00
7-Jul-00
17-Jan-01
11-Jan-00
9-Jun-00
17-Jan-01
9-Jun-00
9-Nov-00
15-Apr-00
20-Jan-01
11-Jan-00
18-Sep-96
9-Jun-00
9-Jun-00
17-Jan-01
17-Jan-01
10-Jan-00
17-Jan-01
24-Oct-00
17-Jan-01
17-Jan-01
17-Jan-01
9-Nov-00
LOCATION
Arizona
Washington, DC
U.S. Virgin Islands
California
Colorado
California
Oregon
Idaho
California
New York
Arizona
Utah
Washington
Arizona
New Mexico
Idaho
California
Montana
California
Arizona
Montana
U.S. Virgin Islands
Arizona
MANAGEMENT
AGENCY
BLM
NPS
NPS
BLM
BLM
BLM
BLM
BLM/NPS
USFS
NPS
BLM
BLM
FWS
BLM
BLM*
BR**
NPS
BLM
BLM/FS*
BLM
BLM
BLM
BLM
Monument Designations
Section IVNewestNational Monuments
* Managed in cooperation with state and private entities. ** Bureau of Reclamation
12
Agua Fria National Monument, Arizona
Approximately 40 miles north of central Phoenix lies this expansive mosaicof semi-desert accented by ribbons of valuable riparian forest. The relativeavailability of water and the diversity of topographical features throughoutthe 71,000-acre Agua Fria Monument support outstanding biologicalresources including a wide array of sensitive wildlife species. Agua Fria alsocontains 450 prehistoric sites. These ancient ruins, with their breathtakingvistas and spectacular petroglyphs, allow the Monument to be recognizedas one of the most significant systems of late prehistoric sites in the Southwest.On January 11, 2000, the area was declared a National Monument to bepreserved as the national treasure its serenity and history represent.
New Treasures
Fourteen of the last seventeen American presidents used the
authority granted by the Antiquities Act to protect portions of
our national heritage. Historic sites, ancient archaeological
treasures, glacial fjords, towering mountains, and fragile deserts
have been preserved through presidential proclamation and
National Monument designation. During the Reagan and Bush
administrations, the Antiquities Act rested dormant and unused.
In 1996, President Clinton reinvigorated the power of this
benchmark piece of conservation legislation. Today, an
unprecedented interest in protecting the dwindling wildlands
and ever-threatened American landscape promises to enrich the
future of our society. The following National Monuments are
among the newest additions and expansions to the great system
of protected areas in the United States.
Historically, the National Park Service and the Forest Service and
not the Bureau of Land Management have been charged with
management authority for National Monuments. In 1996,
President Clinton granted to BLM the management responsibility
for Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument thereby
altering the traditional trend. Subsequently, 15 of the recently
designated Monuments are managed by BLM.
Agua Fria National Monument, Arizona
Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana
13
Buck Island Reef National Monument, U.S. Virgin Islands
The Buck Island Reef National Monument was expanded by presidentialdesignation on January 17, 2001. The expansion includes 18,135 marineacres of federal submerged lands off of St. Croix, within the 3-mile beltaround Buck Island. Buck Island Reef National Monument was establishedon December 28, 1961, by presidential proclamation. The 1961 proclamation describes Buck Island and its adjoining shoals, rocks, andundersea coral reef formations as “one of the finest marine gardens in theCaribbean Sea” and as an area of “great scientific interest and educationalvalue to students of the sea and to the public.”
California Coastal National Monument
The nutrient-rich waters of the Pacific pounds the 840-mile Californiacoastline and created the islands exposed reefs, pinnacles, and tide poolsof the wildlife haven known as the California Coastal National Monument.Part of a narrow and important flight lane in the Pacific flyway, this breathtaking intersection of broken land and sea has proven itself to beessential feeding and nesting habitat for some 200,000 bird speciesincluding the Bald Eagle. As part of California’s near-shore ocean zone,the Monument is rich in biodiversity and holds many species of scientificinterest that can be particularly sensitive to disturbance. This biologicaltreasure was designated a National Monument on January 11, 2000.
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Colorado
Located in Colorado and home to more than 5,000 archeologically importantsites, the 164,000-acre Canyons of the Ancients National Monument contains the highest density of archeological sites in the nation. In additionto its immense historical value the Monument is also a geographical wonder and provides critical habitat for a wide variety of wildlife speciesincluding golden eagles and the Mesa Verde nightsnake. To ensure thatthis evidence of cultures and traditions spanning thousands of years is preserved, the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument was designatedon June 9, 2000.
Carrizo Plain National Monument, California
Carrizo Plain is located in central California, just off the southwest edge ofthe San Joaquin Valley, between San Luis Obispo and Bakersfield.Dramatically bisected by the San Andreas Fault zone, the area is thelargest undeveloped remnant of this ecosystem, providing critical habitatsthat will help ensure the long-term survival of the many endemic plant andanimal species that inhabit the area. The area was designated as aNational Monument on January 17, 2001.
California Coastal National Monument
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Colorado
Carrizo Plain National Monument, California
14
Cascade Siskiyou National Monument, Oregon
Designated on June 9, 2000, the Cascade Siskiyou National Monument insouthern Oregon is best characterized by its unmatched biological diversity.Here, a wide variety of habitat-sensitive plants and animals make homesamidst the towering fir forests, peaceful sunlit oak groves, wildflower-strewnmeadows, and steep canyons. The 52,000-acre Monument is also hometo one of the highest densities of butterfly species in the United States andcontains habitat crucial to the threatened Northern Spotted Owl andnumerous other bird species.
Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho
Located some 160 miles east of Boise, the Craters of the Moon NationalMonument is a topographical wonder where one can find scientifically significant evidence of the earth’s creative processes. The Monument’s central focus is the Great Rift, a 62-mile-long crack in the earth's crustaround which is a rare and remarkably preserved volcanic landscape withlava fields, more than 20 volcanic cones, and 60 lava flows. Additionalpoints of interest are the lava tubes and pit craters known for their unusualpreservation of winter ice and snow during the hot summer months due toshielding from the sun and the insulating properties of basalt. InNovember 2000, the Monument was expanded by presidential designationto approximately 661,000 acres.
Giant Sequoia National Monument, California
Amidst mountainsides of pines and cedars, the giant sequoia towers as asentinel guarding the grand sanctuaries of the Sierra Nevada. Peering skyward from the quiet floor of a giant sequoia grove, a visitor is struck bythe impossible magnitude, the incomprehensible size of these ultimatelyinspiring trees. The serene quiet of the groves, punctuated by the occasionalfall of a cone, the song of a bird, or the whisper of a gentle breeze, arenow protected in Giant Sequoia National Monument. Designated on April15, 2000, Giant Sequoia will be managed by the U.S. Forest Service.
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, Arizona
On January 11, 2000, President Clinton designated more than one millionacres of high desert lands adjacent to the North Rim of the Grand Canyonas Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument. Protecting a rich diversityof plants, animals, cultural sites, and critical watersheds, these remotelands help safeguard the grandest of canyons and preserve intact vitalwatersheds that contribute to the ongoing evolution of the Grand Canyon’sunequaled beauty and geological story. Home to endangered species,great tracts of roadless wilderness, and unparalleled opportunities to experience true solitude, Grand Canyon-Parashant is a stunning landscapeand an important component of the greater Grand Canyon ecosystem.
Cascade Siskiyou National Monument,Oregon
Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho
Grand Canyon-Parashant NationalMonument, Arizona
15
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah
Designated in 1996, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument protects a broad expanse of arid wilderness in Utah’s spectacular canyoncountry. Colorful badlands, sagebrush basins, water-carved canyons ofimpossible shape, and remote ridges dotted with pinyon pine and juniperharbor the kind of natural quiet absent elsewhere in the lower 48 states.Solitude, space, and rugged beauty abound in this desert Monument totaling more than 1.7 million acres, which include approximately 900,000acres of Wilderness Study Areas.
Hanford Reach National Monument, Washington
Located in south-central Washington along the Columbia River, thisMonument encompasses more than 200,000 acres of land within theDepartment of Energy’s Hanford Reservation. The Monument contains thelargest remnant of the shrub-steppe ecosystem that once blanketed theColumbia River Basin. The Hanford Reach is the last free-flowing, non-tidal stretch of the Columbia River, where approximately 80 percent of fall chinook salmon spawn. The Hanford Reach National Monumentsupports a wealth of rare native plant and animal species, the size anddiversity of which is unrivaled in the Columbia Basin. Migrating salmon,birds, and hundreds of other native plant and animal species rely on itsnatural ecosystems. In addition to its biological wealth, the Monument isalso rich in archeological history, with artifacts more than 10,000 yearsold. President Clinton designated the Monument on June 9, 2000. TheU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service manages Hanford Reach.
Ironwood Forest National Monument, Arizona
The Ironwood Forest National Monument in Arizona is home to rich,drought-adapted vegetation and areas of scientific interest significantenough to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The geologicand topographic variability of the Monument contributes to the area’s highlevel of biological diversity. Ironwoods, known to live in excess of 800years, are the dominant nurse plants of the region and greatly influence anunderstory of plants which form critical habitat for many threatened andendangered species. An example of this can be found in the Monument’sresident population of desert bighorn sheep, which is considered to be thelast viable population indigenous to the Tucson region. The 128,917 acreIronwood Forest National Monument was designated on June 9, 2000.
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah
Hanford Reach National Monument, Washington
Ironwood Forest National Monument, Arizona
16
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument, New Mexico
Designated on January 17, 2001, the Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks NationalMonument is located in north-central New Mexico near Santa Fe. It is aremarkable outdoor laboratory, offering an opportunity to observe, study,and experience the geological processes that shape natural landscapes, aswell as other cultural and biological objects of interest. Rich in pumice,ash, and tuff deposits, the light-colored, cone-shaped tent rock formationsare the products of explosive volcanic eruptions that occurred between sixand seven million years ago. The Monument includes approximately 4,114acres of federal land, and elevations within the Monument range fromabout 5,560 feet to about 6,760 feet above sea level.
Minidoka Internment National Monument, Idaho
The Minidoka Internment National Monument is located in south-centralIdaho, in Jerome County approximately 20 miles northeast of Twin Falls.The Monument includes portions of the Minidoka Relocation Center, aWorld War II-era Japanese-American internment camp and approximately73 acres of federal land currently managed by the Bureau of Reclamation.The Minidoka Internment National Monument was designated on January17, 2001.
Pinnacles National Monument, California
The January 10, 2000, expansion of Pinnacles National Monument addsan additional 7,900 acres to this existing unit of the National Park System.President Theodore Roosevelt established the Monument in 1908 under theauthority of the Antiquities Act of 1906. Five presidents and Congress haveenlarged the original boundaries to its present size of 32,165 acres.Located in central California, Pinnacles National Monument features complex geology, dramatic 1,000-foot rock spires, caves, and a variety ofvolcanic features. Lands added to the preexisting Monument protect wilderness quality lands, important watersheds, and habitat for sensitiveamphibians and birds of prey.
Pompey’s Pillar National Monument, Montana
Pompey’s Pillar is on 51 acres of federal land along the Yellowstone Riverin southeastern Montana, 28 miles east of Billings. President Clinton designated this Monument on January 17, 2001. Its geological distinctionas the only major sandstone formation in the area has made it a celebratedlandmark and an outstanding observation point for more than 11,000years of human occupation. On July 25, 1806, Clark carved his nameand date into the pillar's sandstone surface. The pillar also bears NativeAmerican drawings and other historical inscriptions. Clark originallynamed the rock after his nickname for Sacajawea’s infant son. His journalentry described it as “...a remarkable rock [with] the most extensive view inevery direction.”
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument,New Mexico
Pinnacles National Monument, California
Pompey’s Pillar National Monument, Montana
17
Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana
Located in central Montana, the Upper Missouri River Breaks NationalMonument covers approximately 377,346 acres, including the MissouriBreaks country north of the Missouri River. It is also the premier segmentof the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail. Of the Breaks, CaptainLewis wrote, “The hills and river cliffs which we passed today exhibit a mostromantic appearance…it seemed as if those scenes of visionary enchantmentwould never end.” Little has changed in this historic stretch of the MissouriRiver since then. Missouri Breaks was designated on January 17, 2001.
U.S. Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument
The U.S. Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument includes 12,708acres of federal submerged lands within the 3-mile belt off of St. John,including Hurricane Hole and areas north and south of St. John. The area contains all the elements of a Caribbean tropical marine ecosystem.This designation furthers the protection of the scientific objects included inthe Virgin Islands National Park. This Monument was designated onJanuary 17, 2001.
Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona
Designated on November 19, 2000, this 293,000-acre Monument is bothbreathtakingly beautiful and scientifically significant. Some of the earliestrock art in the Southwest can be found in the Monument. In the northwestportion lies a geologically impressive area where crossbeds of Navajosandstone display colorful banding in hues of yellow, orange, pink, andred caused by the precipitation of manganese, iron, and other oxides. TheMonument’s arid climate allows for an exceptional combination of colddesert vegetation and warm desert grassland and includes one threatenedspecies, Welsh’s milkweed.
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument, California
Located within the California Desert Conservation Area, this Monumentencompasses more than 272,000 acres in the Santa Rosa and San JacintoMountains and is home to 500 plant and animal species. The Santa RosaMountains were originally designated America’s fourth National ScenicArea in 1990. The Monument was designated on October 24 2000, byCongress to protect and preserve the nationally significant biological, cultural, geological, wilderness, educational, and scientific resources.
Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument,Montana
Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains NationalMonument, California
18
Sonoran Desert National Monument, Arizona
The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona appears at first glance to be aharsh, arid landscape, armed with spines, thorns, and venomous snakes.But a closer look shows a land of fragile beauty, bursting with flowers andfruit after a wet winter; a homeland for ancient peoples, where the signs oftheir art and culture still inspire awe and imagination; and a vanishingoasis of habitat for vulnerable plants and wildlife, such as the majesticdesert bighorn. This landscape also includes the Sand Tank Mountains,which have not suffered the incompatible land uses of mining, livestockgrazing, or cross-country vehicle travel for more than 50 years while undermanagement of the Department of Defense. As a result, the wildlife habitatin the Sand Tank Mountains is rare in its diversity and in the health of thenative plant communities found there. It was designated on January 17, 2001.
Sonoran Desert National Monument, Arizona
19
Section VNational MonumentsSince 1906
DEV
ILS
TOW
ER, W
Y
EL M
ORR
O, N
M
MO
NTE
ZUM
A, A
Z
PETR
IFIE
D F
ORE
ST, A
Z, (N
atio
nal P
ark)
CH
AC
O C
AN
YON
, NM
, (C
haco
Cul
ture
Nat
iona
l His
toric
al P
ark)
GIL
A C
LIFF
DW
ELLI
NG
S, N
M
TON
TO, A
Z
LASS
EN P
EAK
, CA
, (L
asse
n Vo
lcan
ic N
atio
nal P
ark)
CIN
DER
CO
NE,
CA
, (L
asse
n Vo
lcan
ic N
atio
nal P
ark)
MU
IR W
OO
DS,
CA
TUM
AC
AC
ORI
, AZ,
(N
atio
nal H
isto
ric P
ark)
GRA
ND
CA
NYO
N I,
AZ,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
PIN
NA
CLE
S, C
A
JEW
EL C
AVE
, SD
NAT
URA
L BR
IDG
ES, U
T
LEW
IS A
ND
CLA
RK, M
T
WH
EELE
R, C
O
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. Ro
osev
elt (R
), F.
D. Ro
osev
elt (D
)
T. R
oose
velt
(R),T
aft (
R),
Hoo
ver
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R),
Coo
lidge
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R),
Kenn
edy
(D)
T. Ro
osev
elt (R
), F.
D. Ro
osev
elt (D
)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R),
Clin
ton
(D)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R),
Taft
(R),
Wils
on (D
), Ke
nned
y (D
)
T. R
oose
velt
(R),
Taft
(R)
T. R
oose
velt
(R)
1906
1906
1906
1906
1907
1907
1907
1907
1907
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1908
1,19
4
160
161
60,7
76
10,6
43
160
640
1,28
0
5120
295
10 808,
120
1,32
0
1,27
5
120
160
300
1,34
6.91
1,03
9.92
840.
86
93,4
92.5
7
31,0
84.7
4
533.
13
1,12
0
106,
366.
70
106,
366.
70
522.
55
46.5
2
1,18
0,61
8
32,1
65
1,27
4.56
7,63
6.49
0 0
“Ext
raor
dina
ry e
xam
ple.
..of w
ind
eros
ion
in th
e hi
gher
Mou
ntai
ns”
(Pro
c.N
o. 6
58).
Enl
arge
d by
an
act o
f Con
gres
s in
195
5.
At “
El M
orro
,” w
hich
is S
pani
sh fo
r “t
he b
luff,
” th
e en
tire
crew
who
cam
ew
ith th
e Sp
anish
exp
lore
r C
oron
ado
signe
d th
eir
nam
es u
pon
the
rock
s.
“Pre
hist
oric
rui
ns a
nd a
ncie
nt c
liff d
wel
lings
” (P
roc.
No.
222
6).
“Min
eral
ized
rem
ains
of M
esoz
oic
fore
sts”
(Pro
c. N
o. 6
97).
Re-
desig
nate
das
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
962.
Wild
erne
ss (5
0,26
0 ac
res)
, 197
0
“Ext
ensiv
e pr
ehist
oric
com
mun
al o
r pu
eblo
rui
ns”
(Pro
c. N
o. 7
40).
Re-
desig
nate
d an
d re
-nam
ed “
Cha
co C
ultu
re N
atio
nal H
istor
ical
Par
k,”
1980
. N
amed
a W
orld
Her
itage
Site
, 198
7.
“Gro
up o
f clif
f-dw
ellin
gs...
the
best
rep
rese
ntat
ive
of th
e C
liff-
dwel
lers
're
mai
ns o
f tha
t reg
ion”
(Pro
c. N
o. 3
467)
.
“Pre
hist
oric
rui
ns o
f anc
ient
clif
f-dw
ellin
gs”
(Pro
c. N
o. 7
87).
Lass
en P
eak
is th
e so
uthe
rn p
oint
“of
the
line
of e
xtin
ct v
olca
noes
in th
eC
asca
de R
ange
” (P
roc.
No.
754
). L
asse
n Pe
ak N
M a
nd C
inde
r C
one
NM
wer
e co
mbi
ned
to fo
rm L
asse
n Vo
lcan
ic N
atio
nal P
ark,
191
6.W
ilder
ness
(78,
982
acre
s), 1
972.
Alon
g w
ith L
asse
n Pe
ak, C
inde
r C
one
is “o
f spe
cial
impo
rtanc
e in
trac
ing
the
hist
ory
of v
olca
nic
phen
omen
a” (P
roc.
No.
190
7).
Due
to it
s ou
t of t
he w
ay lo
catio
n, M
uir
Woo
ds is
one
of t
he fe
w p
lace
son
the
Paci
fic C
oast
that
stil
l has
coa
stal
red
woo
ds.
“An
exte
nsiv
e gr
owth
of r
edw
ood
trees
” (P
roc.
No.
793
).
“One
of t
he o
ldes
t miss
ion
ruin
s in
the
sout
hwes
t” (P
roc.
No.
821
). Re
-de
signa
ted
as N
atio
nal H
istor
ical
Par
k, 1
990.
Re-d
esig
nate
d as
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
919.
Com
bine
d w
ith a
noth
er G
rand
Can
yon
NM
('32
), M
arbl
e C
anyo
n N
M ('
69),
and
porti
ons
of G
len
Can
yon
and
Lake
Mea
d N
RAs
to fo
rm G
rand
Can
yon
Nat
iona
l Par
k,19
75.
Wor
ld H
erita
ge S
ite, 1
979.
The
Mon
umen
t fea
ture
s sp
ike-
like
rock
form
atio
ns 5
00-1
,200
feet
hig
h an
da
varie
ty o
f vol
cani
c fe
atur
es th
at ri
se a
bove
the
smoo
th c
onto
urs
of th
e su
rrou
ndin
g co
untry
side
(Pro
c. N
o. 7
96).
Wild
erne
ss (1
2,95
2 ac
res)
, 197
6.
“Sig
nific
ant c
aver
ns a
nd o
ther
geo
logi
cal f
eatu
res”
(Act
of O
ct. 9
, 196
5).
The
mes
a is
cove
red
with
pin
yon
and
juni
per
and
is bi
sect
ed b
y de
epca
nyon
s, e
xpos
ing
the
Perm
ian
Perio
d ce
dar
sand
ston
e.
Abol
ished
, 193
7.
Abol
ished
, 195
0.
20
MO
UN
T O
LYM
PUS,
WA
, (O
lym
pic
Nat
iona
l Par
k)
NA
VAJO
, AZ
GRA
N Q
UIV
IRA
, NM
ORE
GO
N C
AVE
S, O
R
MU
KUN
TUW
EAP,
UT,
(Z
ion
Nat
iona
l Par
k)
SHO
SHO
NE,
WY
SITK
A, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l His
toric
Par
k)
BIG
HO
LE, M
T,
(Nat
iona
l Bat
tlegr
ound
)
RAIN
BOW
BRI
DG
E, U
T
CO
LORA
DO
, CO
DEV
ILS
POST
PILE
, CA
PAPA
GO
SA
GU
ARO
, AZ
CA
BRIL
LO, C
A
WA
LNU
T C
AN
YON
, AZ
DIN
OSA
UR,
UT
& C
O
BAN
DEL
IER,
NM
OLD
KA
SSA
N, A
K
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
con
tin
ued
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
“The
slo
pes
of M
ount
Oly
mpu
s....
embr
ace.
..the
sum
mer
ran
ge a
ndbr
eedi
ng g
roun
d of
the
Oly
mpi
c El
k” (P
roc.
No.
869
). E
stab
lishe
d as
Oly
mpi
c N
atio
nal P
ark,
193
8. W
ilder
ness
(876
,669
acr
es),
1988
.Bi
osph
ere
Rese
rve,
197
6. W
orld
Her
itage
Site
, 198
1.
“A n
umbe
r of
pre
histo
ric c
liff-
dwel
lings
and
pue
blo
ruin
s” (P
roc.
No.
873
).Ri
ght o
f way
of 4
.59
acre
s gr
ante
d to
Par
k Se
rvic
e fro
m tr
ibe,
197
7.
“One
of t
he la
rges
t and
mos
t im
porta
nt o
f ear
ly S
pani
sh c
hurc
h ru
ins”
(Pro
c. N
o. 8
82).
Nam
e ch
ange
d to
Sal
inas
Nat
iona
l Mon
umen
t and
enla
rged
, 198
0. T
wo
stat
e M
onum
ents
abs
orbe
d, 1
981.
Nam
ech
ange
d to
Sal
inas
Pue
blo
Miss
ions
Nat
iona
l Mon
umen
t, 19
88.
This
Mon
umen
t is
hom
e to
unu
sual
mar
ble
cave
s an
d th
e D
ougl
as fi
rw
ith th
e w
ides
t girt
h of
any
suc
h tre
e in
Ore
gon.
“The
feat
ures
of g
eogr
aphi
c in
tere
st in
clud
e a
laby
rinth
of r
emar
kabl
eca
nyon
s w
ith h
ighl
y or
nate
and
bea
utifu
lly c
over
ed w
alls”
(Pro
c.N
o.14
35).
Inco
rpor
ated
into
Zio
n N
atio
nal M
onum
ent,
1918
.Es
tabl
ished
as
a N
atio
nal P
ark,
191
9.
Abol
ished
, 195
4.
“The
dec
isive
bat
tlegr
ound
of t
he R
ussia
n co
nque
st o
f Ala
ska
in 1
804”
(Pro
c. N
o. 9
59).
Re-
desig
nate
d as
Nat
iona
l Hist
oric
al P
ark,
197
2.
Big
Hol
e N
atio
nal B
attle
field
is a
mem
oria
l to
the
com
bata
nts
who
foug
ht a
nd d
ied
ther
e on
Aug
ust 9
and
10,
187
7, in
the
Nez
Per
ce w
ar.
Re-d
esig
nate
d as
Big
Hol
e N
atio
nal B
attle
field
, 196
3.
“An
extra
ordi
nary
nat
ural
brid
ge…
thre
e hu
ndre
d an
d ni
ne fe
et h
igh
and
two
hund
red
and
seve
nty-
eigh
t fee
t spa
n...a
n ex
ampl
e of
ecc
entri
cst
ream
ero
sion”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
043)
.
The
larg
e ca
nyon
that
mak
es u
p C
olor
ado
NM
is a
goo
d ex
ampl
e of
high
des
ert c
ount
ry.
The
hot l
ava
that
coo
led
and
crac
ked
som
e 90
0,00
0 ye
ars
ago,
form
edm
agni
ficen
t bas
alt c
olum
ns 4
0 to
60
feet
hig
h.
Abol
ished
, 193
0.
Juan
Rod
rigue
z C
abril
lo a
nd p
arty
wer
e th
e fir
st Eu
rope
ans
to w
alk
on th
ePa
cific
Coa
st. C
abril
lo a
lso e
xplo
red
muc
h of
the
coas
tline
of C
alifo
rnia
.
“Pre
hist
oric
rui
ns o
f anc
ient
clif
f-dw
ellin
gs”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
318)
.
“Dep
osit
of D
inos
auria
n an
d ot
her
giga
ntic
rep
tilia
n re
mai
ns”
of th
eJu
rass
ic P
erio
d (P
roc.
No.
131
3).
“Pue
blo
type
arc
haeo
logi
cal r
uins
” (P
roc.
No.
338
8).
Wild
erne
ss(2
3,26
7 ac
res)
, 197
6.
Abol
ished
, 195
5.
922,
651.
01
360
1,07
1.42
466.
23
146,
597.
64
0 106.
17
655.
61
160
19,9
25.9
1
798.
46
0 137.
06
2,01
1.62
210,
844.
02
32,7
37.2
0
0
639,
200
360
184
466
16,0
00
210
51 5 160
13,4
66
798
2,05
0
1 960
80 23,3
52
43
1909
1909
1909
1909
1909
1909
1910
1910
1910
1911
1911
1914
1913
1915
1915
1916
1916
T. R
oose
velt
(R),
Taft
(R),
Wils
on (D
), H
oove
r (R
)
Taft
(R)
Taft
(R),
Wils
on (D
)
Taft
(R)
Taft
(R),
Wils
on (D
), F.D
. Roo
seve
lt (D
)
Taft
(R)
Taft
(R),
Trum
an (D
)
Taft
(R),
F. D
. Roo
seve
lt (D
)
Taft
(R)
Taft
(R),
Hoo
ver
(R),
Eise
nhow
er (R
)
Taft
(R)
Wils
on (D
), H
ardi
ng (R
)
Wils
on (D
)
Wils
on (D
)
Wils
on (D
), C
oolid
ge (R
)
Wils
on (D
), H
oove
r (R
),Ei
senh
ower
(R)
Wils
on (D
)
21
VERE
ND
RYE,
ND
SIEU
R D
E M
ON
TS, M
E,
(Aca
dia
Nat
iona
l Par
k)
CA
PULI
N M
T., N
M
CA
SA G
RAN
DE
RUIN
S, A
Z
KATM
AI,
AK
, (N
atio
nal P
ark
and
Nat
iona
l Pre
serv
e)
SCO
TTS
BLU
FF, N
E
YUC
CA
HO
USE
, CO
AZT
EC R
UIN
S, N
M
HO
VEN
WEE
P, U
T, C
O
MO
UN
D C
ITY
GRO
UP,
OH
, (H
opew
ell C
ultu
re N
atio
nal H
isto
ric P
ark)
PIPE
SPR
ING
, AZ
LEH
MA
N C
AVE
S, N
V
TIM
PAN
OG
OS
CA
VE, U
T
FOSS
IL C
YCA
D, S
D
BRYC
E, U
T,
(Bry
ce C
anyo
n N
atio
nal P
ark)
CA
RLSB
AD
CA
VE, N
M,
(Car
lsba
d C
aver
ns N
atio
nal P
ark)
CA
STIL
LO D
E SA
N M
ARC
O, F
L
FORT
MAT
AN
ZAS,
FL
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
con
tin
ued
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
Abol
ished
, 195
6.
“The
topo
grap
hic
conf
igur
atio
n, th
e ge
olog
y, th
e fa
una
and
the
flora
of t
heisl
and.
..are
of g
reat
sci
entif
ic in
tere
st”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
339)
. Es
tabl
ished
as
Lafa
yette
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
919.
Cha
nged
to A
cadi
a N
atio
nal P
ark,
192
9.
“Stri
king
exa
mpl
es o
f rec
ent e
xtin
ct v
olca
noes
” (P
roc.
No.
134
0).
Cha
nged
to C
apul
in V
olca
no N
atio
nal M
onum
ent,
1987
.
The
ruin
s an
d an
cien
t bui
ldin
gs a
re w
here
a tr
ibe
of H
ohok
am p
eopl
eliv
ed b
etw
een
300
B.C
. and
A.D
. 145
0.
The
Mt.
Katm
ai e
rupt
ion
of 1
912
still
offe
rs s
cien
ce th
e ch
ance
to s
tudy
“the
cau
se a
nd th
e ca
tast
roph
e” o
f vol
cani
c er
uptio
ns.
Esta
blish
ed a
s a
Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d Pr
eser
ve, 1
980.
Wild
erne
ss (3
,473
,000
), 19
80.
The
high
est p
oint
in th
e st
ate
of N
ebra
ska,
Sco
tts B
luff
was
use
d as
ala
ndm
ark
by tr
avel
ers
goin
g w
est o
n th
e O
rego
n Tr
ail.
“Rel
ic of
the
preh
istor
ic in
habi
tant
s of
that
par
t of t
he c
ount
ry”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
549)
.
The
mos
t sig
nific
ant s
ites
of th
e C
haco
and
Mes
a Ve
rde
Anas
azi a
refo
und
at A
ztec
Rui
ns.
Des
igna
ted
a W
orld
Her
itage
Site
in 1
987.
“Fou
r gr
oups
of r
uins
...sh
ow th
e fin
est p
rehi
stor
ic m
ason
ry in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
654)
.
The
Five
Mou
nds
are
a m
onum
ent t
o an
anc
ient
Nat
ive
Amer
ican
cu
lture
, kno
wn
as th
e H
opew
ell C
ultu
re.
The
act o
f mou
nd b
uild
ing
was
shar
ed b
y m
any
Nat
ive
Amer
ican
gro
ups
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
.
“Onl
y w
ater
bet
wee
n H
urric
ane,
UT,
and
Fre
doni
a, A
Z, a
dist
ance
of
62m
iles.
..use
d as
a p
lace
of r
efug
e fro
m h
ostil
e In
dian
s by
ear
ly s
ettle
rs”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
663)
.
Inco
rpor
ated
into
Gre
at B
asin
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
986.
Loca
ted
on th
e sid
e of
Mou
nt T
impa
nogo
s, th
e co
lorfu
l lim
esto
ne c
aver
nis
uniq
ue fo
r its
wat
er-c
reat
ed fo
rmat
ions
, whi
ch g
row
in a
ll di
rect
ions
and
shap
es, r
egar
dles
s of
the
pull
of g
ravi
ty.
Abol
ished
, 195
6.
Bryc
e C
anyo
n's
rock
feat
ures
, hoo
doos
, and
arc
hes
mak
e it
uniq
ue.
Auth
oriz
ed a
s U
tah
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
924.
Re-
desig
nate
d as
to B
ryce
Can
yon
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
928.
“A li
mes
tone
cav
ern
of e
xtra
ordi
nary
pro
porti
ons
and
of u
nusu
al b
eaut
y“
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
679)
. Es
tabl
ished
as
Car
lsbad
Cav
erns
Nat
iona
l Par
k,19
30.
Wild
erne
ss (3
3,12
5 ac
res)
, 197
8.
Old
est m
ason
ry fo
rt in
con
term
inou
s U
.S.
Boun
dary
cha
nges
: '3
6, '6
0.
Hist
oric
Span
ish fo
rt, b
uilt
betw
een
1740
-174
2. B
ound
ary
chan
ges:
'35
, '48.
0 46,9
95.9
8
792.
84
472.
5
3,67
4,54
0.87
3,00
3.03
9.6
319.
73
784.
93
1,13
0.33
40 77,1
80
250
0 35,8
35
46,7
66.4
5
20.1
8
298.
51
253
5,00
0
640
480
1,08
8,00
0
2,05
3
10 319.
49
286
57 0 593
250
320
7440
719
19 1
1917
1916
1916
1918
1918
1919
1919
1923
1923
1923
1923
1922
1922
1923
1923
1923
1924
1924
Wils
on (D
)
Wils
on (D
)
Wils
on (D
)
Wils
on (D
)
Wils
on (D
), H
oove
r (R
),
F. D
. Roo
seve
lt (D
),
John
son
(D),
Car
ter
(D)
Wils
on (D
), H
oove
r (R
), F.D
.Ro
osev
elt (
D)
Wils
on (D
)
Har
ding
(R)
Har
ding
(R),
Trum
an (D
),Ei
senh
ower
(R)
Har
ding
(R)
Har
ding
(R)
Har
ding
(R)
Har
ding
(R),
Kenn
edy
(D)
Har
ding
(R)
Har
ding
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R)
Cooli
dge
(R),
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
22
FORT
PU
LASK
I, G
A
STAT
UE
OF
LIBE
RTY,
NY
CA
STLE
PIN
CKN
EY, S
C
WU
PATK
I, A
Z
CH
IRIC
AH
UA
, AZ
CRA
TERS
OF
THE
MO
ON
, ID
MER
IWET
HER
LEW
IS, T
N
FATH
ER M
ILLE
T C
ROSS
, NY
GLA
CIE
R BA
Y, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d N
atio
nal P
rese
rve)
LAVA
BED
S, C
A
ARC
HES
, UT,
(N
atio
nal P
ark)
HO
LY C
ROSS
, CO
SUN
SET
CRA
TER,
AZ
GRE
AT S
AN
D D
UN
ES, C
O
GRA
ND
CA
NYO
N II
, AZ,
(G
rand
Can
yon
Nat
iona
l Par
k)
WH
ITE
SAN
DS,
NM
DEA
TH V
ALL
EY, C
A,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
con
tin
ued
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
Hist
oric
fort-
-req
uire
d 18
yea
rs a
nd 2
5 m
illio
n br
icks
to c
onst
ruct
.Bo
unda
ry c
hang
es:
'36,
'59.
The
Stat
ue o
f Lib
erty,
a g
ift fr
om F
ranc
e, s
ymbo
lizes
libe
rty a
nd r
epre
sent
sth
e ro
le o
f the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
s a
land
of f
reed
om a
nd o
ppor
tuni
ty.D
esig
nate
d W
orld
Her
itage
Site
, 198
4. B
ound
ary
chan
ges:
'37
, '65
.
Abol
ished
, 195
6.
Preh
istor
ic r
uins
bui
lt by
the
ance
stor
s of
the
Hop
i peo
ple.
Wild
erne
ss (9
,440
acr
es),
1976
.
“Rem
arka
ble
fissu
re e
rupt
ion
toge
ther
with
its
asso
ciat
ed v
olca
nic
cone
s,cr
ater
s, r
ifts,
lava
flow
s, c
aves
, nat
ural
brid
ges,
and
oth
er p
heno
men
ach
arac
teris
tic o
f vol
cani
c ac
tion”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
694)
. W
ilder
ness
(43,
243
acre
s), 1
970.
“The
gra
ve o
f Cap
tain
Mer
iwet
her
Lew
is,”
Amer
ican
exp
lore
r (1
774-
1809
)(P
roc.
No.
173
0).
Adde
d to
Nat
chez
Tra
ce P
arkw
ay, 1
961.
Abol
ished
, 195
6.
Gla
cier
Bay
is a
uni
que
oppo
rtuni
ty fo
r th
e st
udy
of g
laci
al b
ehav
ior
and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f Al
aska
n flo
ra a
nd fa
una.
Est
ablis
hed
as N
atio
nal
Park
and
Pre
serv
e, 1
980.
Wild
erne
ss (2
,770
,000
acr
es),
1980
.D
esig
nate
d Bi
osph
ere
Rese
rve,
198
6.
“Clif
fs w
ith p
etro
glyp
hic
carv
ings
from
a p
rehi
stor
ic p
erio
d” (P
roc.
No.
2925
). W
ilder
ness
(28,
460
acre
s), 1
972.
“Ext
raor
dina
ry e
xam
ples
of w
ind
eros
ion
in th
e sh
ape
of g
igan
tic a
rche
s,na
tura
l brid
ges,
win
dow
s, s
pire
s, b
alan
ced
rock
s, a
nd o
ther
uni
que
win
dwor
n sa
ndst
one
form
atio
ns”
(Pro
c. N
o. 1
875)
. Es
tabl
ished
as
aN
atio
nal P
ark,
197
1.
Abol
ished
, 195
0.
Alth
ough
the
volc
ano
erup
ted
in A
.D. 1
065,
the
lava
roc
ks th
at m
ark
the
even
t stil
l sur
roun
d th
e ar
ea.
Surr
ound
ing
mou
ntai
n er
osio
n ha
s ca
used
the
form
atio
n of
the
sand
dune
s. D
ue to
the
hars
h liv
ing
cond
ition
s on
the
dune
s, o
nly
the
toug
hest
cre
atur
es s
urvi
ve. W
ilder
ness
(33,
450
acre
s), 1
976.
Com
bine
d w
ith G
rand
Can
yon
Nat
iona
l Par
k ('1
9), M
arbl
e C
anyo
n N
M('6
9), a
nd p
ortio
ns o
f Gle
n C
anyo
n an
d La
ke M
ead
NRA
s to
form
Gra
ndC
anyo
n N
atio
nal P
ark,
197
5.
Wor
ld H
erita
ge S
ite, 1
979.
Whi
te S
ands
Nat
iona
l Mon
umen
t is
one
of th
e fe
w p
lace
s on
the
plan
etw
here
gyp
sum
is fo
und
as s
and,
cre
atin
g a
spec
tacu
larly
bea
utifu
l are
a.
Dea
th V
alle
y is
the
low
est p
oint
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
. Es
tabl
ished
as
aN
atio
nal P
ark,
199
4. D
esig
nate
d a
Bios
pher
e Re
serv
e, 1
984.
5,36
5.13
58.3
8
0 35,2
53.2
4
11,9
82.3
8
715,
287.
00
51,7
47.5
9
0 3,28
3,30
0
46,8
21.3
3
73,3
78.9
8
0 3,04
0
38,6
62.1
8
1,18
0,61
8
143,
732.
92
3,36
7,62
7.68
20 3 4 2234
3655
22,6
52
50 1 1,37
9,31
6
45,5
90
4,83
4
1,39
2
3,04
0
35,5
28
273,
145
131,
487
848,
581
1924
1924
1924
1924
1924
1924
1925
1925
1925
1925
1929
1929
1930
1932
1932
1933
1933
Coo
lidge
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D),
John
son
(D)
Coo
lidge
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R),
Hoo
ver
(R),
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D),
Kenn
edy
(D),
Clin
ton
(D)
Coo
lidge
(R),
F.D.R
oose
velt
(D)
Coo
lidge
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R),
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D),
Eise
nhow
er (R
), Jo
hnso
n (D
)
Coo
lidge
(R),
Trum
an (D
)
Hoo
ver
(R),
F.D. R
oose
velt
(R),
Eise
nhow
er (D
), Jo
hnso
n (D
)
Hoo
ver
(R)
Hoo
ver
(R)
Hoo
ver
(R),
Trum
an (D
),Ei
senh
ower
(D)
Hoo
ver (
R),
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
Hoo
ver
(R),
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D),
Eise
nhow
er (D
)
Hoo
ver
(R),
F.D. R
oose
velt(
D),
Trum
an(D
)
23
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
con
tin
ued
“A r
emar
kabl
e di
spla
y of
...un
dist
urbe
d lo
wer
Son
oran
des
ert v
eget
atio
n”(P
roc.
No.
343
9).
Esta
blish
ed a
s N
atio
nal P
ark,
199
4. W
ilder
ness
(71,
400
acre
s), 1
976.
Form
ed s
low
ly b
y w
ater
and
roc
k sc
ourin
g do
wn
hard
Pro
tero
zoic
cr
ysta
lline
roc
k, B
lack
Can
yon
is lik
e no
oth
er c
anyo
n in
Nor
th A
mer
ica.
It co
mbi
nes
narr
ow o
peni
ngs,
she
er w
alls,
and
far-
reac
hing
dep
ths.
Wild
erne
ss (1
1,18
0 ac
res)
, 197
6.
“Spe
ctac
ular
clif
fs, c
anyo
ns, a
nd fe
atur
es”
(Pro
c. N
o. 2
054)
.
Loca
ted
50 m
iles
from
the
Flor
ida
coas
t, Fo
rt Je
ffers
on is
one
of t
hela
rges
t mas
onry
forti
ficat
ions
in th
e w
este
rn w
orld
. The
sur
roun
ding
are
ais
hom
e to
a w
ide
rang
e of
bird
and
mar
ine
life.
Re-
desig
nate
d an
dna
med
Dry
Tor
tuga
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
992.
Two
dese
rts m
ake
up J
oshu
a Tr
ee N
atio
nal P
ark:
the
Col
orad
o an
dM
ojav
e, c
reat
ing
an e
xcel
lent
pla
ce to
obs
erve
con
trast
ing
dese
rt ec
osys
tem
s. R
e-de
signa
ted
as N
atio
nal P
ark,
199
4. W
ilder
ness
(429
,690
acr
es),
1976
. Bi
osph
ere
Rese
rve,
198
4.
“Vol
cani
c ph
enom
ena
of u
nusu
al s
cien
tific
val
ue”
(Pro
c. N
o. 2
221)
.In
corp
orat
ed in
to Z
ion
Nat
iona
l Par
k ('1
9), 1
956.
This
Mon
umen
t, of
ove
r 30
0,00
0 ac
res,
is in
the
Sono
ran
Des
ert a
nd is
one
of th
e fe
w p
lace
s in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es w
here
the
orga
n-pi
pe c
actu
s is
foun
d. W
ilder
ness
(312
,600
acr
es),
1978
. Bi
osph
ere
Rese
rve,
197
6.
“Nar
row
can
yons
disp
layi
ng e
vide
nce
of a
ncie
nt s
and
dune
dep
osits
”(P
roc.
No.
224
6).
Esta
blish
ed a
s N
atio
nal P
ark,
197
1.
Abol
ished
, 194
6.
“Fos
sils
of P
leist
ocen
e el
epha
nts
and
anci
ent t
rees
...an
d...n
otew
orth
yex
ampl
es o
f anc
ient
vol
cani
sm”
(Pro
c. N
o. 2
281)
. Re
-des
igna
ted
asN
atio
nal P
ark,
198
0. B
iosp
here
Res
erve
, 197
6.
Fort
Lara
mie
had
its
root
s in
the
fur
trade
and
was
bou
ght a
nd u
sed
byth
e Ar
my
in 1
849
in it
s fig
ht a
gain
st th
e ar
ea's
Nat
ive
Amer
ican
s.
Re-d
esig
nate
d N
atio
nal H
istor
ic S
ite, 1
960.
Loca
ted
north
wes
t of P
hoen
ix, T
uzig
oot w
as b
uilt
betw
een
A.D
. 11
00-1
450
and
was
hom
e to
a c
ultu
re o
f Ind
ians
kno
wn
as th
e Si
natu
a.Re
-des
igna
ted
as N
atio
nal H
istor
ic P
ark,
199
0.
The
Teto
n Ra
nge
is th
e yo
unge
st o
f the
Roc
ky M
ount
ains
. Po
rtion
s in
corp
orat
ed in
to G
rand
Tet
on N
atio
nal P
ark
('29)
, Nat
iona
l Elk
Ref
uge,
and
Teto
n N
atio
nal F
ores
t, 19
50.
The
earth
mou
nds.
..are
...ill
ustra
tive
of a
sig
nific
ant p
hase
of t
he m
ound
-bu
ildin
g cu
lture
of t
he p
rehi
stor
ic A
mer
ican
Indi
ans”
(Pro
c. N
o. 2
860)
.
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
91,5
71.0
8
20,7
66.1
4
6,15
4.60
64,7
00
792,
749.
87
146,
597.
64
329,
316.
31
241,
904.
26
0 249,
353.
77
832.
85
800.
62
309,
993.
72
1,48
1.39
53,5
10
10,2
88
5,70
1
47,1
25
378,
018
36,4
31
329,
199
32,6
07
9,50
0
1,12
0
214
43 210,
950
1,00
0
1933
1933
1933
1935
1936
1937
1937
1937
1939
1938
1938
1939
1943
1949
Hoo
ver
(R),
Kenn
edy
(D)
Hoo
ver
(R),
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D),
Eise
nhow
er(D
)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D),
Eise
nhow
er (R
), Jo
hnso
n (D
)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D),
Trum
an (D
)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
Trum
an (D
)
SAG
UA
RO, A
Z,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
BLA
CK
CA
NYO
N, C
O
CED
AR
BREA
KS, U
T
FORT
JEF
FERS
ON
, FL,
(D
ry T
ortu
ga N
atio
nal P
ark)
JOSH
UA
TRE
E, C
A,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
ZIO
N, U
T,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
ORG
AN
PIP
E C
AC
TUS,
AZ
CA
PITO
L RE
EF, U
T,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
SAN
TA R
OSA
ISLA
ND
, FL
CH
AN
NEL
ISLA
ND
S, C
A,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
FORT
LA
RAM
IE, W
Y,
(Nat
iona
l His
toric
Site
)
TUZI
GO
OT,
AZ
JAC
KSO
N H
OLE
, WY,
(G
rand
Tet
on N
atio
nal P
ark)
EFFI
GY
MO
UN
DS,
IA
24
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
con
tin
ued
This
labo
rato
ry is
hom
e to
som
e of
the
mos
t rev
olut
iona
ry in
vent
ions
of
the
20th
cen
tury
. C
ombi
ned
with
Edi
son
Nat
iona
l Hist
oric
Site
('55
) to
form
new
Edi
son
Nat
iona
l Hist
oric
Site
, 196
2.
For
184.
5 m
iles
the
C&
O C
anal
follo
ws
the
Poto
mac
Riv
er f
rom
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, to
Cum
berla
nd, M
D.
The
cana
l ope
rate
d fo
rm
1828
-192
4 as
a tr
ansp
orta
tion
rout
e an
d pr
imar
ily h
aule
d co
al.
Re-d
esig
nate
d as
Nat
iona
l Hist
oric
al P
ark,
197
1.
Russ
ell C
ave
cont
ains
impo
rtant
arc
heol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
that
she
dsin
valu
able
ligh
t on
how
peo
ple
lived
in th
e So
uthe
ast 1
0,00
0 ye
ars
ago.
“Buc
k Is
land
and
its
adjo
inin
g sh
oals,
roc
ks, a
nd u
nder
sea
cora
l ree
f fo
rmat
ions
pos
sess
one
of t
he fi
nest
mar
ine
gard
ens
in th
e C
arib
bean
Sea”
(Pro
c. N
o. 3
443)
.
Com
bine
d w
ith G
rand
Can
yon
Nat
iona
l Par
k ('
19) a
nd p
ortio
ns o
f Gle
nC
anyo
n an
d La
ke M
ead
NRA
s to
form
Gra
nd C
anyo
n N
atio
nal P
ark,
1975
. W
orld
Her
itage
Site
, 197
9.
Den
ali's
mor
e th
an s
ix m
illio
n ac
res
form
a c
ompl
ete
sub-
arct
ic
ecos
yste
m, h
ome
to m
any
larg
e m
amm
als:
griz
zly
bear
s, w
olve
s, D
ahl
shee
p, a
nd m
oose
. In
clud
es M
t. M
cKin
ley
(20,
320'
). W
ilder
ness
(1,9
00,0
00 a
cres
), 19
80.
Bios
pher
e Re
serv
e, 1
976.
Gat
es o
f the
Arc
tic c
onta
ins
the
graz
ing
area
s fo
r the
wes
tern
Arc
tic c
arib
ouhe
rd.
Esta
blish
ed a
s N
atio
nal P
ark
and
Pres
erve
, 198
0. W
ilder
ness
(7,0
52,0
00 a
cres
), 19
80.
Porti
on d
esig
nate
d Bi
osph
ere
Rese
rve,
198
4.
The
Kena
i Fjo
rds
are
mag
nific
ent c
oast
al m
ount
ain
fjord
s se
t in
a ne
arly
unto
uche
d ec
osys
tem
. E
stab
lishe
d as
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
980.
“Uns
poile
d la
bora
tory
for
the
stud
y of
the
north
ern
bore
al fo
rest
” (P
roc.
No.
462
1).
Esta
blish
ed a
s N
atio
nal P
ark,
198
0. W
ilder
ness
(190
,000
acre
s), 1
980.
“An
outs
tand
ing
exam
ple
of e
colo
gica
l div
ersit
y in
zon
es th
at r
emai
n re
lativ
ely
unsp
oile
d” (P
roc.
No.
462
2).
Esta
blish
ed a
s N
atio
nal P
ark
and
Pres
erve
, 198
0. W
ilder
ness
(2,4
70,0
00),
1980
.
“The
larg
est m
ount
ain-
ringe
d riv
er b
asin
in th
e N
atio
n st
ill v
irtua
lly
unaf
fect
ed b
y te
chno
logi
cal h
uman
act
ivity
” (P
roc.
No.
4624
).Es
tabl
ished
as
Nat
iona
l Pre
serv
e, 1
980.
Wild
erne
ss (5
,800
,000
acr
es),
1980
. Bi
osph
ere
Rese
rve,
197
6.
“The
gre
ates
t ass
embl
age
of m
ount
ain
peak
s ov
er 1
4,50
0 fe
et...
foun
d in
the
natio
n” (P
roc.
No.
462
5).
Esta
blish
ed a
s N
atio
nal P
ark
and
Pres
erve
,19
80.
Wild
erne
ss (8
,700
,000
acr
es),
1980
. W
orld
Her
itage
Site
, 197
9.
“Out
stan
ding
pal
eont
olog
ical
res
ourc
es a
nd e
colo
gica
lly d
iver
se n
atur
alre
sour
ces”
(Pro
c. N
o. 4
625)
. Es
tabl
ished
as
Nat
iona
l Pre
serv
e, 1
980.
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
21.2
5
19,2
36.6
0
310.
45
18,1
35.0
0
1,18
0,61
8
6,07
6,52
8
8,47
2,51
7
670,
642.
79
1,75
0,73
6.86
4,03
0,50
0
6,56
9,90
4.04
13,1
76,3
90.9
9
2,52
6,50
9.46
2 5264
311
850
32,5
47
3,89
0,00
0
8,22
0,00
0
570,
000
1,71
0,00
0
2,50
0,00
0
5,88
0,00
0
10,9
50,0
00
1,72
0,00
0
1956
1961
1961
1961
1969
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
Eise
nhow
er (R
)
Eise
nhow
er (R
)
Kenn
edy
(D)
Kenn
edy
(D),
Ford
(R)
Clin
ton
(D)
John
son
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
EDIS
ON
LA
B, N
J, (N
atio
nal H
isto
ric S
ite)
C&
O C
AN
AL,
MD
, DC
, & V
A,
(Nat
iona
l His
toric
Par
k)
RUSS
ELL
CA
VE, A
L
BUC
K IS
LAN
D R
EEF,
VI
MA
RBLE
CA
NYO
N, A
Z,
(Gra
nd C
anyo
n N
atio
nal P
ark)
DEN
ALI
, AK
, (N
atio
nal P
ark
and
Pre
serv
e)
GAT
ES O
F TH
E A
RCTI
C, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d Pr
eser
ve)
KEN
AI F
JORD
S, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k)
KOBU
K VA
LLEY
, AK
, (N
atio
nal P
ark)
LAKE
CLA
RK, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d P
rese
rve)
NO
ATA
K, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Pre
serv
e)
WRA
NG
ELL-
ST. E
LIA
S, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d P
rese
rve)
YUKO
N-C
HA
RLEY
, AK
, (N
atio
nal P
rese
rve)
25
AN
IAKC
HA
K, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Pre
serv
e)
BERI
NG
LA
ND
BRI
DG
E, A
K,
(Nat
iona
l Pre
serv
e)
CA
PE K
RUSE
NST
ERN
, AK
MIS
TY F
JORD
S, A
K
AD
MIR
ALT
Y IS
LAN
D, A
K
BEC
HA
ROF,
AK
, (N
atio
nal W
ildlif
e Re
fuge
)
YUKO
N F
LATS
, AK
, (N
atio
nal W
ildlif
e Re
fuge
)
GRA
ND
STA
IRC
ASE
-ESC
ALA
NTE
, UT
AG
UA
FRI
A, A
Z
CA
LIFO
RNIA
CO
AST
AL,
CA
GRA
ND
CA
NYO
N-P
ARA
SHA
NT,
AZ
GIA
NT
SEQ
UO
IA, C
A
CA
NYO
NS
OF
THE
AN
CIE
NTS
, CO
IRO
NW
OO
D F
ORE
ST, A
Z
HA
NFO
RD R
EAC
H, W
A
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Car
ter
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1996
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
350,
000
2,59
0,00
0
560,
000
2,28
5,00
0
1,10
0,00
0
1,20
0,00
0
10,6
00,0
00
1,70
0,00
0
71,1
00
##
#
1,01
4,00
0
327,
769
164,
000
128,
917
195,
000
602,
779
2,69
8,40
5.72
649,
711.
88
2,29
4,73
9
955,
694.
00
1,20
0,00
0
8,63
0,00
0
1,70
0,00
0
71,0
00
##
#
1,01
4,00
0
327,
769
164,
000
128,
917
195,
000
“One
of t
he w
orld
's la
rges
t cal
dera
s (th
e cr
ater
of a
col
laps
ed v
olca
nic
cone
)” (P
roc.
No.
461
2).
Esta
blish
ed a
s N
atio
nal M
onum
ent a
ndPr
eser
ve, 1
980.
“The
mig
ratio
n ro
ute
by w
hich
man
y pl
ants
, ani
mal
s an
d hu
man
sar
rived
on
the
Nor
th A
mer
ican
con
tinen
t” (P
roc.
No.
461
4).
Esta
blish
edas
Nat
iona
l Pre
serv
e, 1
980.
“A s
till r
ecog
niza
ble
Illin
oisia
n gl
acia
l esk
er (w
indi
ng n
arro
w r
idge
of
sand
or
grav
el)..
.ove
r 10
0,00
0 ye
ars
old”
(Pro
c. N
o. 4
615)
.
“Ext
raor
dina
ry d
eep
and
long
fjor
ds w
ith s
ea c
liffs
risi
ng th
ousa
nds
offe
et”
(Pro
c. N
o. 4
623)
. U
SDA-
Fore
st S
ervi
ce M
onum
ent.
“Arc
heol
ogic
al a
nd h
istor
ical
res
ourc
es in
a r
elat
ivel
y un
spoi
led
natu
ral
ecos
yste
m”
(Pro
c. N
o. 4
611)
. U
SDA-
Fore
st S
ervi
ce M
onum
ent
“One
of t
he d
ense
st k
now
n...p
opul
atio
ns o
f the
gre
at A
lask
a br
own
bear
” (P
roc.
No.
461
3).
Des
igna
ted
Nat
iona
l Wild
life
Refu
ge, 1
980.
“Lar
gest
and
mos
t com
plet
e ex
ampl
e of
an
inte
rior
Alas
ka s
olar
bas
in”
(Pro
c. N
o. 4
627)
. D
esig
nate
d N
atio
nal W
ildlif
e Re
fuge
, 198
0.
“Thi
s hi
gh, r
ugge
d, a
nd r
emot
e re
gion
, whe
re b
old
plat
eaus
and
m
ulti-
hued
clif
fs r
un fo
r di
stan
ces
that
def
y hu
man
per
spec
tive,
was
the
last
pla
ce in
the
cont
inen
tal U
.S. t
o be
map
ped.
” P
roc.
692
0
“The
anc
ient
rui
ns w
ithin
the
Mon
umen
t, w
ith th
eir
brea
thta
king
vist
asan
d sp
ecta
cula
r pe
trogl
yphs
, pro
vide
a li
nk to
the
pas[
t].”
Pro
c. 7
263
“At l
and'
s en
d, th
e isl
ands
, roc
ks, e
xpos
ed r
eefs
, and
pin
nacl
es o
ff th
eco
ast a
bove
mea
n hi
gh ti
des
prov
ide
have
ns fo
r sig
nific
ant p
opul
atio
nsof
mam
mal
s an
d bi
rds.
” P
roc.
726
4
“Thi
s re
mot
e ar
ea o
f ope
n, u
ndev
elop
ed s
pace
s an
d en
gagi
ng s
cene
ryis
loca
ted
on th
e ed
ge o
f one
of t
he m
ost b
eaut
iful p
lace
s on
ear
th, t
heG
rand
Can
yon.
” P
roc.
726
5
“Mag
nific
ent g
rove
s of
tow
erin
g gi
ant s
equo
ias,
the
wor
ld's
larg
est t
rees
,ar
e in
ters
pers
ed w
ithin
a g
reen
bel
t of c
onife
rous
fore
st, j
ewel
ed w
ithm
ount
ain
mea
dow
s.”
Pro
c. 7
295
“Con
tain
ing
the
high
est k
now
n de
nsity
of a
rcha
eolo
gica
l site
s in
the
natio
n, th
e C
anyo
ns o
f the
Anc
ient
s N
atio
nal M
onum
ent h
olds
evi
denc
eof
cul
ture
s an
d tra
ditio
ns s
pann
ing
thou
sand
s of
yea
rs.”
Pro
c. 7
317
“The
land
scap
e of
the
Ironw
ood
Fore
st N
atio
nal M
onum
ent i
s sw
athe
din
the
rich,
dro
ught
-ada
pted
veg
etat
ion
of th
e So
nora
n D
eser
t.” P
roc.
732
0
“The
mon
umen
t is
a bi
olog
ical
trea
sure
, em
brac
ing
impo
rtant
rip
aria
n,aq
uatic
, and
upl
and
shru
b-st
eppe
hab
itats
that
are
rar
e or
in d
eclin
e in
othe
r ar
eas.
” P
roc.
731
9
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
con
tin
ued
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
26
“The
mon
umen
t is
hom
e to
a s
pect
acul
ar v
arie
ty o
f rar
e an
d be
autif
ulsp
ecie
s of
pla
nts
and
anim
als,
who
se s
urvi
val i
n th
is re
gion
dep
ends
upon
its
cont
inue
d ec
olog
ical
inte
grity
.” P
roc.
731
8
“It w
as h
ere,
in S
epte
mbe
r of
186
2, th
at P
resid
ent L
inco
ln c
ompl
eted
the
draf
ting
of th
e Em
anci
patio
n Pr
ocla
mat
ion.
” P
roc.
732
9
“[M
]agn
ifice
nt v
istas
, wild
life,
land
form
s, a
nd n
atur
al a
nd c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
.. .
occu
py a
n un
ique
and
cha
lleng
ing
posit
ion
give
n th
eir p
roxim
ity to
the
high
ly ur
bani
zed
area
s of
the
Coa
chel
la V
alle
y.” P
.L. 1
06-3
51
“[O
]out
stan
ding
obj
ects
of s
cien
tific
and
hist
oric
inte
rest
. . .
wid
e va
riety
of b
iolo
gica
l obj
ects
and
. . .
a lo
ng a
nd r
ich
hum
an h
istor
y …
. Ful
l of
natu
ral s
plen
dor
and
a se
nse
of s
olitu
de.”
Pro
c. 7
374
“[D
]dra
mat
ical
ly b
isect
ed b
y th
e Sa
n An
drea
s Fa
ult z
one,
[Car
rizo]
is th
ela
rges
t und
evel
oped
rem
nant
of t
he [S
an J
oaqu
in g
rass
land
] eco
syst
em,
prov
idin
g cr
ucia
l hab
itat f
or th
e lo
ng-te
rm c
onse
rvat
ion
of th
e m
any
ende
mic
pla
nt a
nd a
nim
al s
peci
es th
at s
till i
nhab
it th
e ar
ea.”
Pro
c. 7
393
“[R]
ich
in p
umic
e, a
sh, a
nd tu
ff de
posit
s, th
e lig
ht-c
olor
ed, c
one-
shap
edte
nt r
ock
form
atio
ns. .
. ar
e th
e pr
oduc
ts o
f exp
losiv
e vo
lcan
ic e
rupt
ions
that
occ
urre
d be
twee
n 6
and
7 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago.
” Pr
oc. 7
394
“[U
]niq
ue a
nd ir
repl
acea
ble
hist
oric
al r
esou
rce
whi
ch .
. .pr
ovid
es fo
rop
portu
nitie
s fo
r pu
blic
edu
catio
n an
d in
terp
reta
tions
of .
. . t
he
inte
rnm
ent o
f the
Jap
anes
e Am
eric
ans
durin
g W
orld
War
II.”
Pro
c. 7
395
Alon
g th
e Ye
llow
ston
e Ri
ver
in C
entra
l Mon
tana
, the
mon
umen
t pro
tect
san
out
crop
con
tain
ing
Nat
ive
Amer
ican
dra
win
gs, t
he s
igna
ture
of
expl
orer
Will
iam
Cla
rk, a
nd o
ther
hist
oric
al in
scrip
tions
. Pro
c. 7
396
“[M
]agn
ifica
nt e
xam
ple
of u
ntra
mm
eled
Son
oran
des
ert l
ands
cape
.”Pr
oc.7
397
“[T]
he m
onum
ent s
pans
149
mile
s of
the
Upp
er M
issou
ri Ri
ver.
. . a
ndha
s re
mai
ned
larg
ely
unch
ange
d in
the
near
ly 2
00 y
ears
sin
ceM
eriw
ethe
r Le
wis
and
Will
iam
Cla
rk tr
avel
ed th
roug
h it
on th
eir
epic
jo
urne
y.” P
roc.
739
8
“The
bio
logi
cal c
omm
uniti
es o
f the
mon
umen
t liv
e in
a fr
agile
, int
erde
-pe
nden
t rel
atio
nshi
p an
d in
clud
e ha
bita
t ess
entia
l for
sus
tain
ing
and
enha
ncin
g th
e tro
pica
l mar
ine
ecos
yste
m[.]
” Pr
oc. 7
399
“Cas
tle W
illiam
and
For
t Jay
repr
esen
t tw
o of
the
fines
t typ
es o
f def
ensiv
estr
uctu
res
in u
se fr
om th
e Re
naiss
ance
to th
e Am
erica
n C
ivil W
ar.”
Pro
c. 7
402
PRES
IDEN
TIA
LLY D
ESIG
NA
TED
MO
NU
MEN
TS:
1908-2
001
con
tin
ued
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
PR
OCLA
IMED
ACR
ESCU
RREN
T AC
RES
SPEC
IAL
DESI
GNAT
IONS
AND
UNI
QUE
FEAT
URES
CA
SCA
DE
SISK
IYO
U, O
R
AN
DER
SON
CO
TTA
GE,
DC
SAN
TA R
OSE
&
SAN
JA
CIN
TO M
OU
NTA
INS,
CA
VERM
ILLI
ON
CLI
FFS,
AZ
CA
RRIZ
O P
LAIN
S, C
A
KASH
A-K
ATU
WE
TEN
T RO
CKS
, NM
MIN
IDO
KA IN
TERN
MEN
T, ID
POM
PEY'
S PI
LLA
R, M
T
SON
ORA
N D
ESER
T, A
Z
UPP
ER M
ISSO
URI
RIV
ER B
REA
KS, M
T
U.S
. VIR
GIN
ISLA
ND
S C
ORA
L RE
EF
GO
VERN
OR'
S IS
LAN
D
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
Clin
ton
(D)
2000
2000
2000
2000
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
*Tot
al:
52,0
00
2 272,
000
293,
000
204,
107
4,14
8
73 51 486,
149
377,
346
12,7
08
20 66,0
29,1
62
52,0
00
2 272,
000
293,
000
204,
107
4,14
8
73 51 486,
149
377,
346
12,7
08
20 84,8
30,1
83.8
* Th
is fig
ure
is ac
cura
te to
the
best
of o
ur a
bilit
ies.
How
ever
, due
to th
e co
mpl
exiti
es o
fre
desig
natio
ns, a
bolis
hmen
ts a
nd b
ound
ary
chan
ges
it m
ay a
ppro
xim
ate.
27
MO
NU
MN
ENTS
CREA
TED
BY C
ON
GRES
S
KILL
DEV
IL H
ILL,
NC
(Nat
iona
l Mem
oria
l)
BAD
LAN
DS,
SD
(Nat
iona
l Mem
oria
l)
GEO
RGE
WA
SHIN
GTO
N
BIRT
HPL
AC
E, V
A
APP
OTT
OM
ATTO
X C
OU
RTH
OU
SE, V
A(N
atio
nal H
isto
rical
Par
k)
CO
LON
IAL,
VA
(Nat
iona
l His
toric
Par
k)
CA
NYO
N D
E C
HEL
LY, A
Z
OC
MU
LGEE
, GA
PATR
ICK
HEN
RY, V
A
FORT
STA
NW
IX, N
Y
FORT
FED
ERIC
A, G
A
HO
MES
TEA
D, N
E
PERR
Y'S
VIC
TORY
, OH
PIPE
STO
NE,
MN
FORT
McH
ENRY
, MD
GEO
RGE
WA
SHIN
GTO
N C
ARV
ER, M
O
CA
STLE
CLI
NTO
N, N
Y
CU
STER
BAT
TLEF
IELD
, MT
FT. V
AN
CO
UVE
R, W
A(N
atio
nal H
isto
ric S
ite)
FORT
SU
MTE
R, S
C
FORT
UN
ION
, NM
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
CU
RREN
T AC
RES/
PROC
LAIM
EDSP
ECIA
L DE
SIGN
ATIO
NS A
ND U
NIQU
E FE
ATUR
ES
Coo
lidge
(R)
Coo
lidge
(R)
Hoo
ver
(R)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
Hoo
ver
(R)
Hoo
ver
(R)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
F.D. R
oose
velt
(D)
Trum
an (D
)
Trum
an (D
)
Trum
an (D
)
Trum
an (D
)
Eise
nhow
er (R
)
1927
1929
1930
1930
1930
1931
1934
1935
1936
1936
1936
1937
1939
1943
1946
1946
1948
1948
1954
428.
44
242,
755.
94
550.
23
1,77
5.45
9,34
9.44
83,8
40.0
0
738.
8
15.5
2
241.
42
195.
11
25.3
8
281.
78
43.2
6
210
1.0
765.
34
208.
89
195.
85
720.
6
Des
igna
ted
to c
omm
emor
ate
the
hist
oric
firs
t flig
ht o
f the
Wrig
ht B
roth
ers.
Tran
sfer
red
from
the
War
Dep
artm
ent,
1933
. Re
desig
nate
d th
e W
right
Bro
ther
sN
atio
nal M
emor
ial,
1953
.
Badl
ands
Nat
iona
l Par
k co
ntai
ns th
e w
orld
's ric
hest
Olig
ocen
e ep
och
foss
il be
ds,
datin
g 23
to 3
5 m
illio
n ye
ars
old.
Pro
clai
med
, 193
9 (F.
D. R
oose
velt)
. Re
desig
nate
das
Nat
iona
l Par
k, 1
978.
Wild
erne
ss (6
4,25
0 ac
res)
197
6.
Cre
ated
to m
emor
ializ
e G
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n an
d th
e pl
ace
of h
is bi
rth.
This
park
in r
ural
Virg
inia
incl
udes
the
McL
ean
hom
e, th
e su
rren
der
site
of R
ober
t E.
Lee.
Aut
horiz
ed a
s N
atio
nal H
istor
ical
Mon
umen
t, 19
35.
Des
igna
ted
Nat
iona
lH
istor
ical
Par
k, 1
954.
The
site
of J
ames
tow
n an
d th
e Yo
rkto
wn
Battl
efie
ld, t
his
park
also
con
tain
s ex
tens
ive
wet
land
s, fo
rest
, fie
lds,
sho
relin
es a
nd s
tream
s, a
s w
ell a
s ra
re a
nd e
ndan
gere
dpl
ants
and
ani
mal
s. R
edes
igna
ted
Nat
iona
l Hist
oric
al P
ark,
193
6.
At th
e ba
se o
f she
er r
ed c
liffs
and
in c
anyo
n w
all c
aves
are
rui
ns o
f Ind
ian
villa
ges
built
bet
wee
n AD
350
and
130
0. (a
ll no
n-fe
dera
l acr
es).
Ocm
ulge
e pr
eser
ves
12,0
00 y
ears
of h
uman
hab
itatio
n in
the
Sout
heas
t, fro
m
Ice-
Age
hunt
ers
to th
e M
usco
gee
(Cre
ek) p
eopl
e of
hist
oric
tim
es.
Repe
aled
, 194
4.
Fort
Stan
wix
was
onc
e a
stra
tegi
c Iro
quoi
s C
onfe
dera
cy p
orta
ge in
ups
tate
New
Yor
kw
hich
brid
ged
the
wat
erw
ays
betw
een
the
Atla
ntic
Oce
an a
nd th
e G
reat
Lak
es.
Acqu
isitio
n co
mpl
eted
, 197
3.
The
park
, with
Spa
nish
mos
s, la
rge
oaks
, and
gra
pe v
ines
, is
know
n fo
r its
ex
cept
iona
l bea
uty.
Hom
e of
the
seco
nd o
ldes
t res
tore
d pr
airie
in th
e na
tion.
This
mon
umen
t com
mem
orat
es C
omm
odor
e O
liver
H. P
erry
’s d
efea
t of a
Brit
ishsq
uadr
on o
f war
ship
s at
the
Battl
e of
Lak
e Er
ie d
urin
g th
e W
ar o
f 181
2.Re
desig
nate
d as
Per
ry's
Vict
ory
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Pea
ce M
emor
ial,
1972
.
Anci
ent P
lain
s In
dian
qua
rryi
ng s
ite.
The
defe
nse
of F
ort M
cHen
ry b
y Am
eric
an fo
rces
dur
ing
a Br
itish
atta
ck in
181
4in
spire
d Fr
anci
s Sc
ott K
ey to
writ
e "T
he S
tar-
Span
gled
Ban
ner."
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
Car
ver's
boy
hood
hom
e, c
onsis
ts o
f rol
ling
hills
, woo
dlan
ds,
and
prai
ries.
Con
stru
cted
on
the
rock
s of
f the
tip
of M
anha
ttan
Isla
nd b
etw
een
1808
and
181
1.
Rena
med
Litt
le B
igho
rn B
attle
field
Nat
iona
l Mon
umen
t, 19
91.
Fort
Vanc
ouve
r, on
ce th
e ce
nter
of p
oliti
cal,
cultu
ral,
and
com
mer
cial
act
iviti
es in
the
Paci
fic N
orth
wes
t, w
as th
e ad
min
istra
tive
head
quar
ters
for
the
Hud
son'
s Ba
yC
ompa
ny's
fur
tradi
ng o
pera
tions
in th
e C
olum
bia
Dep
artm
ent.
Red
esig
nate
d as
Nat
iona
l Hist
oric
Site
, 196
1.
Loca
tion
of th
e fir
st e
ngag
emen
t of t
he C
ivil
War
.
The
larg
est v
isibl
e ne
twor
k of
San
ta F
e Tr
ail r
uts
can
be s
een
at th
e pa
rk.
28
MO
NU
MN
ENTS
CREA
TED
BY C
ON
GRES
S co
nti
nue
d
BOO
KER
T. W
ASH
ING
TON
, VA
GRA
ND
PO
RTA
GE,
MN
AG
ATE
FOSS
IL B
EDS,
NE
BISC
AYN
E, F
L(N
atio
nal H
isto
rical
Par
k)
PEC
OS,
NM
(Nat
iona
l His
toric
al P
ark)
ALI
BATE
S FL
INT
QU
ARR
IES,
TX
FLO
RISS
AN
T FO
SSIL
BED
S, C
O
FOSS
IL B
UTT
E, W
Y
HO
HO
KAM
PIM
A, A
Z
JOH
N D
AY F
OSS
IL B
EDS,
OR
CO
NG
ARE
E SW
AM
P, SC
SALI
NA
S PU
EBLO
MIS
SIO
NS,
NM
EL M
ALP
AIS
, NM
MO
UN
T ST
. HEL
ENS,
WA
POVE
RTY
POIN
T, L
A
HA
GER
MA
N F
OSS
IL B
EDS,
ID
NEW
BERR
Y, O
R
PETR
OG
LYPH
, NM
MON
UMEN
TPR
ESID
ENT
YEAR
CU
RREN
T AC
RES/
PROC
LAIM
EDSP
ECIA
L DE
SIGN
ATIO
NS A
ND U
NIQU
E FE
ATUR
ES
*(cu
rren
tly u
nder
diff
eren
t NPS
des
igna
tion)
Eise
nhow
er (R
)
Eise
nhow
er (R
)
John
son
(D)
John
son
(D)
John
son
(D)
John
son
(D)
Nix
on (R
)
Nix
on (R
)
Nix
on (R
)
Nix
on (R
)
Ford
(R)
Car
ter
(D)
Reag
an (R
)
Reag
an (R
)
Reag
an (R
)
Reag
an (R
)
Bush
(R)
Bush
(R)
1956
1958
1965
1968
1965
1965
1969
1972
1972
1974
1976
1980
1987
1982
1988
1988
1990
1990
223.
92
709.
97
3,05
5.22
172,
924.
07
6,66
6.79
1,37
0.97
5,99
8.09
8,19
8.00
1,69
0.00
14,0
56.7
3
21,8
87.5
3
1,07
1.42
109,
606.
50
110,
000.
00
910.
85
4,35
1.15
55,0
00
7,23
1.61
Book
er T
. Was
hing
ton'
s bi
rthpl
ace.
Loca
ted
in a
bor
eal f
ores
t on
the
shor
e of
Lak
e Su
perio
r, th
e m
onum
ent p
rese
rves
avi
tal h
eadq
uarte
rs o
f the
Ojib
we.
Nat
iona
l Hist
oric
Site
, 195
1, c
hang
ed to
Nat
iona
lM
onum
ent b
y C
ongr
ess,
195
8.
Onc
e a
gath
erin
g pl
ace
for
Chi
ef R
ed C
loud
and
oth
er O
glal
a La
kota
Indi
an
peop
le, t
he b
eds
are
an im
porta
nt s
ourc
e fo
r 19
.2 m
illio
n ye
ar-o
ld M
ioce
ne e
poch
mam
mal
foss
ils.
With
in th
e pa
rk b
ound
arie
s ar
e th
e lo
nges
t stre
tch
of m
angr
ove
fore
st le
ft on
Flor
ida'
s ea
st c
oast
, the
cle
ar w
ater
s of
Bisc
ayne
Bay
, ove
r 40
of t
he n
orth
ernm
ost
Flor
ida
Keys
, and
a s
pect
acul
ar li
ving
cor
al r
eef.
Red
esig
nate
d as
Nat
iona
l Par
k an
den
larg
ed, 1
980.
Peco
s pr
eser
ves
12,0
00 y
ears
of h
istor
y in
clud
ing
the
anci
ent p
uebl
o of
Pec
os, t
wo
Span
ish C
olon
ial M
issio
ns, S
anta
Fe
Trai
l site
s, 2
0th
cent
ury
ranc
h hi
stor
y of
For
ked
Ligh
tnin
g Ra
nch,
and
the
site
of th
e C
ivil
War
Bat
tle o
f Glo
rieta
Pas
s. R
edes
igna
ted
as N
atio
nal H
istor
ical
Par
k, 1
990.
Auth
oriz
ed a
s Al
ibat
es F
lint Q
uarr
ies
and
Texa
s Pa
nhan
dle
Pueb
lo C
ultu
re N
atio
nal
Mon
umen
t, 19
65.
Cha
nged
to A
libat
es F
lint Q
uarr
ies
Nat
iona
l Mon
umen
t, 19
78.
Hug
e pe
trifie
d re
dwoo
ds a
nd in
cred
ibly
det
aile
d fo
ssils
of a
ncie
nt in
sect
s an
d pl
ants
reve
al th
e C
olor
ado
of lo
ng a
go.
This
50-m
illio
n ye
ar o
ld la
ke b
ed is
one
of t
he r
iche
st fo
ssil
loca
litie
s in
the
wor
ld.
Pres
erve
s th
e ar
cheo
logi
cal r
emai
ns o
f the
Hoh
okam
cul
ture
.
John
Day
Riv
er b
asin
con
tain
s a
com
plet
e fo
ssil
reco
rd o
f pla
nts
and
anim
als
from
the
Cen
ozoi
c Er
a.
This
Mon
umen
t pre
serv
es, i
n a
wild
erne
ss s
tate
, the
larg
est i
ntac
t tra
ct o
f old
-gro
wth
botto
mla
nd h
ardw
ood
fore
st in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
Wild
erne
ss (1
5,00
0), 1
988.
Bios
pher
e Re
serv
e, 1
983.
The
Mon
umen
t con
tain
s th
e ru
ins
of fo
ur c
hurc
hes,
the
rem
ains
of o
ne o
f the
ear
liest
cont
acts
bet
wee
n Pu
eblo
Indi
ans
and
Span
ish C
olon
ials.
Est
ablis
hed
thro
ugh
the
com
bina
tion
of tw
o st
ate
mon
umen
ts a
nd th
e G
ran
Qui
vira
Nat
iona
l Mon
umen
t.
Volc
anic
feat
ures
suc
h as
lava
flow
s, c
inde
r co
nes,
pre
ssur
e rid
ges
and
com
plex
lava
tube
sys
tem
s do
min
ate
the
land
scap
e.
Con
tain
s th
e 70
0 ac
re, 1
,300
yea
r ol
d Bi
g O
bsid
ian
Flow
.
This
park
com
mem
orat
es a
cul
ture
that
thriv
ed d
urin
g th
e fir
st a
nd s
econ
d m
illen
nia
B.C
. Con
tain
s so
me
of th
e la
rges
t pre
hist
oric
ear
th w
orks
in N
orth
Am
eric
a.
The
Mon
umen
t is
inte
rnat
iona
lly s
igni
fican
t bec
ause
it p
rote
cts
the
wor
ld's
riche
stkn
ow fo
ssil
depo
sits
from
the
late
Plio
cene
epo
ch, 3
.5 m
illio
n ye
ars
ago.
Site
of t
he 1
980
erup
tion
of M
ount
St.
Hel
ens.
Now
an
impo
rtant
res
earc
h ar
ea.
Petro
glyp
h N
atio
nal M
onum
ent p
rote
cts
a va
riety
of c
ultu
ral a
nd n
atur
al r
esou
rces
incl
udin
g fiv
e vo
lcan
ic c
ones
, hun
dred
s of
arc
heol
ogic
al s
ites
and
an e
stim
ated
25,0
00 im
ages
car
ved
by n
ativ
e pe
ople
s an
d ea
rly S
pani
sh s
ettle
rs.
867,
294.
27To
tal:
29
Founded in 1935, The Wilderness Society works to
protect America’s wilderness and to develop a
nationwide network of wild lands through public
education, scientific analysis, and advocacy. Our goal
is to ensure that future generations enjoy the clean air
and water, beauty, wildlife, and opportunities for
recreation and spiritual renewal provided by the
nation’s pristine forests, rivers, deserts, and mountains.
For more information, please contact:
Linda Lance
Vice President of Policy
The Wilderness Society
1615 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 429-2654
David Alberswerth
Director of BLM Programs
The Wilderness Society
1615 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 429-2695
Leslie Jones
Staff Attorney
The Wilderness Society
1615 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 429-2628
Sabrina Williams
Communications Manager
The Wilderness Society
1615 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 429-8441
Cover Photo by: David WellingLower Calf Creek FallEscalante BasinEscalante Grandstaircase NationalMonument, Utah