The Anti-Federalist Papers

8/8/2019 The Anti-Federalist Papers

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The Anti-Federalist Papers


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Index to the Antifederalist Papers

Antifederalist No. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION: A DANGEROU PLAN O! "ENE!ITONL# TO T$E %ARITOCRATIC& CO'"INATION%

Antifederalist No. ( %)E $A*E "EEN TOLD O! P$ANTO'%

Antifederalist No. + NE) CONTITUTION CREATE A NATIONAL GO*ERN'ENT,

)ILL NOT A"ATE !OREIGN IN!LUENCE, DANGER O! CI*IL )AR ANDDEPOTI'

Antifederalist No. - !OREIGN )AR CI*IL )AR AND INDIAN )AR / T$REE"UG"EAR

Antifederalist No. 0 COTLAND AND ENGLAND / A CAE IN POINT

Antifederalist No. T$E $O"GO"LIN O! ANARC$# AND DIENION A'ONGT$E TATE

Antifederalist No. 2 ADOPTION O! T$E CONTITUTION )ILL LEAD TO CI*IL )AR

Antifederalist No. 3 %T$E PO)ER *ETED IN CONGRE O! ENDING TROOP!OR UPPREING INURRECTION )ILL AL)A# ENA"LE T$E' TO TI!LET$E !IRT TRUGGLE O! !REEDO'%

Antifederalist No. 4 A CONOLIDATED GO*ERN'ENT I A T#RANN# Antifederalist No. 15 ON T$E PREER*ATION O! PARTIE PU"LIC LI"ERT#

DEPEND

Antifederalist No. 11 UNRETRICTED PO)ER O*ER CO''ERCE $OULD NOT"E GI*EN T$E NATIONAL GO*ERN'ENT

Antifederalist No. 1( $O) )ILL T$E NE) GO*ERN'ENT RAIE 'ONE#6

Antifederalist No. 1+ T$E E7PENE O! T$E NE) GO*ERN'ENT

Antifederalist No. 1- E7TENT O! TERRITOR# UNDER CONOLIDATEDGO*ERN'ENT TOO LARGE TO PREER*E LI"ERT# OR PROTECT PROPERT#

Antifederalist No. 10 R$ODE ILAND I RIG$T8

Antifederalist No. 1 EUROPEAN AD'IRE AND !EDERALIT DECR# T$EPREENT #TE'

Antifederalist No. 12 !EDERALIT PO)ER )ILL ULTI'ATEL# U"*ERT TATEAUT$ORIT#

Antifederalist No. 13/(5 )$AT DOE $ITOR# TEAC$6 9PART 1

Antifederalist No. 13/(5 )$AT DOE $ITOR# TEAC$6 9PART II

Antifederalist No. (1 )$# T$E ARTICLE !AILED

Antifederalist No. (( ARTICLE O! CON!EDERATION I'PL# RE;UIREA'END'ENT PARTICULARL# !OR CO''ERCIAL PO)ER AND


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Antifederalist No. (4 O"


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Antifederalist No. 03 )ILL T$E $OUE O! REPREENTATI*E "E GENUINEL#REPREENTATI*E6 9PART -

Antifederalist No. 04 T$E DANGER O! CONGREIONAL CONTROL O!ELECTION

Antifederalist No. 5 )ILL T$E CONTITUTION PRO'OTE T$E INTERET O!!A*ORITE CLAE6

Antifederalist No. 1 ;UETION AND CO''ENT ON T$E CONTITUTIONALPRO*IION REGARDING T$E ELECTION O! CONGRE'EN

Antifederalist No. ( ON T$E ORGANI?ATION AND PO)ER O! T$E ENATE9PART 1

Antifederalist No. + ON T$E ORGANI?ATION AND PO)ER O! T$E ENATE9PART (

Antifederalist No. - ON T$E ORGANI?ATION AND PO)ER O! T$E ENATE9PART +

Antifederalist No. 0 ON T$E ORGANI?ATION AND PO)ER O! T$E ENATE9PART -

Antifederalist No. !ro@ North Carolina

Antifederalist No. 2 *ARIOU !EAR CONCERNING T$E E7ECUTI*EDEPART'ENT

Antifederalist No. 3 ON T$E 'ODE O! ELECTING T$E PREIDENT

Antifederalist No. 4 T$E C$ARACTER O! T$E E7ECUTI*E O!!ICE

Antifederalist No. 25 T$E PO)ER AND DANGEROU POTENTIAL O! $IELECTED 'A


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Antifederalist No. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION: A

DANGEROU PLAN O! "ENE!IT ONL# TO T$E%ARITOCRATIC& CO'"INATION%

!ro@ The "oston Gaette and CoBntr> Brst the and of =onstraint Bpon the sBFe=t of theNE) PLAN for =onsolidatin the oern@ents of the United tates as re=o@@ended > thelate Conention. If it is sBitale to the GENIU and $A"IT of the =itiens of these states itHill ear the stri=test s=rBtin>. The PEOPLE are the rand inBest Hho hae a RIG$T to

FBde of its @erits. The hideoBs dae@on of Aristo=ra=> has hitherto had so @B=h inflBen=e asto ar the =hannels of inestiation pre=lBde the people fro@ inBir> and extinBish eer>spar of lieral infor@ation of its Balities. At lenth the lB@inar> of intellien=e eins toea@ its effBlent ra>s Bpon this i@portant prodB=tion, the de=eptie @ists =ast efore thee>es of the people > the delBsie @a=hinations of its INTERETED ado=ates eins todissipate as darness flies efore the Brnin taper, and I dare entBre to predi=t that in

spite of those @er=enar> de=tai@ers the plan Hill hae a =andid and =o@plete [email protected] fBrioBs ealots Hho are for =ra@@in it doHn the throats of the people HithoBtalloHin the@ either ti@e or opportBnit> to s=an or Heih it in the alan=e of theirBnderstandins ear the sa@e @ars in their featBres as those Hho hae een lon Hishinto ere=t an aristo=ra=> in T$I CO''ON)EALT$ Jof 'assa=hBsettsK. Their @ena=in =r> isfor a RIGID oern@ent it @atters little to the@ of Hhat ind proided it ansHers T$ATdes=ription. As the plan noH offered =o@es so@ethin near their Hishes and is the @ost=onsonant to their ieHs of an> the> =an hope for the> =o@e oldl> forHard and DE'AND itsadoption. The> rand Hith infa@> eer> @an Hho is not as deter@ined and ealoBs in itsfaor as the@seles. The> =r> aloBd the Hhole @Bst e sHalloHed or none at all thininthere> to pre=lBde an> a@end@ent, the> are afraid of hain it aated of its present RIGID

aspe=t. The> hae stried to oeraHe or sedB=e printers to stifle and ostrB=t a freedis=Bssion and hae endeaored to hasten it to a de=ision efore the people =an dBt> refle=tBpon its properties. In order to de=eie the@ the> in=essantl> de=lare that none =an dis=oeran> defe=t in the s>ste@ Bt anrBpts Hho Hish no oern@ent and offi=ers of the presentoern@ent Hho fear to lose a part of their poHer. These ealoBs partisans @a> inFBre theiroHn =aBse and endaner the pBli= tranBilit> > i@pedin a proper inBir>, the people @a>sBspe=t the )$OLE to e a daneroBs plan fro@ sB=h CO*ERED and DEIGNINGs=he@es to enfor=e it Bpon the@. Co@pBlsie or trea=heroBs @easBres to estalish an>oern@ent Hhateer Hill alHa>s ex=ite FealoBs> a@on a free people: etter re@ain sinleand alone than lindl> adopt Hhateer a feH indiidBals shall de@and e the> eer so Hise. Ihad rather e a free =itien of the s@all repBli= of 'assa=hBsetts than an oppressed sBFe=t

of the reat A@eri=an e@pire. Let all a=t Bnderstandinl> or not at all. If He =an =onfederateBpon ter@s that Hilt se=Bre to Bs oBr lierties it is an oFe=t hihl> desirale e=aBse of itsadditional se=Brit> to the Hhole. If the proposed plan proes sB=h an one I hope it Hill eadopted Bt if it Hill endaner oBr lierties as it stands let it e a@ended, in order to Hhi=h it@Bst and oBht to e open to inspe=tion and free inBir>. The inBndation of aBse that haseen throHn oBt Bpon the heads of those Hho hae had an> doBts of its Bniersal oodBalities hae een so redBndant that it @a> not e i@proper to s=an the =hara=ters of its@ost strenBoBs ado=ates. It Hill first e alloHed that @an> Bndesinin =itiens @a> Hish itsadoption fro@ the est @oties Bt these are @odest and silent Hhen =o@pared to the


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reater nB@er Hho endeaor to sBppress all atte@pts for inestiation. These iolentpartisans are for hain the people Blp doHn the ilded pill lindfolded Hhole and HithoBtan> Balifi=ation Hhateer. These =onsist enerall> of the NO"LE order of CJin=innatBKsholders of pBli= se=Brities @en of reat Health and expe=tations of pBli= offi=e "JanKJerKsand LJaHK>JerKs: these Hith their train of dependents for@ the Aristo=rati= =o@ination. TheLaH>ers in parti=Blar eep Bp an in=essant de=la@ation for its adoption, lie reed>

Bdeons the> lon to satiate their ora=ioBs sto@a=hs Hith the olden ait. The nB@eroBstriBnals to e ere=ted > the neH plan of =onsolidated e@pire Hill find e@plo>@ent for tenti@es their present nB@ers, these are the LOA*E AND !I$E for Hhi=h the> hBner.The> Hill proal> find it sBited to T$EIR $A"IT if not to the $A"IT O! T$E PEOPLE.There @a> e reasons for hain Bt feH of the@ in the tate Conention lest T$EIR 5MINTERET shoBld e too stronl> =onsidered. The ti@e draHs near for the =hoi=e ofDeleates. I hope @> felloH/=itiens Hill loo Hell to the =hara=ters of their preferen=e andre@e@er the Old Patriots of 20, the> hae neer led the@ astra> nor need the> fear to tr>the@ on this @o@entoBs o==asion.

A !EDERALIT

Antifederalist No. ( %)E $A*E "EEN TOLD O! P$ANTO'%

This essa> is an ex=erpted fro@ a spee=h of )illia@ Gra>son opinion e the rBin of oBr =oBntr>. If the existen=e of those daners =annote proed if there e no apprehension of Hars if there e no rB@ors of Hars it Hill pla=e thesBFe=t in a different liht and plainl> ein=e to the Horld that there =annot e an> reason foradoptin @easBres Hhi=h He apprehend to e rBinoBs and destrB=tie. )hen this stateJ*iriniaK proposed that the eneral oern@ent shoBld e i@proed 'assa=hBsetts Has FBst

re=oered fro@ a reellion Hhi=h had roBht the repBli= to the rin of destrB=tion fro@ areellion Hhi=h Has =rBshed > that federal oern@ent Hhi=h is noH so @B=h =onte@nedand ahorred. A ote of that aBBst od> for fifteen hBndred @en aided > the exertions ofthe state silen=ed all opposition and shortl> restored the pBli= tranBilit>. 'assa=hBsettsHas satisfied that these internal =o@@otions Here so happil> settled and Has BnHillin to risan> si@ilar distresses > theoreti= experi@ents. )ere the Eastern tates Hillin to enter intothis @easBre6 )ere the> Hillin to a==ede to the proposal of *irinia6 In Hhat @anner Has itre=eied6 Conne=ti=Bt reolted at the idea. The Eastern tates sir Here BnHillin tore=o@@end a @eetin of a =onention. The> Here Hell aHare of the daners of reolBtions


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and =hanes. )h> Has eer> effort Bsed and sB=h Bn=o@@on pains taen to rin it aoBt6This HoBld hae een Bnne=essar> had it een approed of > the people. )asPenns>lania disposed for the re=eption of this proFe=t of refor@ation6 No sir. he Has eenBnHillin to a@end her reenBe laHs so as to @ae the fie per =entB@ operatie. he Hassatisfied Hith thins as the> Here. There Has no =o@plaint that eer I heard of fro@ an>other part of the Union ex=ept *irinia. This ein the =ase a@on oBrseles Hhat daners

Here there to e apprehended fro@ forein nations6 It Hill e easil> shoHn that daners fro@that Barter Here asolBtel> i@ainar>. )as not !ran=e friendl>6 UneBio=all> so. he Hasdeisin neH reBlations of =o@@er=e for oBr adantae. Did she harass Bs Hith appli=ationsfor her @one>6 Is it liel> that !ran=e Hill Barrel Hith Bs6 Is it not reasonale to sBppose thatshe Hill e @ore desiroBs than eer to =lin after losin the DBt=h repBli= to her est all>6$oH are the DBt=h6 )e oHe the@ @one> it is trBe, and are the> not Hillin that He shoBldoHe the@ @ore6 'r. J readil> ranted it. The DBt=h hae a felloH/feelin for Bs. The> Here inthe sa@e sitBation Hith oBrseles.

I eliee that the @one> Hhi=h the DBt=h orroHed of $enr> I* is not >et paid. $oH did the>pass ;Been Eliaeths loan6 At a er> =onsiderale dis=oBnt. The> too adantae of the

Heaness and ne=essities of andrant assistan=e to one another fro@ ieHs of national interest/!ran=e Has Hillin to plB=the fairest feather oBt of the "ritish =roHn. This Has her oFe=t in aidin Bs. he Hill notBarrel Hith Bs on pe=Bniar> =onsiderations. Conress =onsidered it in this point of ieH, forHhen a proposition Has @ade to @ae it a det of priate persons it Has reFe=ted HithoBthesitation. That respe=tale od> Hisel> =onsidered that Hhile He re@ained their detors inso =onsiderale a deree the> HoBld not e inattentie to oBr interest.

)ith respe=t to pain she is friendl> in a hih deree. I Hish to noH > Hhose interpositionHas the treat> Hith 'oro==o @ade. )as it not > that of the in of pain6 eeral predator>nations distBred Bs on oin into the 'editerranean. The inflBen=e of Charles III at the

"arar> =oBrt and foBr thoBsand poBnds pro=Bred as ood a treat> Hith 'oro==o as =oBlde expe=ted. "Bt I a=noHlede it is not of an> =onseBen=e sin=e the Alerines and peopleof TBnis hae not entered into si@ilar @easBres. )e hae nothin to fear fro@ pain, andHere she hostile she =oBld neer e for@idale to this =oBntr>. $er strenth is so s=atteredthat she neer =an e daneroBs to Bs either in pea=e or Har. As to PortBal He hae atreat> Hith her Hhi=h @a> e er> adantaeoBs thoBh it e not >et ratified.

The do@esti= det is di@inished > =onsiderale sales of Hestern lands to CBtler ereantand Co@pan>, to i@@s, and to Ro>al !lint and Co@pan>. The oard of treasBr> isaBthoried to sell in EBrope or an> Hhere else the residBe of those lands.

An a=t of Conress has passed to adFBst the pBli= dets etHeen the indiidBal states and

the United tates.

)as oBr trade in a despi=ale sitBation6 I shall sa> nothin of Hhat did not =o@e Bnder @>oHn oseration. )hen I Has in Conress sixteen essels had had sea letters in the EastIndia trade and tHo hBndred essels entered and =leared oBt in the !ren=h )est IndiaIslands in one >ear.

I @Bst =onfess that pBli= =redit has sBffered and that oBr pBli= =reditors hae een ill Bsed.This Has oHin to a faBlt at the head/Barters/to Conress the@seles/in not sellin theHestern lands at an earlier period. If reBisitions hae not een =o@plied Hith it @Bst e


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oHin to Conress Hho @iht hae pBt the BnpopBlar dets on the a= lands. Co@@Btationis ahorrent to NeH Enland ideas. pe=Blation is ahorrent to the Eastern tates. Thosein=onenien=es hae resBlted fro@ the ad poli=> of Conress.

There are =ertain @odes of oernin the people Hhi=h Hill sB==eed. There are others Hhi=hHill not. The idea of =onsolidation is ahorrent to the people of this =oBntr>. $oH Here thesenti@ents of the people efore the @eetin of the Conention at Philadelphia6 The> had

onl> one oFe=t in ieH. Their ideas rea=hed no farther than to ie the eneral oern@entthe fie per =entB@ i@post and the reBlation of trade. )hen it Has aitated in Conress ina =o@@ittee of the Hhole this Has all that Has ased or Has dee@ed ne=essar>. in=e thatperiod their ieHs hae extended @B=h farther. $orrors hae een reatl> @anified sin=ethe risin of the Conention.

)e are noH told > the honorale entle@an 9Goernor Randolph that He shall hae Harsand rB@ors of Hars that eer> =ala@it> is to attend Bs and that He shall e rBined anddisBnited foreer Bnless He adopt this ConstitBtion. Penns>lania and 'ar>land are to fallBpon Bs fro@ the north lie the Goths and *andals of old, the Alerines Hhose flat/sidedessels neer =a@e farther than 'adeira are to fill the Chesapeae Hith @iht> fleets and toatta= Bs on oBr front, the Indians are to inade Bs Hith nB@eroBs ar@ies on oBr rear in orderto =onert oBr =leared lands into hBntin/ roBnds, and the Carolinians fro@ the soBth9@oBnted on alliators I presB@e are to =o@e and destro> oBr =ornfields and eat Bp oBrlittle =hildren8 These sir are the @iht> daners Hhi=h aHait Bs if He reFe=t daners Hhi=h are@erel> i@ainar> and lBdi=roBs in the extre@e8 Are He to e destro>ed > 'ar>land andPenns>lania6 )hat Hill de@o=rati= states @ae Har for and hoH lon sin=e hae the>i@ied a hostile spirit6

"Bt the eneralit> are to atta= Bs. )ill the> atta= Bs after iolatin their faith in the firstUnion6 )ill the> not iolate their faith if the> do not tae Bs into their =onfedera=>6 $ae the>not areed > the old Confederation that the Union shall e perpetBal and that no alterationshoBld tae pla=e HithoBt the =onsent of Conress and the =onfir@ation of the leislatBres of

eer> state6 I =annot thin that there is sB=h deprait> in @anind as that after iolatinpBli= faith so flarantl> the> shoBld @ae Har Bpon Bs also for not folloHin their exa@ple.

The lare states hae diided the a= lands a@on the@seles and hae ien as @B=h asthe> thoBht proper to the eneralit>. !or the fear of disBnion He are told that He oBht totae @easBres Hhi=h He otherHise shoBld not. DisBnion is i@possile. The Eastern tateshold the fisheries Hhi=h are their =ornfields > a hair. The> hae a dispBte Hith the "ritishoern@ent aoBt their li@its at this @o@ent. Is not a eneral and stron oern@entne=essar> for their interest6 If eer nations had indB=e@ents to pea=e the Eastern tatesnoH hae. NeH #or and Penns>lania anxioBsl> loo forHard for the fBr trade. $oH =an the>otain it Bt > Bnion6 Can the Hestern posts e ot or retained HithoBt Bnion6 $oH are thelittle states in=lined6 The> are not liel> to disBnite. Their Heaness Hill preent the@ fro@

Barrellin. Little @en are seldo@ fond of Barrellin a@on iants. Is there not a stronindB=e@ent to Bnion Hhile the "ritish are on one side and the paniards on the other6 Than$eaen He hae a Carthae of oBr oHn . . .

"Bt Hhat HoBld I do on the present o==asion to re@ed> the existin defe=ts of the presentConfederation6 There are tHo opinions preailin in the Horld/the one that @anind =an onl>e oerned > for=e, the other that the> are =apale of freedo@ and a ood [email protected] a sBpposition that @anind =an oern the@seles I HoBld re=o@@end that thepresent Confederation shoBld e a@ended. Gie Conress the reBlation of =o@@er=e.


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InfBse neH strenth and spirit into the state oern@ents, for Hhen the =o@ponent parts arestron it Hill ie ener> to the oern@ent althoBh it e otherHise Hea....

Apportion the pBli= dets in sB=h a @anner as to throH the BnpopBlar ones on the a=lands. Call onl> for reBisitions for the forein interest and aid the@ > loans. &eep on so tillthe A@eri=an =hara=ter e @ared Hith so@e =ertain featBres. )e are >et too >oBn to noHHhat He are fit for. The =ontinBal @iration of people fro@ EBrope and the settle@ent of neH

=oBntries on oBr Hestern frontiers are stron arB@ents aainst @ain neH experi@entsnoH in oern@ent. )hen these thins are re@oed He =an Hith reater prospe=t ofsB==ess deise =hanes. )e oBht to =onsider as 'ontesBieB sa>s Hhether the=onstrB=tion of the oern@ent e sBitale to the eniBs and disposition of the people as Hellas a ariet> of other =ir=B@stan=es.

Antifederalist No. + NE) CONTITUTION CREATE ANATIONAL GO*ERN'ENT, )ILL NOT A"ATE !OREIGNIN!LUENCE, DANGER O! CI*IL )AR AND DEPOTI'

Lie the no@e de plB@e %PBliBs% Bsed > pro ConstitBtion Hriters in the !ederalist Papersseeral Antifederalists sined their Hritins %A !AR'ER.% )hile the o==Bpation of the Hriters@a> not hae =oin=ided Hith the na@e ien the arB@ents aainst =onsolodatin poHer inthe hands of a =entral oern@ent Here Hidel> read. The folloHin Has pBlished in the'ar>land Gaette and "alti@ore Adertiser 'ar=h 2 1233. The trBe identit> of the aBthor isBnnoHn.

There are Bt tHo @odes > Hhi=h @en are =onne=ted in so=iet> the one Hhi=h operates on

indiidBals this alHa>s has een and oBht still to e =alled national oern@ent, the otherHhi=h inds tates and oern@ents toether 9not =orporations for there is no =onsideralenation on earth despoti= @onar=hi=al or repBli=an that does not =ontain @an> sBordinate=orporations Hith arioBs =onstitBtions this last has heretofore een deno@inated a leaBe or=onfedera=>. The ter@ federalists is therefore i@properl> applied to the@seles > the friendsand sBpporters of the proposed =onstitBtion. This aBse of lanBae does not help the =aBse,eer> deree of i@position seres onl> to irritate Bt =an neer =onin=e. The> are national@en and their opponents or at least a reat @aForit> of the@ are federal in the onl> trBe andstri=t sense of the Hord.

)hether an> for@ of national oern@ent is preferale for the A@eri=ans to a leaBe or=onfedera=> is a preioBs Bestion He @Bst first @ae Bp oBr @inds Bpon....

That a national oern@ent Hill add to the dinit> and in=rease the splendor of the Unitedtates aroad =an ad@it of no doBt: it is essentiall> reBisite for oth. That it Hill renderoern@ent and offi=ers of oern@ent @ore dinified at ho@e is eBall> =ertain. That theseoFe=ts are @ore sBited to the @anners if not JtheK eniBs and disposition of oBr people is Ifear also trBe. That it is reBisite in order to eep Bs at pea=e a@on oBrseles is doBtfBl.That it is ne=essar> to preent foreiners fro@ diidin Bs or interferin in oBr oern@ent Iden> positiel>, and after all I hae stron doBts Hhether all its adantaes are not @orespe=ioBs than solid. )e are ain lie other nations. )e Hish to @ae a noise in the Horld,


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and feel hBrt that EBropeans are not so attentie to A@eri=a in pea=e as the> Here toA@eri=a in Har. )e are also no doBt desiroBs of =Bttin a fiBre in histor>. hoBld He notrefle=t that Biet is happiness6 That =ontent and po@p are in=o@patile6 I hae either reador heard this trBth Hhi=h the A@eri=ans shoBld neer foret: That the silen=e of historians isthe sBrest re=ord of the happiness of a people. The Hiss hae een foBr hBndred >ears theen> of @anind and there is >et s=ar=el> an histor> of their nation. )hat is histor> Bt a

disBstin and painfBl detail of the Bt=heries of =onBerors and the HoefBl =ala@ities of the=onBered6 'an> of Bs are proBd and are freBentl> disappointed that offi=e =onfers neitherrespe=t or differen=e. No @an of @erit =an eer e disra=ed > offi=e. A roBe in offi=e @a>e feared in so@e oern@ents/he Hill e respe=ted in none. After all Hhat He =all respe=tand differen=e onl> arise fro@ =ontrast of sitBation as @ost of oBr ideas =o@e > =o@parisonand relation. )here the people are free there =an e no reat =ontrast or distin=tion a@onhonest =itiens in or oBt of offi=e. In proportion as the people lose their freedo@ eer>radation of distin=tion etHeen the Goernors and oerned otains Bntil the for@ere=o@e @asters and the latter e=o@e slaes. In all oern@ents irtBe Hill =o@@andreeren=e. The diine Cato neH eer> Ro@an =itien > na@e and neer assB@ed an>pree@inen=e, >et Cato foBnd and his @e@or> Hill find respe=t and reeren=e in the oso@sof @anind Bntil this Horld retBrns into that nothin fro@ Hhen=e O@nipoten=e =alled it. Thatthe people are not at present disposed for and are a=tBall> in=apale of oern@ents ofsi@pli=it> and eBal rihts I =an no loner doBt. "Bt Hhose faBlt is it6 )e @ae the@ ad> ad oern@ents and then aBse and despise the@ for ein so. OBr people are =apaleof ein @ade an>thin that hB@an natBre Has or is =apale of if He HoBld onl> hae a littlepatien=e and ie the@ ood and Hholeso@e institBtions, Bt I see none sB=h and er> littleprospe=t of sB=h. Alas8 I see nothin in @> felloH/=itiens that Hill per@it @> still fosterin thedelBsion that the> are noH =apale of sBstainin the Heiht of EL!/GO*ERN'ENT: aBrden to Hhi=h Gree and Ro@an shoBlders proed BneBal. The honor of sBpportin thedinit> of the hB@an =hara=ter see@s resered to the hard> $eletians alone. If the od> ofthe people Hill not oern the@seles and oern the@seles Hell too the =onseBen=e isBnaoidale/a !E) Hill and @Bst oern the@. Then it is that oern@ent e=o@es trBl> aoern@ent > for=e onl> Hhere @en relinBish part of their natBral rihts to se=Bre the restinstead of an Bnion of Hill and for=e to prote=t all their natBral rihts Hhi=h oBht to e thefoBndation of eer> rihtfBl so=ial =o@pa=t.

)hether national oern@ent Hill e prodB=tie of internal pea=e is too Bn=ertain to ad@it ofde=ided opinion. I onl> haard a =onFe=tBre Hhen I sa> that oBr state dispBtes in a=onfedera=> HoBld e dispBtes of leit> and passion Hhi=h HoBld sBside efore inFBr>. Thepeople ein free oern@ent hain no riht to the@ Bt the> to oern@ent the> HoBldseparate and diide as interest or in=lination pro@pted/as the> do at this da> and alHa>shae done in Hiterland. In a national oern@ent Bnless =aBtioBsl> and fortBnatel>ad@inistered the dispBtes Hill e the deep/rooted differen=es of interest Hhere part of the

e@pire @Bst e inFBred > the operation of eneral laH, and then shoBld the sHord ofoern@ent e on=e draHn 9Hhi=h $eaen aert I fear it Hill not e sheathed Bntil He haeHaded throBh that series of desolation Hhi=h !ran=e pain and the other reat indo@sof the Horld hae sBffered in order to rin so @an> separate tates into Bnifor@it> ofoern@ent and laH, in Hhi=h eent the leislatie poHer =an onl> e entrBsted to one @an9as it is Hith the@ Hho =an hae no lo=al atta=h@ents partial interests or priate ieHs toratif>.

That a national oern@ent Hill preent the inflBen=e or daner of forein intriBe or se=BreBs fro@ inasion is in @> FBd@ent dire=tl> the reerse of the trBth. The onl> forein or at


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least eil forein inflBen=e @Bst e otained throBh =orrBption. )here the oern@ent isloded in the od> of the people as in Hiterland the> =an neer e =orrBpted, for noprin=e or people =an hae resoBr=es enoBh to =orrBpt the @aForit> of a nation, and if the>=oBld the pla> is not Horth the =andle. The fa=ilit> of =orrBption is in=reased in proportion aspoHer tends > representation or deleation to a =on=entration in the hands of a feH. . . .

As to an> nation atta=in a nB@er of =onfederated independent repBli=s ... it is not to e

expe=ted @ore espe=iall> as the Health of the e@pire is there Bniersall> diffBsed and Hillnot e =olle=ted into an> one oerroHn lBxBrioBs and effe@inate =apital to e=o@e a lBre tothe enterpriin a@itioBs. That extensie e@pire is a @isfortBne to e depre=ated Hill notnoH e dispBted. The alan=e of poHer has lon enaed the attention of all the EBropeanHorld in order to aoid the horrid eils of a eneral oern@ent. The sa@e oern@entperadin a ast extent of territor> terrifies the @inds of indiidBals into @eanness andsB@ission. All hB@an aBthorit> hoHeer oranied @Bst hae =onfined li@its or insolen=eand oppression Hill proe the offsprin of its randeBr and the diffi=Blt> or rather i@possiilit>of es=ape preents resistan=e. Gion relates that so@e Ro@an &nihts Hho had offendedoern@ent in Ro@e Here taen Bp in Asia in a er> feH da>s after. It Has the extensieterritor> of the Ro@an repBli= that prodB=ed a >lla a 'ariBs a CaliBla a Nero and an

ElaaalBs. In s@all independent tates =ontiBoBs to ea=h other the people rBn aHa> andleae despotis@ to ree its enean=e on itself, and thBs it is that @oderation e=o@es Hiththe@ the laH of self/preseration. These and sB=h reasons foBnded on the eternal andi@@Btale natBre of thins hae lon =aBsed and Hill =ontinBe to =aBse @B=h differen=e ofsenti@ent throBhoBt oBr Hide extensie territories. !ro@ oBr diided and dispersed sitBationand fro@ the natBral @oderation of the A@eri=an =hara=ter it has hitherto proed a Harfare ofarB@ent and reason.

A !AR'ER

Antifederalist No. - !OREIGN )AR CI*IL )AR ANDINDIAN )AR / T$REE "UG"EAR

Patri= $enr> Has a so@eHhat the antithesis to ofGie 'e Death% phrase opposed the neH ConstitBtion for @an> reasons. $e deliered lonspee=hes to the *irinia Ratifi=ation =onention I @ade so@e oserations on so@e of those daners Hhi=hthese entle@en HoBld fain persBade Bs han oer the =itiens of this =o@@onHealthJ*iriniaK to indB=e Bs to =hane the oern@ent and adopt the neH plan. Unless there ereat and aHfBl daners the =hane is daneroBs and the experi@ent oBht not to e @ade.In esti@atin the @anitBde of these daners He are olied to tae a @ost serioBs ieH ofthe@//to see the@ to handle the@ and to e fa@iliar Hith the@. It is not sBffi=ient to fein@ere i@ainar> daners, there @Bst e a dreadfBl realit>. The reat Bestion etHeen Bs is:Does that realit> exist6 These daners are partiall> attriBted to ad laHs exe=rated > the=o@@Bnit> at lare. It is said the people Hish to =hane the oern@ent. I shoBld e happ> to


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@eet the@ on that roBnd. hoBld the people Hish to =hane it He shoBld e inno=ent of thedaners. It is a fa=t that the people do not Hish to =hane their oern@ent. $oH a@ I toproe it6 It Hill rest on @> are assertion Bnless sBpported > an internal =oni=tion in @ensreasts. '> poor sa>/so is a @ere nonentit>. "Bt sir I a@ persBaded that foBr fifths of thepeople of *irinia @Bst hae a@end@ents to the neH plan to re=on=ile the@ to a =hane oftheir oern@ent. It is a slipper> foBndation for the people to rest their politi=al salation on

@> or their assertions. No oern@ent =an floBrish Bnless it e foBnded on the affe=tion of thepeople. Unless entle@en =an e sBre that this neH s>ste@ is foBnded on that roBnd the>oBht to stop their =areer.

I Hill not repeat Hhat the entle@en sa>/I Hill @ention one thin. There is a dispBte etHeenBs and the paniards aoBt the riht of naiatin the 'ississippi ... een states Hished torelinBish this rier to the@. The six oBthern states opposed it. een states not einsBffi=ient to =one> it aHa> it re@ains noH oBrs....

There is no daner of a dis@e@er@ent of oBr =oBntr> Bnless a ConstitBtion e adoptedHhi=h Hill enale the oern@ent to plant ene@ies on oBr a=s. "> the Confederation therihts of territor> are se=Bred. No treat> =an e @ade HithoBt the =onsent of nine states.)hile the =onsent of nine states is ne=essar> to the =ession of territor> >oB are safe. If it epBt in the poHer of a less nB@er >oB Hill @ost infallil> lose the 'ississippi. As lon as He=an presere oBr Bnalienale rihts He are in safet>. This neH ConstitBtion Hill inole in itsoperation the loss of the naiation of that alBale rier.

The honorale entle@an Jeither


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friendl> disposition to Bs and the a=tBal sitBation of !ran=e render the idea of daner fro@that Barter asBrd. )oBld this =oBntr>@an of oBrs e fond of adisin Bs to a @easBre Hhi=hhe neH to e daneroBs6 And =an it e reasonal> sBpposed that he =an e inorant of an>pre@editated hostilit> aainst this =oBntr>6 The honorale entle@an @a> sBspe=t thea==oBnt, Bt I Hill do oBr friend the FBsti=e to sa> that he HoBld Harn Bs of an> daner fro@!ran=e.

Do >oB sBppose the panish @onar=h Hill ris a =ontest Hith the United tates Hhen hisfeele =olonies are exposed to the@6 Eer> adan=e the people @ae to the HestHard@aes the@ tre@le for 'exi=o and PerB. Despised as He are a@on oBrseles Bnder oBrpresent oern@ent He are terrile to that @onar=h>. If this e not a fa=t it is enerall> saidso.

)e are in the next pla=e frihtened > daners fro@ $olland. )e @Bst =hane oBroern@ent to es=ape the Hrath of that repBli=. $olland roans Bnder a oern@ent lie thisneH one. A stadtholder sir a DBt=h president has roBht on that =oBntr> @iseries Hhi=h Hillnot per@it the@ to =olle=t dets Hith fleets or ar@ies ... This President Hill rin @iseries onBs lie those of $olland. B=h is the =ondition of EBropean affairs that it HoBld e Bnsafe forthe@ to send fleets or ar@ies to =olle=t dets.

"Bt here sir the> @ae a transition to oFe=ts of another ind. )e are presented Hithdaners of a er> Bn=o@@on natBre. I a@ not a=Bainted Hith the arts of paintin. o@eentle@en hae a pe=Bliar talent for the@. The> are pra=tised Hith reat inenBit> on thiso==asion. As a =oBnterpart to Hhat He hae alread> een inti@idated Hith He are told thatso@e lands hae een sold Hhi=h =annot e foBnd, and that this Hill rin Har on this=oBntr>. $ere the pi=tBre Hill not stand exa@ination. Can it e sBpposed if a feH landspe=Blators and Foers hae iolated the prin=iples of proit> that it Hill inole this =oBntr>in Har6 Is there no redress to e otherHise otained een ad@ittin the delinBents andsBfferers to e nB@eroBs6 )hen entle@en are thBs drien to prodB=e i@ainar> daners toindB=e this Conention to assent to this =hane I a@ sBre it Hill not e Bn=andid to sa> that

the =hane itself is reall> daneroBs. Then the 'ar>land =o@pa=t is roen and Hill prodB=eperiloBs =onseBen=es. I see nothin er> terrile in this. The adoption of the neH s>ste@ Hillnot re@oe the eil. )ill the> forfeit ood neihorhood Hith Bs e=aBse the =o@pa=t isroen6 Then the dispBtes =on=ernin the Carolina line are to inole Bs in daners. A strip ofland rBnnin fro@ the HestHard of the Allehan> to the 'ississippi is the sBFe=t of thispretended dispBte. I do not noH the lenth or readth of this dispBted spot. $ae the> notreBlarl> =onfir@ed oBr riht to it and relinBished all =lai@s to it6 I =an entBre to plede thatthe people of Carolina Hill neer distBr Bs. . . . Then sir =o@es Penns>lania in terrilearra>. Penns>lania is to o in =onfli=t Hith *irinia. Penns>lania has een a ood neihorheretofore. he is federal/ /so@ethin terrile//*irinia =annot loo her in the fa=e. If HesBffi=ientl> attend to the a=tBal sitBation of thins He shall =on=lBde that Penns>lania Hill do

Hhat He do. A nB@er of that =oBntr> are stronl> opposed to it. 'an> of the@ hae latel>een =onin=ed of its fatal tenden=>. The> are disored of their federalis@. . . . Pla=e>oBrseles in their sitBation, HoBld >oB fiht >oBr neihors for =onsiderin this reat andaHfBl @atter6 . . . )hateer @a> e the disposition of the aristo=rati=al politi=ians of that=oBntr> I noH there are friends of hB@an natBre in that state. If so the> Hill neer @ae Haron those Hho @ae professions of Hhat the> are atta=hed to the@seles.

As to the daner arisin fro@ orderers it is @BtBal and re=ipro=al. If it e daneroBs for*irinia it is eBall> so for the@. It Hill e their trBe interest to e Bnited Hith Bs. The danerof oBr ein their ene@ies Hill e a preailin arB@ent in oBr faor. It Hill e as poHerfBl to


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ad@it Bs into the Union as a ote of adoption HithoBt preioBs a@end@ents =oBld possil>e.

Then the saae Indians are to destro> Bs. )e =annot loo the@ in the fa=e. The daner ishere diided, the> are as terrile to the other states as to Bs. "Bt sir it is Hell noHn that Hehae nothin to fear fro@ the@. OBr a= settlers are =onsideral> stroner than the>. TheirsBperiorit> in=reases dail>. Bppose the states to e =onfederated all aroBnd Bs, Hhat He

Hant in nB@ers He shall @ae Bp otherHise. OBr =o@pa=t sitBation and natBral strenth Hillse=Bre Bs. "Bt to aoid all daners He @Bst tae shelter Bnder the federal [email protected] ies a de=ided i@portan=e Bt this federal oern@ent. #oB Hill sip sorroHa==ordin to the Blar phrase if >oB Hant an> other se=Brit> than the laHs of *irinia....

)here is the daner6 If sir there Has an> I HoBld re=Br to the A@eri=an spirit to defend Bs,that spirit Hhi=h has enaled Bs to sBr@oBnt the reatest diffi=Blties//to that illBstrioBs spirit Iaddress @> @ost ferent pra>er to preent oBr adoptin a s>ste@ destrB=tie to liert>. Letnot entle@en e told that it is not safe to reFe=t this oern@ent. )herefore is it not safe6)e are told there are daners Bt those daners are ideal, the> =annot e de@onstrated....

The Confederation this despised oern@ent @erits in @> opinion the hihest en=o@iB@//it

=arried Bs throBh a lon and daneroBs Har, it rendered Bs i=torioBs in that lood> =onfli=tHith a poHerfBl nation, it has se=Bred Bs a territor> reater than an> EBropean @onar=hpossesses//and shall a oern@ent Hhi=h has een thBs stron and ioroBs e a==Bsed ofi@e=ilit> and aandoned for Hant of ener>6 Consider Hhat >oB are aoBt to do efore >oBpart Hith the oern@ent. Tae loner ti@e in re=onin thins, reolBtions lie this haehappened in al@ost eer> =oBntr> in EBrope, si@ilar exa@ples are to e foBnd in an=ientGree=e and an=ient Ro@e/ /instan=es of the people losin their liert> > their oHn=arelessness and the a@ition of a feH. )e are =aBtioned . . . aainst fa=tion and tBrBlen=e.I a=noHlede that li=entioBsness is daneroBs and that it oBht to e proided aainst. Ia=noHlede also the neH for@ of oern@ent @a> effe=tBall> preent it. #et there isanother thin it Hill as effe=tBall> do/ /it Hill oppress and rBin the people.

Antifederalist No. 0 COTLAND AND ENGLAND / A CAE INPOINT

The onoin !ederalist essa>s appeared fro@ O=toer of 1232 to 'a> of 1233. ReBttals9Antifederalist in natBre to !ederalist Hriters seldo@ Here pBlished. This sele=tion Has anansHer to PBliBs J %AN O"ER*ER% Has printed

in The NeH/#or


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derie fro@ a Bnion Bnder sB=h a oern@ent as HoBld e effe=ted > the neH s>ste@. It is a=ertaint> that Hhen the Bnion Has the sBFe=t of deate in the =ottish leislatBre so@e oftheir @ost sensile and disinterested noles as Hell as =o@@oners8 9Hho Here not =orrBpted> Enlish old iolentl> opposed the Bnion and predi=ted that the people of =otlandHoBld in fa=t derie no adantaes fro@ a =onsolidation of oern@ent Hith Enland, Bt onthe =ontrar> the> HoBld ear a reat proportion of her det and fBrnish lare odies of @en

to assist in her Hars Hith !ran=e Hith Hho@ efore the Bnion =otland Has at all ti@es onter@s of the @ost =ordial a@it>. It Has also predi=ted that the representation in the parlia@entof Great "ritain parti=Blarl> in the hoBse of =o@@ons Has too s@all, fort>/fie @e@ersein er> far fro@ the proportion of =otland Hhen its extent and nB@ers Here dBl>=onsidered, and that een the> ein so feH @iht 9or at least a @aForit> of the@ @iht at allti@es e i@@ediatel> Bnder the inflBen=e of the Enlish @inistr>, and of =oBrse er> little oftheir attention HoBld e ien to the trBe interest of their =onstitBents espe=iall> if the> =a@ein =o@petition Hith the prospe=ts of ieHs of the @inistr>. $oH far these predi=tions haeeen erified I eliee it Hill not reBire @B=h troBle to proe. It @Bst e oioBs toeer>one the least a=Bainted Hith Enlish histor> that sin=e the Bnion of the tHo nations thereat od> of the people in =otland are in a @B=h Horse sitBation noH than the> HoBld eHere the> a separate nation. This Hill e fBll> illBstrated > attendin to the reat e@irationsHhi=h are @ade to A@eri=a. !or if the people =oBld hae Bt a =o@@on sBpport at ho@e it isBnreasonale to sBppose that sB=h lare nB@ers HoBld Bit their =oBntr> rea fro@ thetender ties of indred and friendship and trBst the@seles on a daneroBs o>ae a=ross aast o=ean to a =oBntr> of Hhi=h the> =an noH Bt er> little ex=ept > =o@@on report. I Hillonl> fBrther re@ar that it is not aoBt tHo or three >ears sin=e a @e@er of the "ritishparlia@ent 9I eliee 'r. De@pster ae a @ost patheti= des=ription of the sBfferins of the=o@@onalt> of =otland parti=Blarl> on the sea =oast and endeaored to =all the attention ofparlia@ent to their distresses and afford the@ so@e relief > en=oBrain their fisheries. Itdeseres also to e re@e@ered that the people of =otland in the late Har etHeen !ran=eand Great "ritain petitioned to hae ar@s and a@@Bnition sBpplied the@ > their eneraloern@ent for their defense allein that the> Here in=apale of defendin the@seles andtheir propert> fro@ an inasion Bnless the> Here assisted > oern@ent. It is a trBth that theirpetitions Here disrearded and reasons Here assined that it HoBld e daneroBs to entrBstthe@ Hith the @eans of defense as the> HoBld then hae it in their poHer to rea the Bnion.!ro@ this representation of the sitBation of =otland sBrel> no one =an draH an> =on=lBsionthat this =oBntr> HoBld derie happiness or se=Brit> fro@ a oern@ent Hhi=h HoBld inrealit> ie the people Bt the @ere na@e of ein free. !or if the representation stipBlated> the =onstitBtion fra@ed > the late =onention e attentiel> and dispassionatel>=onsidered it @Bst e oioBs to eer> disinterested oserer 9esides @an> other Heiht>oFe=tions Hhi=h Hill present the@seles to ieH that the nB@er is not > an> @eansadeBate to the present inhaitants of this extensie =ontinent @B=h less to those it Hill=ontain at a fBtBre period.

I osere that the Hriter aoe @entioned taes reat pains to shoH the disadantaes Hhi=hHoBld resBlt fro@ three or foBr distin=t =onfedera=ies of these states. I @Bst =onfess that Ihae not seen in an> of the pie=es pBlished aainst the proposed =onstitBtion an> thinHhi=h ies the @ost distant idea that their Hriters are in faor of sB=h oern@ents, Bt it is=lear these oFe=tions arise fro@ a =onsolidation not affordin se=Brit> for the lierties of their=oBntr> and fro@ hen=e it @Bst eidentl> appear that the desin of PBliBs in artfBll> holdinBp to pBli= ieH Jthe Bear ofK sB=h =onfedera=ies =an e Hith no other intention thanHilfBll> to de=eie his felloH =itiens. I a@ =onfident it @Bst e and that it is the sin=ere Hish


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of eer> trBe friend to the United tates that there shoBld e a =onfederated nationaloern@ent Bt that it shoBld e one Hhi=h HoBld hae a =ontrol oer national and external@atters onl> and not interfere Hith the internal reBlations and poli=e of the different states inthe Bnion. B=h a oern@ent Hhile it HoBld ie Bs respe=tailit> aroad HoBld noten=roa=h Bpon or sBert oBr lierties at ho@e.

AN O"ER*ER

Antifederalist No. T$E $O"GO"LIN O! ANARC$# ANDDIENION A'ONG T$E TATE

One of larest series of Antifederalist essa>s Has penned Bnder the pseBdon>@%CENTINEL.% The Philadelphia Independent Gaetteer ran this (- essa> series etHeen

O=toer 0 1232 and Noe@er (- 1233.o@e historians feel @ost of the %Centinel% letters Here Hritten > a@Bel "r>an and a feH> Eleaer OsHald oHner of the Independent Gaetteer. A @ore re=ent stBd> > CharlesPae @ith

This sele=tion is fro@ the eleenth letter of %Centinel% appearin in the IndependentGaetteer on 1 1233.

The eils of anar=h> hae een portra>ed Hith all the i@aer> of lanBae in the roHin=olors of eloBen=e, the affrihted @ind is then=e led to =lasp the neH ConstitBtion as theinstrB@ent of delieran=e as the onl> aenBe to safet> and happiness. To aoid the possile

and transitor> eils of one extre@e it is sedB=ed into the =ertain and per@anent @iser>ne=essaril> attendant on the other. A state of anar=h> fro@ its er> natBre =an neer e oflon =ontinBan=e, the reater its iolen=e the shorter the dBration. Order and se=Brit> arei@@ediatel> soBht > the distra=ted people eneath the shelter of eBal laHs and thesalBtar> restraints of reBlar oern@ent, and if this e not attainale asolBte poHer isassB@ed > the one or a feH Hho shall e the @ost enterprisin and sB==essfBl. If anar=h>therefore Here the ineitale =onseBen=e of reFe=tin the neH ConstitBtion it HoBld einfinitel> etter to in=Br it for een then there HoBld e at least the =han=e of a oodoern@ent risin oBt of li=entioBsness. "Bt to rBsh at on=e into despotis@ e=aBse there is aare possiilit> of anar=h> ensBin fro@ the reFe=tion or fro@ Hhat is >et @ore isionar> thes@all dela> that HoBld e o==asioned > a reision and =orre=tion of the proposed s>ste@ of

oern@ent is so sBperlatiel> Hea so fatall> lind that it is astonishin an> person of=o@@on Bnderstandin shoBld sBffer sB=h an i@position to hae the least inflBen=e on hisFBd@ent, still @ore astonishin that so fli@s> and de=eptie a do=trine shoBld @ae =onertsa@on the enlihtened free@en of A@eri=a Hho hae so lon enFo>ed the lessins ofliert>. "Bt Hhen I ieH a@on sB=h =onerts @en otherHise pre/e@inent it raises a lBsh forthe Heaness of hB@anit> that these her rihtest orna@ents shoBld e so di@sihted toHhat is self/eident to @ost @en that sB=h i@e=ilit> of FBd@ent shoBld appear Hhere so@B=h perfe=tion Has looed for. This oBht to tea=h Bs to depend @ore on oBr oHn FBd@entand the natBre of the =ase than Bpon the opinions of the reatest and est of @en Hho fro@


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=onstitBtional infir@ities or parti=Blar sitBations @a> so@eti@es ieH an oFe=t throBh adelBsie @ediB@, Bt the opinions of reat @en are @ore freBentl> the di=tates of a@itionor priate interest.

The soBr=e of the apprehensions of this so @B=h dreaded anar=h> HoBld Bpon inestiatione foBnd to arise fro@ the artfBl sBestions of desinin @en and not fro@ a rationalproailit> roBnded on the a=tBal state of affairs. The least refle=tion is sBffi=ient to dete=t

the falla=> to shoH that there is no one =ir=B@stan=e to FBstif> the predi=tion of sB=h an eent.On the =ontrar> a short ti@e Hill ein=e to the Btter dis@a> and =onfBsion of the =onspiratorsthat a perseeran=e in =ra@@in doHn their s=he@e of poHer Bpon the free@en of this tateJPenns>laniaK Hill ineital> prodB=e an anar=h> destrB=tie of their darlin do@ination and@a> indle a fla@e preFBdi=ial to their safet>. The> shoBld e =aBtioBs not to trespass too faron the forearan=e of free@en Hhen Hrestin their dearest =on=erns Bt prBdentl> retreatfro@ the atherin stor@.

The other spe=ter that has een raised to terrif> and alar@ the people oBt of the exer=ise oftheir FBd@ent on this reat o==asion is the dread of oBr splittin into separate =onfedera=iesor repBli=s that @iht e=o@e rial poHers and =onseBentl> liale to @BtBal Hars fro@ theBsBal @oties of =ontention. This is an eent still @ore i@proale than the foreoin. It is apresB@ption BnHarranted either > the sitBation of affairs or the senti@ents of the people, nodisposition leadin to it exists, the ado=ates of the neH =onstitBtion see@ to ieH sB=h aseparation Hith horror and its opponents are strenBoBsl> =ontendin for a =onfederation thatshall e@ra=e all A@eri=a Bnder its =o@prehensie and salBtar> prote=tion. This hoolinappears to hae sprBn fro@ the deraned rain of PBliBs JThe !ederalistK a NeH #orHriter Hho @istain soBnd for arB@ent has Hith $er=Blean laor a==B@Blated @>riads ofBn@eanin senten=es and @e=hani=all> endeaored to for=e =oni=tion > a torrent of@ispla=ed Hords. $e @iht hae spared his readers the fatiBe of Hadin throBh his lon/Hinded disBisitions on the direfBl effe=ts of the =ontentions of ini@i=al states as totall>inappli=ale to the sBFe=t he Has professedl> treatin, this Hriter has deoted @B=h ti@eand Hasted @ore paper in =o@atin =hi@eras of his oHn =reation. $oHeer for the sae of

arB@ent I Hill ad@it that the ne=essar> =onseBen=e of reFe=tin or dela>in theestalish@ent of the neH =onstitBtion HoBld e the dissolBtion of the Bnion and the institBtionof een rial and ini@i=al repBli=s, >et oBht sB=h an apprehension if Hell foBnded to drieBs into the fans of despotis@6 Infinitel> preferale HoBld e o==asional Hars to sB=h aneent. The for@er althoBh a seere s=oBre is transient in its =ontinBan=e and in itsoperation partial Bt a s@all proportion of the =o@@Bnit> are exposed to its reatest horrorsand >et feHer experien=e its reatest eils, the latter is per@anent and Bniersal @iser>HithoBt re@ission or exe@ption. As passin =loBds os=Bre for a ti@e the splendor of the sBnso do Hars interrBpt the Helfare of @anind, Bt despotis@ is a settled loo@ that totall>extinBishes happiness. Not a ra> of =o@fort =an penetrate to =heer the deFe=ted @ind, theoad of poHer Hith Bnaatin rior insists Bpon the Bt@ost exa=tion, lie a @er=iless

tas@aster JitK is =ontinBall> infli=tin the lash and is neer satiated Hith the feast of Bnfeelindo@ination or the @ost aFe=t serilit>.

The =elerated Lord &ai@s Hhose disBisitions of hB@an natBre eiden=e extraordinar>strenth of FBd@ent and depth of inestiation sa>s that a =ontinBal =iil Har Hhi=h is the@ost destrB=tie and horrile s=ene of hB@an dis=ord is preferale to the Bnifor@it> ofHret=hedness and @iser> attendant Bpon despotis@, of all possile eils as I osered in @>first nB@er this is the Horst and the @ost to e dreaded.


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I =onratBlate @> felloH =itiens that a ood oern@ent the reatest earthl> lessin @a>e so easil> otained that oBr =ir=B@stan=es are so faorale that nothin Bt the foll> of the=onspirators =an prodB=e anar=h> or =iil Har Hhi=h HoBld presentl> ter@inate in theirdestrB=tion and the per@anent har@on> of the state alone interrBpted > their a@itioBs@a=hinations.

CENTINEL

Antifederalist No. 2 ADOPTION O! T$E CONTITUTION)ILL LEAD TO CI*IL )AR

%P$ILANT$ROPO% 9an anon>@oBs *irinia Antifederalist appeared in The *irinia Bnder theproposed neH ConstitBtion.

The ti@e in Hhi=h the =onstitBtion or oern@ent of a nation Bnderoes an> parti=Blar=hane is alHa>s interestin and =riti=al. Ene@ies are iilant allies are in sBspense friendshesitatin etHeen hope and fear, and all @en are in eaer expe=tation to see Hhat sB=h a=hane @a> prodB=e. "Bt the state of oBr affairs at present is of sB=h @o@ent as een toaroBse the dead ...

JA =ertain defender of the ConstitBtion has stated that oFe=tions to itK are @ore =al=Blated toalar@ the fears of the people than to ansHer an> alBale end. )as that the =ase as it is notHill an> @an in his soer senses sa> that the least infrine@ent or appearan=e ofinfrine@ent on oBr liert> /that liert> Hhi=h has latel> =ost so @B=h lood and treasBretoether Hith anxioBs da>s and sleepless nihts/oBht not oth to roBse oBr fears andaHaen oBr FealoBs>6 ... The neH =onstitBtion in its present for@ is =al=Blated to prodB=edespotis@ thraldo@ and =onfBsion and if the United tates do sHalloH it the> Hill find it aolBs that Hill =reate =onBlsions to their Bt@ost extre@ities. )ere the> @ine ene@ies theHorst i@pre=ation I =oBld deise HoBld e @a> the> adopt it. !or t>rann> Hhere it has een=hained 9as for a feH >ears past is alHa>s @ore =Brsed and sti=s its teeth in deeper thanefore. )ere Col. JGeoreK 'asons oFe=tions oiated the i@proe@ent HoBld e er>=onsiderale thoBh een then not so =o@plete as @iht e. The Conresss hain poHerHithoBt =ontrol/to orroH @one> on the =redit of the United tates, their hain poHer toappoint their oHn salaries and their ein paid oBt of the treasBr> of the United tatesthere> in so@e @easBre renderin the@ independent of the indiidBal states, their ein

FBdes of the Balifi=ation and ele=tion of their oHn @e@ers > Hhi=h @eans the> =an et@en to sBit an> pBrpose, toether Hith Col. 'asons Hise and FBdi=ioBs oFe=tions/are

riean=es the er> idea of Hhi=h is enoBh to @ae eer> honest =itien ex=lai@ in thelanBae of Cato 5 Liert> 5 @> =oBntr>8 OBr present =onstitBtion Hith a feH additionalpoHers to Conress see@s etter =al=Blated to presere the rihts and defend the lierties ofoBr =itiens than the one proposed HithoBt proper a@end@ents. Let Bs therefore for on=eshoH oBr FBd@ent and solidit> > =ontinBin it and proe the opinion to e erroneoBs thatleit> and fi=leness are not onl> the foiles of oBr te@pers Bt the reinin prin=iples inthese states. There are @en a@onst Bs of sB=h dissatisfied te@pers that pla=e the@ in$eaen the> HoBld find so@ethin to la@e, and so restless and self/ sBffi=ient that the>@Bst e eternall> refor@in the state. "Bt the @isfortBne is the> alHa>s leae affairs Horse


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than the> find the@. A =hane of oern@ent is at all ti@es daneroBs Bt at present @a> efatal HithoBt the Bt@ost =aBtion FBst after e@erin oBt of a tedioBs and expensie Har.!eele in oBr natBre and =o@pli=ated in oBr for@ He are little ale to ear the roBh Postinof =iil dissensions Hhi=h are liel> to ensBe. Een noH dis=ontent and opposition distra=t oBr=oBn=ils. Diision and desponden=> affe=t oBr people. Is it then a ti@e to alter oBroern@ent that oern@ent Hhi=h een noH totters on its foBndation and Hill HithoBt

tender =are prodB=e rBin > its fall6"eHare @> =oBntr>@en8 OBr ene@ies/ /Bn=ontrolled as the> are in their a@itioBs s=he@esfretted Hith losses and perplexed Hith disappoint@ents/Hill exert their Hhole poHer andpoli=> to in=rease and =ontinBe oBr =onfBsion. And Hhile He are destro>in one another the>Hill e repairin their losses and rBinin oBr trade.

Of all the plaBes that infest a nation a =iil Har is the Horst. !a@ine is seere pestilen=e isdreadfBl, Bt in these thoBh @en die the> die in pea=e. The father expires HithoBt the Biltof the son, and the son if he sBries enFo>s the inheritan=e of his father. Cities @a> ethinned Bt the> neither plBndered nor Brnt. "Bt Hhen a =iil Har is indled there is thenforth no se=Brit> of propert> nor prote=tion fro@ an> laH. Life and fortBne e=o@e pre=arioBs.

And all that is dear to @en is at the dis=retion of profliate soldier> doBl> li=entioBs on sB=han o==asion. Cities are exhaBsted > hea> =ontriBtions or sa=ed e=aBse the> =annotansHer exoritant de@and. CoBntries are eaten Bp > the parties the> faor and raaed >the one the> oppose. !athers and sons sheath their sHords in anothers oHels in the fieldand their Hies and daBhters are exposed to rBdeness and lBst of rBffians at ho@e. AndHhen the sHord has de=ided Barrel the s=ene is =losed Hith anish@ents forfeitBres andararoBs exe=Btions that entail distress on =hildren then Bnorn. 'a> $eaen aert thedreadfBl =atastrophe8 In the @ost li@ited oern@ents Hhat Hranlins ani@osities fa=tionspartialit> and all other eils that tend to e@roil a nation and Heaen a state are =onstantl>pra=tised > leislators. )hat then @a> He expe=t if the neH =onstitBtion e adopted as itnoH stands6 The reat Hill strBle for poHer honor and Health, the poor e=o@e a pre> toaari=e insolen=e and oppression. And Hhile so@e are stBd>in to sBpplant their neihors

and others striin to eep their stations one illain Hill Hin at the oppression of another thepeople e flee=ed and the pBli= Bsiness nele=ted. !ro@ despotis@ and t>rann> ood Lorddelier Bs.

Antifederalist No. 3 %T$E PO)ER *ETED IN CONGREO! ENDING TROOP !OR UPPREING

INURRECTION )ILL AL)A# ENA"LE T$E' TO TI!LET$E !IRT TRUGGLE O! !REEDO'%

%A !EDERAL REPU"LICAN% 9fro@ *irinia had his letter to the editor appear in The Norfoland Ports@oBth Reister 'ar=h 0 1233.

.... "> the Arti=les of Confederation the =onress of the United tate Has ested Hith poHersfor =ondB=tin the =o@@on =on=erns of the =ontinent. The> had the sole and ex=lBsie riht


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and poHer of deter@inin on pea=e and Har, of sendin and re=eiin a@assadors, ofenterin into treaties and allian=es, and of pointin oBt the respe=tie Botas of @en and @enHhi=h ea=h state shoBld fBrnish. "Bt it Has expressl> proided that the @one> to e sBpplied> ea=h state shoBld e raised > the aBthorit> and dire=tion of the leislatBre thereof// thBsreserin to the states the i@portant priilee of le>in taxes Bpon their =itiens in sB=h@anner as @iht e @ost =onfor@ale to their pe=Bliar =ir=B@stan=es and for@ of

oern@ent. )ith poHers thBs =onstitBted Has =onress enaled to Bnite the eneralexertions of the =ontinent in the =aBse of liert> and to =arr> Bs triB@phantl> throBh a lonand lood> Har. It Has not Bntil so@eti@e after pea=e and a lorioBs independen=e had eenestalished that defe=ts Here dis=oered in that s>ste@ of federal oern@ent Hhi=h hadpro=Bred to Bs those lessins. It Has then per=eied that the Arti=les of Confederation HereinadeBate to the pBrposes of the Bnion, and it Has parti=Blarl> sBested as ne=essar> toest in =onress the fBrther poHer of ex=lBsiel> reBlatin the =o@@er=e of the Unitedtates as Hell to enale Bs > a s>ste@ @ore Bnifor@ to =oBntera=t the poli=> of foreinnations as for other i@portant reasons. Upon this prin=iple a eneral =onention of theUnited tates Has proposed to e held and depBties Here a==ordinl> appointed > tHele ofthe states =hared Hith poHer to reise alter and a@end the Arti=les of Confederation. )henthese depBties @et instead of =onfinin the@seles to the poHers Hith Hhi=h the> HereentrBsted the> pronoBn=ed all a@end@ents to the Arti=les of Confederation Hholl>i@pra=ti=ale, and Hith a spirit of a@it> and =on=ession trBl> re@arale pro=eeded to for@ aoern@ent entirel> neH and totall> different in its prin=iples and its oraniation. Instead of a=onress Hhose @e@ers =oBld sere Bt three >ears oBt of six/and then to retBrn to a leelHith their felloH =itiens, and Hho Here liale at all ti@es Hheneer the states @iht dee@ itne=essar> to e re=alled// Conress > this neH =onstitBtion Hill e =o@posed of a od>Hhose @e@ers dBrin the ti@e the> are appointed to sere =an re=eie no =he= fro@ their=onstitBents. Instead of the poHers for@erl> ranted to =onress of as=ertainin ea=h statesBota of @en and @one>/to e raised > the leislatBres of the different states in sB=h a@ode as the> @iht thin proper/ /=onress > this neH oern@ent Hill e inested Hith thefor@idale poHers of raisin ar@ies and lendin @one> totall> independent of the differentstates. The> Hill @oreoer hae the poHer of leadin troops a@on >oB in order to sBppressthose strBles Hhi=h @a> so@eti@es happen a@on a free people and Hhi=h t>rann> Hilli@pioBsl> rand Hith the na@e of sedition. On one da> the state =olle=tor Hill =all on >oB for>oBr proportion of those taxes Hhi=h hae een laid on >oB > the eneral asse@l> Hhere>oB are fBll> and adeBatel> represented, on the next Hill =o@e the Continental =olle=tor tode@and fro@ >oB those taxes Hhi=h shall e leied > the =ontinental =onress Hhere theHhole state of *irinia Hill e represented > onl> ten @en8 ThBs shall He i@prBdentl> =onferon so s@all a nB@er the er> i@portant poHer of tain oBr @one> oBt of oBr po=ets and ofle>in taxes HithoBt =ontrol/a riht Hhi=h the Hisdo@ of oBr state =onstitBtion Hill in ainhae =onfided to the @ost nB@eroBs ran=h of the leislatBre. hoBld the sheriff or state=olle=tor in an> @anner ariee >oB either in person or propert> these sa=red rihts area@pl> se=Bred > the @ost sole@n =o@pa=t. "eside the ar@ of oern@ent is alHa>s athand to shield >oB fro@ his inFBsti=e and oppression. "Bt if a Continental =olle=tor in theexe=Btion of his offi=e shoBld inade >oBr freedo@ 9a==ordin to this neH oern@ent Hhi=hhas expressl> de=lared itself para@oBnt to all state laHs and =onstitBtions the state of Hhi=h>oB are a =itien Hill hae no aBthorit> to afford >oB relief. A =ontinental =oBrt @a> indeed eestalished in the state and it @a> e Bred that >oB Hill find a re@ed> here, Bt @> felloH=itiens let @e as Hhat prote=tion this Hill afford >oB aainst the insBlts or rapa=it> of a=ontinental offi=er Hhen he Hill hae it in his poHer to appeal to the seat of =onress perhapsat seeral hBndred @iles distan=e and > this @eans olie >oB to expend hBndreds of


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poBnds in otainin redress for tHent> shillins BnFBstl> extorted6 ThBs Hill >oB ene=essaril> =o@pelled either to @ae a old effort to extri=ate >oBrseles fro@ these rieoBsand oppressie extortions or >oB Hill e fatiBed > frBitless atte@pts into the Biet andpea=eale sBrrender of those rihts for Hhi=h the lood of >oBr felloH =itiens has een shedin ain. "Bt the latter Hill no doBt e the @elan=hol> fate of a people on=e inspired Hith theloe of liert> as the poHer ested in =onress of sendin troops for sBppressin

insBrre=tions Hill alHa>s enale the@ to stifle the first strBles of [email protected] !EDERAL REPU"LICAN

Antifederalist No. 4 A CONOLIDATED GO*ERN'ENT I AT#RANN#

%'ONTE?U'A% rearded as a Penns>lanian Hrote this essa> Hhi=h shoHed Bp in theIndependent Gaetteer on O=toer 12 1232.

)e the Aristo=rati= part> of the United tates la@entin the @an> in=onenien=es to Hhi=hthe late =onfederation sBFe=ted the Hell/orn the etter ind of people rinin the@ doHnto the leel of the rale/and holdin in Btter detestation that frontispie=e to eer> ill of rihts%that all @en are orn eBal%/e leae 9for the pBrpose of draHin a line etHeen sB=h as Hethin Here ordained to oern and sB=h as Here @ade to ear the Heiht of oern@entHithoBt hain an> share in its ad@inistration to sB@it to oBr !riends in the first =lass fortheir inspe=tion the folloHin defense of oBr @onar=hi=al aristo=rati=al de@o=ra=>.

lst. As a @aForit> of all so=ieties =onsist of @en Hho 9thoBh totall> in=apale of thinin ora=tin in oern@ental @atters are @ore readil> led than drien He hae thoBht @eet toindBle the@ in so@ethin lie a de@o=ra=> in the neH =onstitBtion Hhi=h part He haedesinated > the popBlar na@e of the $oBse of Representaties. "Bt to Bard aainst eer>possile daner fro@ this loHer hoBse He hae sBFe=ted eer> ill the> rin forHard to thedoBle neatie of oBr Bpper hoBse and president. Nor hae He alloHed the popBla=e theriht to ele=t their representaties annBall> . . . lest this od> shoBld e too @B=h Bnder theinflBen=e and =ontrol of their =onstitBents and there> proe the %Heatheroard of oBr randedifi=e to shoH the shiftins of eer> fashionale ale%/for He hae not >et to learn that littleelse is Hantin to aristo=ratie the @ost de@o=rati=al representatie than to @ae hi@so@eHhat independent of his politi=al =reators. )e hae taen aHa> that rotation ofappoint@ent Hhi=h has so lon perplexed Bs/that rand enine of popBlar inflBen=e. Eer>@an is eliile into oBr oern@ent fro@ ti@e to ti@e for life. This Hill hae a tHo/fold ood

effe=t. !irst it preents the representaties fro@ @ixin Hith the loHer =lass and i@iintheir foolish senti@ents Hith Hhi=h the> HoBld hae =o@e =hared on re/ele=tion.

(d. The> Hill fro@ the perpetBalit> of offi=e e Bnder oBr e>e and in a short ti@e Hill thin anda=t lie Bs independentl> of popBlar Hhi@s and preFBdi=es. !or the assertion %that eil=o@@Bni=ations =orrBpt ood @anners% is not @ore trBe than its reerse. )e hae alloHedthis hoBse the poHer to i@pea=h Bt He hae tena=ioBsl> resered the riht to tr>. )e hopeentle@en >oB Hill see the poli=> of this =laBse/for Hhat @atters it Hho a==Bses if thea==Bsed is tried > his friends. In fine this pleian hoBse Hill hae little poHer and that little


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e rihtl> shaped > oBr hoBse of entle@en Hho Hill hae a er> extensie inflBen=e/fro@their ein =hosen oBt of the enteeler =lass ... It is trBe eer> third senatorial seat is to ea=ated dBennBall> Bt tHo/thirds of this inflBential od> Hill re@ain in offi=e and e read> todire=t or 9if ne=essar> rin oer to the ood old Ha> the >oBn @e@ers if the old onesshoBld not e retBrned. And Hhereas @an> of oBr rethren fro@ a laBdale desire to sBpporttheir ran in life aoe the =o@@onalt> hae not onl> deraned their finan=es Bt sBFe=ted

their persons to inde=ent treat@ent 9as ein arrested for det et=. He hae fra@ed apriilee =laBse > Hhi=h the> @a> laBh at the fools Hho trBsted the@. "Bt He hae ienoBt that this =laBse Has proided onl> that the @e@ers @iht e ale HithoBt interrBptionto delierate on the i@portant Bsiness of their =oBntr>.

)e hae freBentl> endeaored to effe=t in oBr respe=tie states the happ> dis=ri@inationHhi=h perades this s>ste@, Bt findin He =oBld not rin the states into it indiidBall> Hehae deter@ined ... and hae taen pains to leae the leislatBre of ea=h free andindependent state as the> noH =all the@seles in sB=h a sitBation that the> Hill eentBall> easored > oBr rand =ontinental ortex or dHindle into pett> =orporations and hae poHeroer little else than >oain hos or deter@inin the Hidth of =art Hheels. "Bt 9aHare that anintention to annihilate state leislatBres HoBld e oFe=ted to oBr faorite s=he@e He hae

@ade their existen=e 9as a oard of ele=tors ne=essar> to oBrs. This fBrnishes Bs and oBrado=ates Hith a fine ansHer to an> =la@ors that @a> e raised on this sBFe=t. )e hae sointerHoen =ontinental and state leislatBres that the> =annot exist separatel>, Hhereas He intrBth onl> leae the@ the poHer of ele=tin Bs for Hhat =an a proin=ial leislatBre do HhenHe possess the ex=lBsie reBlation of external and internal =o@@er=e ex=ise dBtiesi@posts post/offi=es and roads, Hhen He and He alone hae the poHer to Hae Har @aepea=e =oin @one> 9if He =an et Bllion if not orroH @one> oranie the @ilitia and =allthe@ forth to exe=Bte oBr de=rees and =rBsh insBrre=tions assisted > a nole od> ofeterans sBFe=t to oBr nod Hhi=h He hae the poHer of raisin and eepin een in the ti@eof pea=e. )hat hae He to fear fro@ state leislatBres or een fro@ states Hhen He arear@ed Hith sB=h poHers Hith a president at oBr head6 9A na@e He thoBht proper to adopt in

=onfor@it> to the preFBdi=es of a sill> people Hho are so foolishl> fond of a RepBli=anoern@ent that He Here olied to a==o@@odate in na@es and for@s to the@ in order@ore effe=tBall> to se=Bre the sBstan=e of oBr proposed plan, Bt He all noH that Cro@HellHas a &in Hith the title of Prote=tor. I repeat it Hhat hae He to fear ar@ed Hith sB=hpoHers Hith a president at oBr head Hho is =aptain/ /eneral of the ar@> na> and @ilitia ofthe United tates Hho =an @ae and Bn@ae treaties appoint and =o@@issiona@assadors and other @inisters Hho =an rant or refBse repriees or pardons Hho =an@ae FBdes of the sBpre@e and other =ontinental =oBrts/in short Hho Hill e the soBr=e thefoBntain of honor profit and poHer Hhose inflBen=e lie the ra>s of the sBn Hill diffBse itselffar and Hide Hill exhale all de@o=rati=al apors and rea the =loBds of popBlar insBrre=tion6"Bt aain entle@en oBr FBdi=ial poHer is a stron Hor a @ased atter> feH people see

the Bns He =an and Hill ere lon pla> off fro@ it. !or the FBdi=ial poHer e@ra=es eer>Bestion Hhi=h =an arise in laH or eBit> Bnder this =onstitBtion and Bnder the laHs of %theUnited tates% 9Hhi=h laHs Hill e >oB noH the sBpre@e laHs of the land. This poHerextends to all =ases affe=tin a@assadors or other pBli= @inisters %and =onsBls, to all=ases of ad@iralt> and @ariti@e FBrisdi=tion, to =ontroersies to Hhi=h the United tates shalle a part>, to =ontroersies etHeen tHo or @ore tates, etHeen a tate and =itiens ofanother tate, etHeen =itiens of different tates, etHeen =itiens of the sa@e tate=lai@in lands Bnder rants of different tates, and etHeen a tate or the =itiens thereofand forein tates =itiens or sBFe=ts.%


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NoH =an a Bestion arise in the =olonial =oBrts Hhi=h the inenBit> or sophistr> of an alelaH>er @a> not rin Hithin one or other of the aoe =ases6 Certainl> not. Then oBr =oBrtHill hae oriinal or appellate FBrisdi=tion in all =ases/and if so hoH fallen are state

FBdi=atBres/and @Bst not eer> proin=ial laH >ield to oBr sBpre@e flat6 OBr =onstitBtionansHers >es. . . . And finall> He shall entren=h oBrseles so as to laBh at the =aals of the=o@@onalt>. A feH rei@ents Hill do at first, it @Bst e spread aroad that the> are asolBtel>

ne=essar> to defend the frontiers. NoH a rei@ent and then a leion @Bst e added Bietl>,> and > a friate or tHo @Bst e Bilt still tain =are to inti@ate that the> are essential tothe sBpport of oBr reenBe laHs and to preent s@Blin. )e hae said nothin aoBt a illof rihts for He ieHed it as an eternal =lo Bpon oBr desins as a lo= =hain to the Hheelsof oern@ent/thoBh > the Ha> as He hae not insisted on rotation in oBr offi=es thesi@ile of a Hheel is ill. )e hae for so@e ti@e =onsidered the freedo@ of the press as a reateil/it spreads infor@ation and eets a li=entioBsness in the people Hhi=h needs the rein@ore than the spBr, esides a darin printer @a> expose the plans of oern@ent and lessenthe =onseBen=e of oBr president and senate/for these and @an> other reasons He hae saidnothin Hith respe=t to the %riht of the people to spea and pBlish their senti@ents% or aoBttheir %palladiB@s of liert>% and sB=h stBff. )e do not @B=h lie that stBrd> priilee of thepeople/the riht to de@and the Hrit of haeas =orpBs. )e hae therefore resered the poHerof refBsin it in =ases of reellion and >oB noH He are the FBdes of Hhat is reellion.... OBrfriends He find hae een assidBoBs in representin oBr federal =ala@ities Bntil at lenth thepeople at lare/frihtened > the loo@> pi=tBre on one side and allBred > the prophe=ies ofso@e of oBr fan=ifBl and isionar> adherents on the other/are read> to a==ept and =onfir@ oBrproposed oern@ent HithoBt the dela> or for@s of exa@ination//Hhi=h Has the @ore to eHished as the> are Hholl> Bnfit to inestiate the prin=iples or pronoBn=e on the @erit of soexBisite a s>ste@. I@pressed Hith a =oni=tion that this =onstitBtion is =al=Blated to restrainthe inflBen=e and poHer of the LO)ER CLA/to draH that dis=ri@ination He hae so lonsoBht after, to se=Bre to oBr friends priilees and offi=es Hhi=h Here not to e ... JotainedKBnder the for@er oern@ent e=aBse the> Here in =o@@on, to tae the Brden of leislationand attendan=e on pBli= Bsiness off the =o@@onalt> Hho Hill e @B=h etter ale there>to prose=Bte Hith effe=t their priate Bsiness, to destro> that politi=al thirteen headed@onster the state soereinties, to =he= the li=entioBsness of the people > @ain itdaneroBs to spea or pBlish darin or tB@BltBar> senti@ents, to enfor=e oedien=e to laHs> a stron exe=Btie aided > @ilitar> pensioners, and finall> to pro@ote the pBli= andpriate interests of the etter ind of people/He sB@it it to >oBr FBd@ent to tae sB=h@easBres for its adoption as >oB in >oBr Hisdo@ @a> thin fit.

ined > Bnani@oBs order of the lords spiritBal and te@poral.

'ONTE?U'A

Antifederalist No. 15 ON T$E PREER*ATION O! PARTIEPU"LIC LI"ERT# DEPEND

This essa> folloHs a the@e si@ilar to !ederalist No. 15 and appeared in the 'ar>landGaette and "alti@ore Adertiser 'ar=h 13 1233.


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The opposite Balities of the first =onfederation Here rather =aBsed > than the =aBse of tHoparties Hhi=h fro@ its first existen=e ean and hae =ontinBed their operations I elieeBnnoHn to their =oBntr> and al@ost BnnoHn to the@seles/as reall> Bt feH @en hae the=apa=it> or resolBtion to deelop the se=ret =aBses Hhi=h inflBen=e their dail> =ondB=t. Theold Conress Has a national oern@ent and an Bnion of tates oth roBht into onepoliti=al od> as these opposite poHers/I do not @ean parties Here so exa=tl> lended and

er> nearl> alan=ed lie eer> artifi=ial operatie @a=hine Hhere a=tion is eBal to rea=tion.It stood perfe=tl> still. It HoBld not @oe at all. Those Hho Here @erel> =onfederal in theirieHs Here for diidin the pBli= det. Those Hho Here for national oern@ent Here forin=reasin of it. Those Hho thoBht an> national oern@ent HoBld e destrB=tie to thelierties of A@eri=a . . . assisted those Hho thoBht it oBr onl> safet>/to pBt eer>thin asHron as possile. ReBisitions Here @ade Hhi=h eer> od> neH it Has i@possile to=o@pl> Hith. Either in 3( or 3+ ten @illions of hard dollars if not thirteen Here =alled into the=ontinental treasBr> Hhen there =oBld not e half that sB@ in the Hhole tra=t of territor>etHeen Noa/=otia and !lorida. The tates nele=ted the@ in despair. The pBli= honorHas tarnished and oBr oern@ents aBsed > their serants and est friends. In fine ite=a@e a =ant Hord thins are not >et ad enoBh to @end. $oHeer as JaK reat part of thei@portant oFe=ts of so=iet> Here entrBsted to this @onrel spe=ies of eneral oern@entthe senti@ent of pBshin it forHard e=a@e eneral throBhoBt A@eri=a and the lateConention @et at Philadelphia Bnder the Bnifor@ i@pression that sB=h Has the desire oftheir =onstitBents. "Bt een then the adantaes and disadantaes of national oern@entoperated so stronl> althoBh silentl> on ea=h indiidBal that the =onfli=t Has nearl> eBal. Athird or @iddle opinion Hhi=h alHa>s arises in sB=h =ases roe off and too the lead/thenational part> JthBsK assisted pBrsBed steadil> their oFe=t/ the federal part> dropped off one> one and finall> Hhen the @iddle part> =a@e to ieH the offsprin Hhi=h the> had ienirth to and in a reat @easBre reared seeral of the@ i@@ediatel> disoHned the =hild. B=hhas een hitherto the proress of part>, or rather of the hB@an @ind dispassionatel>=onte@platin oBr separate and relatie sitBation and ai@in at that perfe=t =o@pletion ofso=ial happiness and randeBr Hhi=h perhaps =an e =o@ined onl> in ideas. Eer>des=ription of @en entertain the sa@e Hishes 9ex=eptin perhaps a feH er> ad @en ofea=h/the> foreer Hill differ aoBt the @ode of a==o@plish@ent/and so@e @Bst e per@ittedto doBt the pra=ti=ailit>.

As oBr =itiens are noH appried of the proress of parties or politi=al opinions on the=ontinent it is fit the> shoBld also e infor@ed of the present state for=e and desins of ea=hin order that the> @a> for@ their de=isions Hith safet> to the pBli= and the@seles/this shalle ien Hith all the pre=ision and i@partialit> the aBthor is =apale of.

A@eri=a is at present diided into three =lasses or des=riptions of @en and in a feH >earsthere Hill e Bt tHo.

J!irstK. The first =lass =o@prehends all those @en of fortBne and repBtation Hho steppedforHard in the late reolBtion fro@ opposition to the ad@inistration rather than theoern@ent of Great "ritain. All those aristo=rats Hhose pride disdains eBal laH. 'an> @enof er> lare fortBne Hho entertain real or i@ainar> fears for the se=Brit> of propert>. Those>oBn @en Hho hae sa=rifi=ed their ti@e and their talents to pBli= seri=e HithoBt an>prospe=t of an adeBate pe=Bniar> or honorar> reHard. All >oBr people of fashion andpleasBre Hho are =orrBpted > the dissipation of the !ren=h Enlish and A@eri=an ar@ies,and a loe of EBropean @anners and lBxBr>. The pBli= =reditors of the =ontinent Hhoseinterest has een heretofore sa=rifi=ed > their friends in order to retain their seri=es on this


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o==asion. A lare @aForit> of the @er=antile people Hhi=h is at present a er> Bnfor@ed and=onseBentl> daneroBs interest. OBr old natie @er=hants hae een al@ost Bniersall>rBined > the re=eipt of their dets in paper dBrin the Har and the pa>@ent in hard @one> ofHhat the> oHed their "ritish =orrespondents sin=e pea=e. Those Hho are not anrBpts haeenerall> retired and ien pla=e to a set of >oBn @en Hho =ondB=tin the@seles as rashl>as inorantl> hae e@arrassed their affairs and la> the la@e on the oern@ent and Hho

are reall> Bna=Bainted Hith the trBe @er=antile interest of the =oBntr>/Hhi=h is perplexedfro@ =ir=B@stan=es rather te@porar> than per@anent. The forein @er=hants are enerall>not to e trBsted Hith inflBen=e in oBr oern@ent// the> are @ost of the@ irds of passae.o@e perhaps "ritish e@issaries in=reasin and reFoi=in in oBr politi=al @istaes and eenthose Hho hae settled a@on Bs Hith an intention to fix the@seles and their posterit> in oBrsoil hae roBht Hith the@ @ore forein preFBdi=es than Health. Ti@e @Bst elapse eforethe @er=antile interest Hill e so oranied as to oern the@seles @B=h less others Hithpropriet>. And lastl> to this =lass I sBppose He @a> Blti@atel> add the tor> interest Hith theex=eption of er> @an> respe=tale =hara=ters Hho refle=t Hith a ratifi=ation @ixed Hithdisdain that those prin=iples are noH e=o@e fashionale for Hhi=h the> hae eenperse=Bted and hBnted doHn/Hhi=h althoBh > no @eans so for@idale as is enerall>i@ained is still =onsiderale. The> are at present Haerin. The> are enerall> thoBh Hither> @an> ex=eptions openl> for the proposed Bt se=retl> aainst an> A@eri=anoern@ent. A Brnt =hild dreads the fire. "Bt shoBld the> see an> fair prospe=t of =onfBsionarise these entr> Hill e off at an> @o@ent for these fie and tHent> >ears to [email protected]@atel> shoBld the ad@inistration pro@ise stailit> to the neH oern@ent the> @a> e=oBnted on as the to effa=e all sBspi=ion > the iolen=e of theireal.

In eneral all these arioBs people HoBld prefer a oern@ent as nearl> =opied after that ofGreat "ritain as oBr =ir=B@stan=es Hill per@it. o@e HoBld strain these =ir=B@stan=es.Others still retain a deep rooted FealoBs> of the exe=Btie ran=h and stron repBli=anpreFBdi=es as the> are =alled. !inall> this =lass =ontains @ore areate Hisdo@ and @oral

irtBe than oth the other tHo toether. It =o@@ands nearl> tHo thirds of the propert> andal@ost one half the nB@ers of A@eri=a and has at present e=o@e al@ost irresistile fro@the na@e of the trBl> reat and a@iale @an Hho it has een said is disposed to patronie itand fro@ the inflBen=e Hhi=h it has oer the se=ond =lass. This JfirstK =lass is nearl> at theheiht of their poHer, the> @Bst de=line or @oderate or another reolBtion Hill ensBe for theopinion of A@eri=a is e=o@in dail> @ore Bnfaorale to those radi=al =hanes Hhi=h hih/toned oern@ent reBires. A =onfli=t HoBld ter@inate in the destrB=tion of this =lass or thelierties of their =oBntr>. 'a> the GBardian Anel of A@eri=a preent oth8

Je=ondK. The se=ond =lass is =o@posed of those des=riptions of @en Hho are =ertainl> @orenB@eroBs Hith Bs than in an> other part of the loe. !irst those @en Hho are so Hise as todis=oer that their an=estors and indeed all the rest of @anind Here and are fools. )e hae

a ast oerproportion of these reat @en Hho Hhen >oB tell the@ that fro@ the earliestperiod at Hhi=h @anind deoted their attention to so=ial happiness it has een their Bnifor@

FBd@ent that a oern@ent oer oern@ents =annot exist/ /that is tHo oern@entsoperatin on the sa@e indiidBal/assB@e the s@ile of =onfiden=e and tell >oB of tHo peopletraellin the sa@e road/of a perfe=t and pre=ise diision of the dBties of the indiidBal. tillhoHeer the politi=al apothe@ is as old as the proer/That no @an =an sere tHo @asters/and Hhoeer Hill rBn their noddles aainst old proers Hill e sBre to rea the@ hoHeerhard the> @a> e. And if the> roe onl> their oHn all HoBld e riht, Bt it is er> horrile torefle=t that all oBr nB@sBlls @Bst e =ra=ed in =on=ert. e=ond. The tri@@ers Hho fro@


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s>@patheti= inde=ision are alHa>s Bnited Hith and Hhen not reBlarl> e@plo>ed alHa>s fihtBnder the anners of these reat @en These people are foreer at @aret and Hhen partiesare nearl> eBall> diided the> et er> Hell paid for their seri=es. Thirdl>. The indolent thatis al@ost eer> se=ond @an of independent fortBne >oB @eet Hith in A@eri=a/these are Biteeas> and =an lie Bnder an> oern@ent. If @en =an e said to lie Hho s=ar=el> reathe,and if reathin Has attended Hith an> odil> exertion HoBld ie Bp their s@all portion of life

in despair. These @en do not sHi@ Hith the strea@ as the tri@@ers do Bt are draed lie@Bd at the otto@. As the> hae no other Heiht than their tat flesh the> are hardl> Horth@entionin Hhen He spea of the senti@ents and opinions of A@eri=a. As this se=ond =lassneer =an in=lBde an> of the >eo@anr> of the Bnion Hho neer affe=t sBperior Hisdo@ and=an hae no interests Bt the pBli= ood it =an e onl> said to exist at the irth ofoern@ent and as soon as the first and third =lasses e=o@e @ore de=ided in their ieHsthis Hill diide Hith ea=h and dissipate lie a @ist or sin doHn into Hhat are =alled @oderate@en and e=o@e the tools and instrB@ents of others. These people are preented > a =loBdfro@ hain an> ieH, and if the> are not irtBoBs the> at least presere the appearan=eHhi=h in this Horld a@oBnts to the sa@e thin.

JThirdK. At the head of the third =lass appear the old riid repBli=ans Hho althoBh feH in

nB@er are still for@idale. Reeren=e Hill folloH these @en in spite of detra=tion as lon asHisdo@ and irtBe are estee@ed a@on @anind. The> are Foined > the trBe de@o=ratsHho are in eneral fanati=s and enthBsiasts and so@e feH sensile =har@in @ad@en. Ade=ided @aForit> of the >eo@anr> of A@eri=a Hill for a lenth of >ears e read> to sBpportthese tHo des=riptions of @en. "Bt as this last =lass is for=ed to a=t as a residBar> leateeand re=eie all the trash and filth it is in so@e @easBre disra=ed and its inflBen=eHeaened. +dl>. The freeooters and plBnderers Hho infest all =oBntries and oBrs perhaps aslittle as an> other Hhateer. These @en hae that natBral antipath> to an> ind or sort ofoern@ent that a roBe has to a halter. In nB@er the> are feH indeed sB=h =hara=ters arethe offsprin of dissipation and Hant and there is not that =oBntr> in the Horld Hhere so @B=hreal propert> is shared so eBall> a@on so feH =itiens for Hhere propert> is as easil>

a=Bired > fair @eans er> feH indeed Hill resort to foBl. Lastl> > the poor @o infoelixpe=Bs8l The propert> of Hhoeer Hill feed the@ and tae =are of the@/let the@ e spared. Letthe Brden of taxation sit lihtl> on their shoBlders. "Bt alas8 This is not their fate. It is herethat oern@ent foreer falls Hith all its Heiht. It is here that the proposed oern@ent Hillpress Hhere it shoBld s=ar=el> e felt. . . .

In this JthirdK =lass @a> e =oBnted @en of the reatest @ental poHers and of as sBli@eirtBe as an> in A@eri=a. The> at present =o@@and nearl> one/third of the propert> andaoe half the nB@ers of the United tates and in either eent the> @Bst =ontinBe toin=rease in inflBen=e > reat desertions fro@ oth the other =lasses. . . . If the JproposedKoern@ent is not adopted theirs Hill e the prealent opinion. The oFe=t of this =lass eitheris or Hill e pBrel> federal/an Bnion of independent tates not a oern@ent of indiidBals.

And shoBld the proposed federal plan fail fro@ the ostina=> of those Hho Hill listen to no=onditional a@end@ents althoBh sB=h as the> =annot disapproe, or shoBld it Blti@atel> inits exe=Btion Bpon a fair trial disappoint the Hishes and expe=tations of oBr =oBntr>/JthenK anBnion pBrel> federal is Hhat the reasonale and dispassionate patriots of A@eri=a @Bst endtheir ieHs to. '> =oBntr>@en presere >oBr FealoBs>/reFe=t sBspi=ion it is the fiend thatdestro>s pBli= and priate happiness. I noH so@e Hea Bt er> feH if an> Hi=ed @en inpBli= =onfiden=e. And learn this @ost diffi=Blt and ne=essar> lesson: That on the preserationof parties pBli= liert> depends. )heneer @en are Bnani@oBs on reat pBli= BestionsHheneer there is Bt one part> freedo@ =eases and despotis@ =o@@en=es. The oFe=t of a


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free and Hise people shoBld e so to alan=e parties that fro@ the Heaness of all >oB @a>e oerned > the @oderation of the =o@ined FBd@ents of the Hhole not t>rannied oer> the lind passions of a feH indiidBals.

A !AR'ER

Antifederalist No. 11 UNRETRICTED PO)ER O*ERCO''ERCE $OULD NOT "E GI*EN T$E NATIONALGO*ERN'ENT

=holars reard 0 1233. Thisis a =o@pilation of ex=erpts fro@ %Arippas% letters of De=e@er 1- 13 (0 and (3 1232

taen fro@ !ord Essa>s pp. 25/2+ 2/22 24/31.

It has een proed > indispBtale eiden=e that poHer is not the rand prin=iple of Bniona@on the parts of a er> extensie e@pire, and that Hhen this prin=iple is pBshed e>ondthe deree ne=essar> for renderin FBsti=e etHeen @an and @an it deases the =hara=ter ofindiidBals and renders the@ less se=Bre in their persons and propert>. Ciil liert> =onsistsin the =ons=ioBsness of that se=Brit> and is est Barded > politi=al liert> Hhi=h is theshare that eer> =itien has in the oern@ent. A==ordinl> all oBr a==oBnts aree that inthose e@pires Hhi=h are =o@@onl> =alled despoti= and Hhi=h =o@prehend > far thereatest part of the Horld the oern@ent is @ost flB=tBatin and propert> least se=Bre. Inthose =oBntries insBlts are orne > the soerein Hhi=h if offered to one of oBr oernorsHoBld fill Bs Hith horror and He shoBld thin the oern@ent dissolin.

The =o@@on =on=lBsion fro@ this reasonin is an ex=eedinl> Bnfair one that He @Bst thenseparate and for@ distin=t =onfedera=ies. This HoBld e trBe if there Has no prin=iple tosBstitBte in the roo@ of poHer. !ortBnatel> there is one. This is =o@@er=e. All the stateshae lo=al adantaes and in a =onsiderale deree separate interests. The> are thereforein a sitBation to sBppl> ea=h others Hants. Carolina for instan=e is inhaited > plantersHhile 'assa=hBsetts is @ore enaed in =o@@er=e and @anBfa=tBres. Conress has thepoHer of de=idin their differen=es. The @ost friendl> inter=oBrse @a> therefore eestalished etHeen the@. A diersit> of prodB=e Hants and interests prodB=es =o@@er=e,and =o@@er=e Hhere there is a =o@@on eBal and @oderate aBthorit> to preside prodB=esfriendship.

The sa@e prin=iples appl> to the =onne=tion Hith the neH settlers in the Hest. 'an> sBppliesthe> Hant for Hhi=h the> @Bst loo to the older settle@ents and the reatness of their =ropsenales the@ to @ae pa>@ents. $ere then He hae a ond of /Bnion Hhi=h applies to allparts of the e@pire and HoBld =ontinBe to operate if the e@pire =o@prehended all A@eri=a.

)e are noH in the stri=test sense of the ter@s a federal repBli=. Ea=h part has Hithin itsoHn li@its the soereint> oer its =itiens Hhile so@e of the eneral =on=erns are =o@@ittedto Conress. The =o@plaints of the defi=ien=> of the Conressional poHers are =onfined totHo arti=les. The> are not ale to raise a reenBe > taxation and the> hae not a =o@plete


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reBlation of the inter=oBrse etHeen Bs and foreiners. !or ea=h of these =o@plaints there isso@e foBndation Bt not enoBh to FBstif> the =la@or Hhi=h has een raised. . . .

The se=ond arti=le of =o@plaint aainst the present =onfederation . . . is that Conress hasnot the sole poHer to reBlate the inter=oBrse etHeen Bs and foreiners. B=h a poHerextends not onl> to Har and pea=e Bt to trade and natBraliation. This last arti=le oBhtneer to e ien the@, for thoBh @ost of the states @a> e Hillin for =ertain reasons to

re=eie foreiners as =itiens >et reasons of eBal Heiht @a> indB=e other states differentl>=ir=B@stan=ed to eep their lood pBre. Penns>lania has =hosen to re=eie all that HoBld=o@e there. Let an> indifferent person FBde Hhether that state in point of @orals edB=ationJorK ener> is eBal to an> of the eastern states, the s@all state of Rhode Island onl>ex=epted. Penns>lania in the =oBrse of a =entBr> has a=Bired her present extent andpopBlation at the expense of reliion and ood @orals. The eastern states hae > eepinseparate fro@ the forein @ixtBres a=Bired their present reatness in the =oBrse of a=entBr> and an half and hae presered their reliion and @orals. The> hae also preseredthat @anl> irtBe Hhi=h is eBall> fitted for renderin the@ respe=tale in Har and indBstrioBsin pea=e.

The re@ainin poHer for pea=e and trade @iht perhaps e safel> loded Hith ConressBnder so@e li@itations. Three restri=tions appear to @e to e essentiall> ne=essar> topresere that eBalit> of rihts to the states Hhi=h it is the oFe=t of the state oern@ents tose=Bre to ea=h =itien. 1st. It oBht not to e in the poHer of Conress either > treat> orotherHise to alienate part of an> state HithoBt the =onsent of the leislatBre. (nd. The> oBhtnot to e ale > treat> or other laH to ie an> leal preferen=e to one part aoe another.+rd. The> oBht to e restrained fro@ =reatin an> @onopolies....

The idea of =onsolidation is fBrther ept Bp in the riht ien to reBlate trade. ThoBh thispoHer Bnder =ertain li@itations HoBld e a proper one for the depart@ent of Conress it is inthis s>ste@ =arried @B=h too far and @B=h farther than is ne=essar>. This is HithoBtex=eption the @ost =o@@er=ial state Bpon the =ontinent. OBr extensie =oasts =old =li@ate

s@all estates and eBalit> of rihts Hith a ariet> of sBordinate and =on=Brrin=ir=B@stan=es pla=e Bs in this respe=t at the head of the Union. )e @Bst therefore eindBled if a point Hhi=h so nearl> relates to oBr Helfare e riidl> exa@ined. The neH=onstitBtion not onl> prohiits essels oBnd fro@ one state to another fro@ pa>in an>dBties Bt een fro@ enterin and =learin. The onl> Bse of sB=h a reBlation is to eep ea=hstate in =o@plete inoran=e of its oHn resoBr=es. It =ertainl> is no hardship to enter and =learat the =Bsto@ hoBse and the expense is too s@all to e an oFe=t.

The Bnli@ited riht to reBlate trade in=

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